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Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°1, 1022-1027 1022 DOI: 10.24205/03276716.2020.143

INFLUENCE OF APPRECIATION ON SELF-COGNITION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS

Sisi Liu*

Abstract The appreciation of music is a process involving various psychological changes. This paper aims to disclose the influence of music appreciation on self-cognition of college students. To this end, a random questionnaire survey was carried out on college students from 6 universities in Nanjing, China, collecting on their daily time, motivation and requirements of music listening. Referring to the relevant , the collected data were analyzed in details to identify how and how much music appreciation influences the self-cognition of college students. The results show that music appreciation is a situational factor that positively affects the thinking mode and behavioral pattern of college students; the expressed by music are generally consistent with the psychological status of college students; the type of favorite music reflects the of college students, which is inseparable from their cognitive ability. This research indicates the possibility to regulate self-cognition of college students with music. Key words: Music Appreciation, College Students, Self-Cognition, Countermeasures. Received: 18-02-19 | Accepted: 09-07-19

INTRODUCTION health are related to the whole and the of the society (Bi, Chan, & Torgler, 2019; Music is a jewel of human spiritual civilization Letulė, Ala-Ruona, & Erkkilä, 2018). At present, and an embodiment of emotional . China's music has a long history of development, leaving music has become more and more popular as an effective way to alleviate many handed down masterpieces (Bhatti, Majid, and regulate psychological disorder. Studies Anwar et al., 2016). With the development of have shown that music have obvious effects in economy and society, people's demand for music is increasing day by day. From the helping college students express their emotions and establish a positive outlook on life perspective of audience psychology, different (Karageorghis, Hutchinson, Jones et al., 2013). people have different selection psychology, psychology, psychology As a high-level stage of college students' mental health development, self-cognition is the and group psychology towards music (Saarikallio, self-observation and self-reflection of college Vuoskoski, & Luck, 2014). At present, college students about themselves, including correct students generally have great academic pressure, employment pressure and economic self-evaluation, or effectively regulate the behavior of oneself so as to perfect oneself and pressure. The increasing stress has a great promote self-development, etc. (Colley, Keller, & impact on college students' psychological Halpern, 2017). Music appreciation is a process disorder and cognitive behavior, and college students’ cognitive behavior and psychological of music re-creation, which contains various complicated psychological factors. In this

process, the brain's functional structure and Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China. working mechanism can be stimulated, and E-Mail: [email protected] meanwhile the college students are conducting cognitive processing and emotional processing,

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thereby effectively integrating the music content listening time on the self-cognition. Overall, with and the cognitive information (D’Souza, the increase of daily music listening time, college Moradzadeh, & Wiseheart, 2018; Markowitz & students’ self-cognition presents a stable state, Hancock, 2017). The cognitive behavior of but from the perspective of the specific college students is formed in the process of performance of self-cognition, the number of information acquiring, stimulating and college student who “understand very well” and processing. According to current researches, “understand” gradually increases with the music has an important positive impact on increase of the music listening time; in addition, college students' self-cognition (Patston & when the daily music listening time exceeds Osborne, 2015). This paper adopts investigation 10min, college students’ performance of self- and literature review methods to explore the cognition is “understand well”, “not understand” cultivation effect, influence, and and “not understand at all”, and the proportions countermeasures of music appreciation on gradually decrease with the increase of the college students’ self-cognition. music listening time.

Figure 1. Survey results of college students' THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON COLLEGE self-cognition STUDENTS' SELF-COGNITION

Investigation on the influence of music on 50 Male college students' self-cognition Female

The self-cognition of college students is 40 formed through information . The information in music has an important influence on the generation of college students’ self- 30 cognition (Hurme, Puurtinen, & Gruber, 2018; Shih, Chien, & Chiang, 2016). In order to study the 20 influence of music on college students' self- Percentage/% cognition, we used stratified random sampling 10 method to conduct a random questionnaire survey on college students from 6 universities in 0 Nanjing. The subjects of the questionnaire Yes Comparatively yes Not really No Completely no survey were all undergraduate students, a total Self-cognitive psychological status of 600 questionnaires were distributed and 548 copies were retrieved. The survey was Figure 2. The influence of music listening conducted according to the college students’ time on self-cognition daily music-listening time, music-listening motivation and requirement, etc. Figure 1 shows Very understand 45 Understand the survey results of college students' self- More understand cognition, it can be seen from the figure that the 40 Not understand Very ignorant proportion of male students who can have a full 35 cognition of themselves is higher than that of 30 female students, and male students’ self- 25 satisfaction situation is better than that of 20 female students, indicating that male students are more likely to achieve self-satisfaction and Proportion/% 15 self-cognition. 10 It can also be seen from Figure 1 that the 5 proportion of college students who have a good 0 or relatively good self-cognition accounts for ＜5 5-20 20-40 40-60 ＞60 more than 85%. From the perspective of self- Listening to music time/d (min) cognition, college students can have a clear understanding of their psychological and Influence of the psychological process of physiological state, and their cognitive ability is music appreciation on self-cognition good. Figure 2 shows the influence of music College students’ music appreciation is

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roughly divided into three stages: the initial cognition. The appreciation process of music is aesthetic expectation, the sound and emotional the cultivation and training of students' will, self- experience, and the cognition process. There are and the pursuit of truth, goodness and no clear boundaries between these three stages. (Van Hedger & Nusbaum, 2018). Figure 3 Some people know songs by the name and some shows the influence of music appreciation time know songs by melody and lyrics. It is because of on college students' self-will, it can be clearly the initial aesthetic attitude that there are seen that with the increase of music follow-up emotional experiences and cognition appreciation time, the self-will of college process. Moreover, college students' music students is gradually increasing, and the increase appreciation constantly changes with their of music appreciation time will better adjust the psychological status. Under the comprehensive psychological emotions of college students, action of various psychological factors, the music thereby enhancing their ability to regulate their appreciation activities will continue to transform behaviors, activities and attitudes. from the simple initial stage to the advanced stage. College students' ability to perceive music Figure 4. Influence of music on college rhythm and melody, and their ability to perceive students' psychological emotion the sound can both express their emotions toward the music, the emotions expressed by 15 music are generally consistent with the Male psychological status of college students in the Female 14 same state. 13 Figure 3. Influence of music appreciation time on college students' self-will 12

11 80 Improve

Maintain the status 10 Proportion/% 70 Escape concealment Self-abandonment 9 60 8 50 7 Happy 40 Relaxed Calm Complacency Like Reverence Positive effects 30 Percentage/% Figure 4 shows the influence of music on 20 college students' psychological emotions. The positive emotions induced by music to college 10 students' self-cognition include happy, relaxed, 0 calm, love, joy, complacent, and like. The ＜5 5-20 20-40 40-60 ＞60 expression of these positive emotions is related Listening to music time/min to gender, it is obvious that the joy and relaxed emotions induced by music to the male students are higher than that to the female students, ENLIGHTENMENT OF CORRECT SELF- while female students’ reverence emotion COGNITION ON MUSIC towards music is higher than the male students. Under normal conditions, college students' Figure 5 shows the influence of the purpose of self-cognitions are divided into two situations: I- listening to music on self-cognition, it can be self and me-self. The role of music in clearly seen that college students’ purposes of encouraging, promoting and regulating college listening to music are: relieve stress, relax mood, students is mainly formed through spiritual self enrich emotions, cultivate positive attitude and and material self (Hedger, Heald, Nusbaum et al., kill free time. 2017). Emotion, values and attitude are the three dimensions of college students' self-

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emotional influencing factor, physical and Figure 5. Influence of the purposes of mental condition, and personal cognitive ability listening to music on self-cognition expressed by the music are all important influencing factors affecting college students’ cognitive behavior. 40 35 Figure 6. Influencing factors of music on college students' self-cognition behavior 30

25 24

20 Very understand Understand More understand 15 22

Percentage/% Not understand Very ignorant 10

5 20

0 Percentage/% Relieve stress Relax Rich emotions Cultivate a Kill free time positive attitude 18 The purpose of listening to music

16 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE Living Life role Emotional Physical and Personal environment influence factor mental condition cognitive ability OF MUSIC APPRECIATION ON COLLEGE STUDENTS' SELF-COGNITION Influencing process of music appreciation on Influencing factors of college students' self- college students’ self-cognition cognition As a special group, college students are From the perspective of cognitive unsophisticated, and their cognitive process is a psychology, memory is an important component complex psychological process, which is greatly of cognition process, and memory is an influenced by the outside world (including visual important factor affecting college students' self- sense, auditory sense, tactile sense and olfactory cognition. Moreover, college students' sense). Throughout the cognitive process, emotional activities are another factor affecting college students will process various sensory their self-cognition, which regulates the college information and store the processed information students’ cognitive information processing in the central nervous system of the brain, and process. Furthermore, personal factor, thereby forming the cognition. In the cognitive situational factor and physical factor are also process, college students will start from their important factors affecting the self-cognition. stored knowledge, their sensory system will The music appreciation studied in this paper is a acquire all the information about the self and situational factor. Music is positively inspiring form a self-image, and then convey the college students’ thinking mode, behavioral information concerning the self via self- pattern and with its exchangeability and description. Through the investigation process, it openness. Through music audition, discussion is found that when college students are in a bad and other appreciation process, college students mood or in a very good mood, they will be more integrate their emotions into music inclined to listen to music, and pay more appreciation, and motivate themselves through attention to the emotions expressed by the music to change their perception and music. Of course, emotions determine the understanding of themselves. Music is a part of memory effect of college students on music emotional factors; different expression forms or appreciation, which usually manifests as that, states of music also the self-cognition of when the content of the music is consistent with college students. Figure 6 show the influencing their emotional status, the memory effect of the factors of music on college students' self- college students is better. cognition, the living environment, life role, Emotion and cognitive ability are inseparable. Figure 7 is the influencing process

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of emotion on college students' self-cognition. The emotional factor affects the cognitive Figure 9 is an introduction to the music ability, but both are influenced by college appreciation process’s positive cultivation students' physical and mental health factor, and aspects on college students, the work the cognitive ability factor affects the self- appreciation process can cultivate college cognition. Figure 8 shows the influencing process students to have a positive attitude, improve of music on college students' self-cognition. their and expressiveness, enrich life Through music creation and the expression emotions, enhance their sense of cooperation content, we can understand the personality trait and consciousness with classmates, of a person. College students’ choice of music and help them understand the basic knowledge type is related to their personality and emotional and skills of music. expression, and thus affecting their cognition The analysis in the previous paragraph shows and self-cognition process. that both emotions and the physical and mental conditions of college students affect their Figure 7. Influence of emotion on college cognitive behavior, and the cognitive students' self-cognition components of the music is consistent with the emotional expressions. In terms of the direct influence of the daily music listening time length, Physical and mental health the change in the music listening time will cause changes in the input information and thereby

Emotional Cognitive Self-cognitive influencing the cognitive behavior of the brain. factor competence factors ability The energy consumption process of brain regions has a corresponding influence on Figure 8. Influence of music on college cognitive behavior, and thereby affecting the students' self-cognition self-cognition. Figure 10 shows the countermeasures for college students' correct self-cognition. In the self-cognition behavior Music creation factor and expressive content process, college students should have an Personality traits objective and correct understanding of themselves, and effectively control their own Emotion behaviors and regulate their moods, so as to Cognition establish life goals and self-, as well as understand themselves clearly. Self-cognitive behavior

Figure 10. Countermeasures for college Influencing effect of music appreciation on students' correct self-cognition college students’ self-cognition

Figure 9. Introduction to the music appreciation process’s positive cultivation aspects on college students

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D’Souza, A. A., Moradzadeh, L., & Wiseheart, M. CONCLUSIONS (2018). Musical training, bilingualism, and This paper adopts investigation and literature executive function: working memory and inhibitory control. Cognitive Research: Principles review methods to explore the cultivation effect, and Implications, 3(1), 11-28. influence, and countermeasures of music Hedger, S. C. V., Heald, S. L. M., Nusbaum, H. C., appreciation on college students’ self-cognition. The specific conclusions are as follows: Hedger, S. C. V., Heald, S. L. M., & Nusbaum, H. C. (2017). Long-term pitch memory for music (1) College students' ability to perceive music recordings is related to auditory working rhythm, melody and sound can express their emotions toward the music, the emotions memory precision. Quarterly Journal of expressed by music are generally consistent with Experimental Psychology, 71(4), 879-891. Hurme, T. R., Puurtinen, M., & Gruber, H. (2018). the psychological status of college students in When “doing” matters: the emergence of group– the same state. (2) Personal factor, situational factor and level regulation in planning for a music lesson. Music Education Research, 21(1), 52-70. physical factor are important factors affecting Karageorghis, C. I., Hutchinson, J. C., Jones, L., the self-cognition. Different expression forms or Farmer, H. L., Ayhan, M. S., Wilson, R. C., Rance, states of music also affect the self-cognition of college students. Music appreciation is a J., Hepworth, C. J., & Baileya, S. J. (2013). Psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic situational factor. Music is positively inspiring effects of music in swimming. Psychology of college students’ thinking mode, behavioral pattern and lifestyle with its exchangeability and Sport and Exercise, 14(4), 560-568. Letulė , N., Ala-Ruona, E., & Erkkilä, J. (2018). openness. Professional freedom: a grounded theory on the (3) Emotion and cognitive ability are use of music analysis in psychodynamic music inseparable. The emotional factor affects the cognitive ability, but both are influenced by therapy. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 27(5), 448-466. college students' physical and mental health Markowitz, D. M., & Hancock, J. T. (2017). The 27 factor, and the cognitive ability factor affects the club: music lyrics reflect psychological distress. self-cognition. Moreover, college students’ choice of music type is related to their Communication Reports, 30(1), 1-13. Patston, T., & Osborne, M. S. (2015). The personality and , and thus developmental features of music performance affecting their cognition and self-cognition process. and perfectionism in school age music students. Performance Enhancement and Health,

4(1-2), 42-49.

REFERENCES Saarikallio, S., Vuoskoski, J., & Luck, G. (2014). Adolescents’ expression and perception of Bhatti, A. M., Majid, M., Anwar, S. M., & Khan, B. emotion in music reflects their broader abilities (2016). Human and analysis of emotional communication. Psychology of in response to audio music using brain signals. Well-Being, 4(1), 21-36. Computers in Human Behavior, 65(C), 267-275. Shih, Y. N., Chien, W. H., & Chiang, H. S. (2016). Bi, W., Chan, H. F., & Torgler, B. (2019). Self-esteem, Elucidating the relationship between work self-symbolizing, and academic recognition: attention performance and emotions arising behavioral evidence from curricula vitae. from listening to music. Work, 55(2), 489-494. Scientometrics, 119(1), 495-525. Van Hedger, S. C., & Nusbaum, H. C. (2018). Colley, I. D., Keller, P. E., & Halpern, A. R. (2017). Individual differences in absolute pitch Working memory and auditory imagery predict performance: Contributions of working memory, sensorimotor synchronization with expressively musical expertise, and tonal language timed music. The Quarterly Journal of background. Acta Psychologica, 191, 251-260. Experimental Psychology, 71(8), 1781-1796.

REVISTA ARGENTINA 2020, Vol. XXIX, N°1, 1022-1027 DE CLÍNICA PSICOLÓGICA