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Agents of Change: Mexican Muralists and New Deal Artists

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Agents of Change: Mexican Muralists and New Deal Artists University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Sheldon Museum of Art Catalogues and Publications Sheldon Museum of Art 2010 AGENTS OF CHANGE: MEXICAN MURALISTS AND NEW DEAL ARTISTS Judy Zlotsky Sheldon Museum of Arts Norman Zlotsky Sheldon Museum of Arts Blana Salazar Sheldon Museum of Arts Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sheldonpubs Part of the Art and Design Commons Zlotsky, Judy; Zlotsky, Norman; and Salazar, Blana, "AGENTS OF CHANGE: MEXICAN MURALISTS AND NEW DEAL ARTISTS" (2010). Sheldon Museum of Art Catalogues and Publications. 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sheldonpubs/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sheldon Museum of Art at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sheldon Museum of Art Catalogues and Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. AGENTS OF CHANGE MEXICAN MURALISTS AND NEW DEAL ARTISTS 7" s u I • 1 Agents of Change: Mexican Muralists and New Deal Artists Agentes del Cambia: Muralistas Mexicanas y los Artistas del New features works by artists from Mexico and the United States and Deal presenta obras hechas por algunos artistas de Mexico y de demonstrates the close ties between them in the 1930s and' 40s. los Estados Unidos y demuestra las afinidades entre ellos durante The exhibition is organized into four sections to include Franklin los anos 1930 y los 40. La exhibicion esta organizada en cuatro Delano Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration (WPA); secciones que incluye la Administracion del Trabajo Progresista the Mexican Muralist Movement; a mural study by WPA artist (WPA, por sus siglas en ingles) de Franklin Delano Roosevelt; el Lucienne Bloch; and the Taller de Grafica Popular. Movimiento Muralista Mexicano; un estudio de murales hecho por el artista Lucienne Bloch del WPA; Y el Taller de Grafica Popular. Mexican muralism, a government public art initiative, sponsored after the 1910 Mexican Revolution, encouraged social change EI muralismo mexicano, una iniciativa de gobierno del arte publico by depicting the ideals and struggles for independence, while que fue patrocinado despues de la Revolucion Mexicana de 1910, elevating and glorifying the indigenous heritage of Mexico. The fomento un cambio social al representar los ideales de y las luchas Mexican muralists were influential in the United States, especially por la independencia, mientras se elevaba la cultura indfgena among young, socially minded artists, many of whom later de Mexico. Los muralistas mexicanos influyeron los artistas participated in the WPA. The Guggenheim Foundation further jovenes de los Estados Unidos, quienes tenfan una conciencia strengthened ties to Mexican art when it offered travel funding social, muchos de los cuales despues participaron en el WPA. to Mexico for artists such as Howard Cook, Doris Rosenthal, and La Fundacion Guggenheim fortalecio los lazos al arte mexicano Rico Lebrun. cuando les ofrecio fondos monetarios a artistas tales como Howard Cook, Doris Rosenthal, y Rico Lebrun para viajar a Mexico. When Roosevelt took the presidential oath in 1933, he faced a nation immobilized by the Great Depression. Artist George Biddle Cuando Roosevelt tomo el juramento presidencial en 1933, 131 was the first to step forward for struggling artists. After learning enfrento una nacion inmovilizada por la Gran Depresion. EI artista about the Mexican Muralist Movement, Biddle wrote President George Biddle dio el primer paso hacia adelante por los artistas Roosevelt, a childhood friend and schoolmate, and proposed que luchaban a sobrevivir. Despues de haberse enterado del a similar federal program. Roosevelt's New Deal work relief Movimiento Muralista mexicano, Biddle Ie escribio al Presidente programs put over 8 million back to work, including thousands of Roosevelt, un amigo de la infancia y companero de la escuela, y Ie artists on various WPA projects throughout the years of 1933 - propuso un programa federal parecido. Los programas de trabajo 1943. durante el New Deal de Roosevelt Ie dieron trabajo a mas de 8 millones de personas, incluyendo a miles de artistas en varios proyectos del WPA durante los anos de 1933 a 1943. z o tw -' o-' u -' -'« I ~ u: I -' Z ::> I O Cl.« a: o '"I >­ ::J <"oi ("') m THE THREE GREATS Los TRES GRANDES Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, y David Alfaro Siqueiros, known as the "three greats," offered a hopeful solution during conocidos como los "tres grandes," ofrecieron una soluci6n es­ the dark years of the Depression. Having lived through the Mexi­ peranzadora durante los arios oscuros de la Depresi6n. AI haber can Revolution, and the discouraging social conditions surround­ vivido durante la Revoluci6n Mexicana-y entre sus condiciones ing it, the "three greats" found the mural an effective medium sociales desalentadoras que Ie rodeaban-Ios "tres grandes" to converge political, social, and artistic ideals. Each of these descubrieron el mural como un medio efectivo para convergir los muralists visited the United States during the 1930s, and swayed ideales politicos, sociales y artfsticos. Cada uno de estos muralis- U.S. artists and intellectuals with their social perspective, artistic - tas visit6 los Estados Unidos durante los arios treinta, e influyeron styles and techniques. a los artistas e intelectuales estadounidenses con su perspectiva social, sus estilos artfsticos y sus tecnicas. Zapata is a re-creation of a section of one of Rivera's murals. It in­ cludes the revolutionary hero, Emiliano Zapata, holding the bridle Zapata es una re-creaci6n de una secci6n de uno de los murales of a white horse, and standing in front of an army of peasants. de Rivera. Incluye al heroe revolucionario, Emiliano Zapata, Dressed in white, they stand above the body of a slain aristocrat. agarrando la brida de un caballo blanco, y parado al frente de un The image suggests the valor and virtue of Zapata and the work­ batall6n de campesinos. Ellos vestidos de blanco, estan parados ing class, as well as the legitimacy of their struggle. sobre el cuerpo de un arist6crata asesinado. La imagen insinua el valor y la virtud de Zapata y la clase obrera, al igual que Ie da Through their artwork, the Mexican muralists elevated the level validez a su lucha. of social consciousness in Mexico and in the United States. Their medium and messages were appealing during the Great Depres­ Por medio de su trabajo artfstico, los muralistas mexicanos el­ sion and continue to be historically relevant today. evaron el nivel de la concientizaci6n social en Mexico y en los Es­ tados Unidos. Su medio y sus mensajes fueron atractivos durante la Gran Depresi6n y hoy en dfa continuan siendo hist6ricamente relevantes. PEOPLE'S GRAPHIC TALLER DE GRAFICA ARTS WORKSHOP POPULAR (TGP) In 1937, artists Leopold Mendez, Luis Arenal, and Pablo En 1937, los artistas Leopold Mendez, Luis Arenal, y Pablo O'Higgins formed the Taller de Grafica Popular (People's Graphic O'Higgins fundaron el Taller de Grafica Popular en la Ciudad de Arts Workshop) in Mexico City. Born from the social and political Mexico. EI TGP fue creado por resultado del malestar social unrest of post-revolutionary Mexico, TGP was committed to y politico de Mexico despues de la revoluci6n, y estaba com­ social change through art. Like the Mexican muralists, TGP artists prometido al cambio social por medio del arte. AI igual que los wanted to make their work accessible to the greatest number muralistas mexicanos, los artistas del TGP deseaban hacer su of people possible. Recognizing the population's limited literacy, trabajo accesible a la gran mayoria de personas. Reconociendo el TGP artists often produced fliers and posters with large graphics alfabetismo limitado de la poblaci6n, los artistas del TGP con fre­ and simple text. They printed their work in the least expensive cuencia produjeron volantes y carteles con graficas grandes y con means possible and distributed it widely. texto sencillo. Ellos imprimieron sus obras utilizando los medios menos costosos y las repartieron ampliamente. TGP was influenced by Jose Guadalupe Posada (Pastorela "Flora y Gil Perseguidos Por Su Contrario Luxbe/"), a famous 19th-cen­ EI TGP fue influido por Jose Guadalupe Posada (Pastorela "Flora tury Mexican engraver. Posada is best known for his calaveras, y Gil Perseguidos Por Su Contrario Luxbel"), un famoso grabador or skeleton caricatures, which he used to satirize aspects of mexicano del siglo diecinueve. Posada es mejor reconocido por Mexican society, such as economic and class differences. sus calaveras, 0 caricaturas en forma de esqueletos, las cuales usaba para satirizar aspectos de la sociedad mexicana, tales In their official statements, TGP artists supported unionization, como las diferencias econ6micas y las diferencias de clases. agrarianism, and national pride as causes. They were staunchly opposed to fascism (a political philosophy favoring an extremely En sus declaraciones oficiales, los artistas del TGP apoyaban el centralized government, dictatorial control, and militarism). They sindicalismo, la vida agraria, y el orgwllo nacional como causas. encouraged collaboration, creating a space that allowed artists to Ellos estaban incondicionalmente opuestos al fascismo (una filo­ work together on common projects. sofia politica que favorecia a un gobierno extremadamente cen­ tralizado, al control dictatorial, y al militarismo). Ellos promovieron Many of the artists featured in Agents of Change-O'Higgins, la colaboraci6n, creando un espacio que les permiti6 a los artistas Alfredo Zalce, Elizabeth Catlett, Jean Charlot, Carlos Merida, el poder trabajar juntos en los proyectos que tenian en com un. Howard Cook, as well as Rivera and Orozco-were involved with the TGP as members, collaborators, or supporters. Muchos de los artistas presentados en Agents of Change­ O'Higgins, Alfredo Zalce, Elizabeth Catlett, Jean Charlot, Carlos Merida, Howard Cook, al igual que Rivera y Orozco-fueron parte del TGP como miembros y colaboradores.
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