Apropiación De Agua, Medio Ambiente Y Obesidad. Los Impactos

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Apropiación De Agua, Medio Ambiente Y Obesidad. Los Impactos La apropiación del agua de buena calidad en México por parte de una inter- Alternativas nacionalizada y voraz industria embotelladora de bebidas es un tema poco estudiado, a pesar de la gran relevancia por sus repercusiones en materia so- Apropiación de agua, cioeconómica, legal, ecológica y de afectaciones a la salud. Colección medio ambiente y obesidad El presente trabajo colectivo, de carácter interdisciplinario, ofrece una revisión nacional, identificando los principales actores y su emplazamiento geográfico, Los impactos del negocio de sus acciones, discursos e implicaciones. Se aterriza con el análisis de tres casos de estudio: dos plantas refresqueras y una cervecera, develando las modalida- bebidas embotelladas en México des en que se fundan las relaciones de poder y de cómo se establece el negocio entre el sector privado, el Estado y la población local. Tanto en el caso de las implicaciones a la salud como en la modalidad en la que se concesiona y se regula el sector de bebidas embotelladas en el país, se revisan a detalle las acciones y omisiones del Estado en tanto garante de los derechos humanos más básicos ante el empuje de esquemas de autorregula- ción preferidos por el sector privado. Gian Carlo Delgado Ramos coordinador Una obra accesible y abundante en datos, figuras e ilustraciones, útil para es- pecialistas, tomadores de decisiones y público en general. Gian Carlo Delgado Ramos coordinador Los impactos negocio del de bebidas embotelladas en México Apropiación de agua,Apropiación medio ambiente y obesidad Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades APROPIACIÓN DE AGUA, MEDIO AMBIENTE Y OBESIDAD: los impactos del negocio de bebidas embotelladas en México COLECCIÓN ALTERNATIVAS Comité Editorial del CEIICH Maya Victoria Aguiluz Ibargüen Norma Blazquez Graf Ana María Cetto Kramis Diana Margarita Favela Gavia José Guadalupe Gandarilla Salgado Elke Koppen Prubmann Rogelio López Torres Mauricio Sánchez Menchero Isauro Uribe Pineda APROPIACIÓN DE AGUA, MEDIO AMBIENTE Y OBESIDAD: los impactos del negocio de bebidas embotelladas en México GIAN CARLO DELGADO RAMOS COORDINADOR Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades México, 2014 Delgado, Gian Carlo, 1978-, autor Apropiación de agua, medio ambiente y obesidad : los impactos del negocio de bebidas embotelladas en México / Gian Carlo Delgado Ramos, Sofía Ávila Calero, Alma Chávez Mejía, Alejandra Meza Velarde, Inés Navarro González. – Primera edición. 231 páginas. – (Colección alternativas) ISBN 978-607-02-5977-7 ISBN 978-607-02-5975-3 (edición impresa) 1. Industria del agua embotellada – México. 2. Agua embotellada – México. I. Ávila Calero, Sofía, autor. II. Chávez Mejía, Alma, autor. III. Meza Velarde, Alejandra, autor. IV. Navarro González, Inés, autor. V. Título. VI. Serie HD9349.M543.M43 2014 Primera edición, 2014 D. R. © Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades Torre II de Humanidades 4º piso Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, México, 04510, D. F. www.ceiich.unam.mx Cuidado de la edición: Concepción Alida Casale Núñez Diseño de portada: Amanali Cornejo Vázquez ISBN 978-607-02-5977-7 ISBN 978-607-02-5975-3 (edición impresa) Impreso y hecho en México CONTENIDO Prólogo ........................................................ 11 Gian Carlo Delgado Ramos PARTE 1 EL NEGOCIO DE BEBIDAS Y AGUA EMBOTELLADA Gian Carlo Delgado Ramos El negocio de bebidas y agua embotellada ............................ 21 Uso y usufructo del agua en un contexto de crisis: breve balance global ......................................... 21 Disponibilidad y crisis del agua: el contexto mexicano ............... 25 El auge del negocio del agua embotellada .......................... 28 Las mayores multinacionales de bebidas y agua embotellada .......... 32 El negocio del agua embotellada en acción ......................... 36 Narrativas empresariales de sustentabilidad: de la “responsabilidad social empresarial” del negocio de bebidas y agua embotellada...... 40 Impactos ambientales de la industria embotelladora de bebidas en México: eficiencia y efecto rebote ........................... 46 PARTE 2 LA INDUSTRIA EMBOTELLADORA EN MÉXICO: NEGOCIO, REGULACIÓN Y APROPIACIÓN DEL AGUA Gian Carlo Delgado Ramos y Sofía Ávila Calero La industria embotelladora en México: negocio, regulación y apropiación del agua.......................................... 57 7 CONTENIDO El precio del agua embotellada en México.......................... 57 Marco regulatorio para el embotellado de agua en México............ 60 Análisis de concesiones de agua a la industria de bebidas y agua embotellada en el país ................................. 66 PARTE 3 ESTUDIO DE PAÍS: UNA REVISIÓN DE CASOS Gian Carlo Delgado Ramos, Alejandra Meza Velarde Alma Chávez Mejía, Inés Navarro González y Sofía Ávila Calero Estudio de país: una revisión de casos ............................... 75 A. Nestlé en México ........................................... 75 Concesiones de Nestlé y valoración de disponibilidad hídrica subterránea ....................................... 78 Apropiación de agua por Nestlé: el caso de Tlahuapan, Puebla ...... 83 Tensiones y presiones por los usos del agua en Tlahuapan.......... 93 B. Coca Cola en México: la embotelladora Coca Cola-FEMSA de Apizaco, Tlaxcala ......................................... 108 Concesiones a embotelladoras de Coca Cola y valoración de disponibilidad hídrica subterránea ........................ 113 Apropiación de agua por Coca Cola-FEMSA: el caso de Apizaco, Tlaxcala................................. 120 La región de estudio....................................... 120 Tensiones y presiones por los usos del agua...................... 125 C. FEMSA Cerveza / Heineken: el caso de la embotelladora Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma en Orizaba, Veracruz .................. 130 Concesiones de Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma y valoración de la disponibilidad hídrica subterránea ...................... 136 Apropiación de agua por Heineken (FEMSA): el caso de la planta cervecera Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma en Orizaba, Veracruz ...................................... 140 Flujos del agua al servicio de la cervecera ..................... 144 Tensiones en torno a los usos del agua y la descarga residual vistas desde la presencia de la cervecera................ 152 Los impactos de las aguas residuales industriales . 158 8 CONTENIDO PARTE 4 SALUD Y POLÍTICA PÚBLICA COMO (DES)INCENTIVO DEL CONSUMO DE AGUA EMBOTELLADA Y REFRESCOS: UNA LECTURA DESDE SUS IMPLICACIONES SOCIOAMBIENTALES Gian Carlo Delgado Ramos Salud y política pública como (des)incentivo del consumo de agua embotellada y refrescos: una lectura desde sus implicaciones socioambientales.......................... 169 Cambios en la dieta contemporánea, sobrepeso y obesidad ........... 171 Implicaciones del aumento del sobrepeso y la obesidad a la salud desde la perspectiva del aporte que juega la ingesta de bebidas azucaradas ....................................... 175 El contexto mexicano, entre la autorregulación y el desconcierto....... 184 La regulación integral de las bebidas azucaradas y los alimentos chatarra en México ................................. 193 Recomendaciones de política pública: a modo de conclusión ............ 209 Bibliografía ..................................................... 217 Entrevistas...................................................... 231 Semblanzas de los autores . 233 9 Publication co-funded by Oxfam International thru Oxfam Mexico. The views and re- commendations expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of Oxfam. Publicación co-financiada por Oxfam Internacional, vía Oxfam México. Los puntos de vista y recomendaciones expresadas son de los autores y no necesariamente reflejan los de Oxfam. PRÓLOGO Apropiación del agua, medio ambiente y obesidad: los impactos del negocio de bebidas embotelladas en México fue co-financiado por Oxfam Internacional, vía Oxfam México, como parte de los preparativos para impulsar su campaña “Behind the Brands”. Los puntos de vista y recomendaciones expresadas son de los autores y no necesariamente reflejan los de Oxfam. Dada la complejidad de la problemática, la investigación inicialmente centrada en un par de estudios de caso (Coca Cola y Nestlé), culminó en un tercer caso adi- cional (Heineken) y en una evaluación mucho más amplia e integral del fenómeno, dando cuenta del papel clave del gobierno en la regulación del sector —inexistente, laxa o insuficiente— pero también de la relación directa entre la expansión del negocio de bebidas en México, el aumento de las afectaciones socioambientales actuales o potenciales y la creciente tendencia de población obesa y de incidencia de enfermedades asociadas al consumo de azúcares, alcohol y alimentos de baja calidad nutricional. Con todo, la presente investigación sólo cubre los aspectos centrales. La investigación realizada es notoriamente interdisciplinaria, sólo posible gra- cias al trabajo documental y de campo, tanto individual como colectivo, de diversos colegas investigadores que figuran como autores de la presente obra. Además, debe reconocerse el valioso trabajo de asistencia por parte del Lic. José Luis García en la fase de investigación documental en torno a la presencia de las multinacionales embotelladoras en México, así como el apoyo de la Dra. Silvina María Romano en la primera fase de investigación sobre el panorama global
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