291 Abolitionism Abolitionist Spring of 1862, 260–1 Anti-Slavery

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00590-7 - The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: Dimensions of the Early American Empire, 1754 – 1865 William Earl Weeks Index More information

Index

abolitionism expansionism and Northwest Coast, abolitionist spring of 1862, 260–1 114, 154–5, 156–8, 160–1 anti-slavery Republican Party, First Seminole War, 104–11 225–30 Ghent peace talks, 92–3 Franklin’s petition to abolish law of political gravity, 213 slavery, 51 on leadership of Jackson, 94 in Great Britain, 254–5 Manifest Destiny, 122 and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 219–23 negotiations with Hawaiian royalty, and opposition to Texas 138–40 annexation, 163–73 opposition to Mexican War, 190–1 and secession crisis, 244. proposal to end 3/5 Clause, 170 See also slaves and slavery as Secretary of State, 98, 101, Acushnet (ship), 134–5 104–11 Adams, Abigail, 34 as secretary to Francis Dana, 28 Adams, Charles Francis, 184–5, on trade with China, 145 246–7, 252, 256 Adams-Onis Treaty, 110, 119–20, Adams, John 154–5, 164 as advocate of colonial union, 17, African-Americans, 259–60. 18, 21, 22–3 See also slaves and slavery fears of anarchy under African colonization of freed blacks, Confederation, 41–7 103, 113 as Founding Father, 22–3 African slave trade, 113, 153, 259. The Model Treaty, 22–4 See also slaves and slavery negotiations for Treaty of Paris, Age of Emancipation, 227, 256, 262 26–7 Alabama, 100–1 Quasi-War, 65–8 Alamo, 166–7 on War of Independence, 230 Alaska, 119 Adams, John Quincy, 88 Albany, New York, 128 anti-slavery views of, 113–14, Albany Congress, 9 167–8, 173, 235 Albany Plan of Union, 7–8, 14 contribution to Monroe Doctrine, Alexander I, Tsar, 114, 116–17 114–20 Alexander II, Tsar, 256, 262 death of, 207 Alexandria, Virginia, 2, 6–7

291

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00590-7 - The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: Dimensions of the Early American Empire, 1754 – 1865 William Earl Weeks Index More information

Index

Algiers, 75–7 revolutionary crisis, 16–20 Alien and Sedition Acts, 66, 67 rivalry over canal, 204–6. Allegheny River, 1–2 See also Great Britain; United Allen, William, 180 States Alliance, Treaty of (France), 26–7, 29, Anglo-French-Indian War. See Great 64–5, 67 War for the Empire Alta California. See California Antarctica, 140–3 Ambrister, Robert Christy, 105–6, 109 Antietam, Battle of, 261 Amelia Island, 104 anti-federalists, 45–7 “America” (Dwight), 35 Apalachicola River, 96–7 American Board of Commissioners for Appalachian Mountains, 7, 15 Foreign Missions (ABCFM), Aranjuez, Treaty of, 27 135–7 Arbuthnot, Alexander, 105–6, 109 American Colonization Society, 103 Armitage, David, 1, 21–2, 40–1 American Empire, of commerce, Aroostook River, 152–3 130–3. See also capitalism Aroostook War, 152–3 American Empire, origins of, 1–33 Articles of Confederation, 24, 36–47, declaring independence and union, 140 21–2 Ashburton, Lord, 154–5 Franklin’s vision, 7–16 Asian-Pacific region, 185 and French alliance, 24–7, 29 American commercial expansion in, Jumonville Glen battle, 1–7 140–3 The Model Treaty, 22–4 impact of California Gold Rush on, Native Americans and War of 202–4 Independence, 31–3 trade with China, 143–6 revolutionary crisis, 16–20 trade with Japan, 146–9 Treaty of Paris, 27–31 Aspinwall, William, 206 American Fur Company, 155 Astor, John Jacob, 108–9, 143, 155 American Geography (Morse), 35–6, Astoria, Oregon, 108–9, 155 129–30 Atlanta, Battle of, 267 American Market Empire, 131 Austin, Moses, 164–6 American multiplication table Austin, Stephen F., 164–6 concept, 8, 160 Austria, 114–20 American River, California, 202–3 American War of Independence. Badger, George E., 244–5 See War of Independence Bailey, Thomas, 152 Amherst, Jeffrey, 14–15 Baja California, Mexico, 217–18 Amity and Commerce, Treaty of Baltimore, Battle of, 92–3 (France), 26–7, 64–5, 67 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 127–8 Anderson, Fred, 6–7, 41, 57 Bancroft, George, 182–3 Anderson, Gary C., 165 Bank of the United States, 102 Anglo-American relations Baptists. See religion and politics consensus on Latin American Barbary Wars, 75–7, 132 independence, 88–120 Baring, Alexander. See Ashburton, Creole affair, 153 Lord and freedom of the seas, 77–9 Baring Brothers, 154–5 during French Revolution, 54–6 Barlow, Joel, 35 post-1815, 101–3 Barron, James, 79

292

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Bayard, James A., 92–3 Polk’s purchase proposal, 181 Beach, Moses Y., 198, 200–1, 214–15 port development, 147–9 Bear Flag Revolt, 163 California Indians, 162 Beaumarchais, Caron de, 24–5 Camillus letters (Hamilton), 60 Beecher, Lyman, 121 Canada Belmont, August, 214 border-disputes, 151–5, 186–7 Bemis, Samuel Flagg, 30, 119 and British neutrality during U.S. Benton, Thomas Hart, 156–8, 159–60, Civil War, 250 161 events leading to War of 1812, 84–7 Berkeley, Bishop, 143 failure of U.S. invasion, 91 Berlin Decrees, 81 Great War for the Empire, 7–16 Biddle, James, 108–9, 147, 155 Native Americans and War of Bidlack-Mallarmino Treaty, 204 Independence, 31–3 The Biglow Papers (Lowell), 190 planned assault by militias, 80 Bingham, Hiram, 137–9 and Treaty of Paris, 27–31 Birney, James K., 172 canal building, 128 Border States, 257, 259–64 Canning, George, 84–5, 115, 118 Bouquet, Henry, 14–15 capitalism Braddock, Edward, 6–16 acquisitive ethos and expansion, The Braddock Road, 12 37–9 Brannan, Sam, 203 carrying trade, 77 British East Indies, 60 global expansionism during British Empire. See Great Britain 1815–1861, 130–3 British West Indies, 36–9, 65–8, 77–9, and Jefferson’s expansionist views, 132 68–71 Brooklyn Eagle, 189 as radicalism, 36 Brown, John, 210, 222, 231–2 Cardenas, Cuba, 215–17 Bryant, William Cullen, 155–6 Carlyle, Thomas, 193 Buchanan, James, 198–9, 219–20, Caroline (ship), 152 223–30, 231–3 The Casket, 188 Buena Vista, Battle of, 194 Cass, Lewis, 215, 219 Buffalo, New York, 128, 151–2 Castlereagh, Lord, 160 Butler, Benjamin, 259–60 Catherine the Great, 28 Butler, Richard, 39 Catholicism. See religion and politics Caunotaucarius. See Washington, Cabrillo, Juan de, 161 George Calhoun, John C., 121 Cerro Gordo, Battle of, 196–7 First Seminole War, 104–5 Chaffin, Tom, 216 opposition to Holy Alliance, 115 Chapultepec, Battle of, 197 opposition to Mexican War, 184, Chase, Salmon P., 236–7 185, 191–2 Cherokee Indians, 31–3, 39, 126–7, support for Texas annexation, 169–70 170–1 Chesapeake Affair, 79–81 War Department, 104 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 6–7 California Chesapeake Bay, 79–81, 92–3 continental expansionism, 161–3 The Cheshire Republican, 269 Gold Rush, 202–4, 212 Chicago Times, 185, 269 importance to American Empire, 203 Chickasaw Indians, 126–7

293

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Child, Lydia Maria, 234 communism, containment policy, 240 China, 136–7, 143–6 Compromise of 1850, 220 Choctaw Indians, 126–7 Confederacy, 241, 249–50, 253–4, Christian missionaries. See missionary 255, 272 frontier Confederation Congress, 37–47 Cincinnati Gazette, 269 conscience Whigs, 190–1 “Civil Disobedience” (Thoreau), 190 conscription, 258 Civil War and disunion, 210–38 Consejo de Estado (Spain), 99–100, age of filibusters (private armies), 110 217–19 Constitution blockade of the South, 250–1, jurisdiction over slavery in 253–4 territories, 229 Buchanan presidency, 223–5 ratification, 45, 51 as foreign war, 249 slavery and 3/5 clause, 44, 170 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 219–23 Constitutional Convention (1787), Lincoln, rise of, 233–8 41–7 origins of, 222, 230–3 Continental Army, 31–3 proposal to annex Cuba, 213–17 Continental Congress, 23, 25, 31–3 Republican Party, rise of, 225–30 continental expansionism, 150–77 revolutions of 1848, 210–13. and California, 161–3 See also Lincoln, Abraham and Canada, 151–5 The Civil War of 1812, use of term, and Oregon, 155–61 88–91. See also War of 1812 and Texas, 163–73. Clark, George Rogers, 31–3 See also specific presidents, leaders, Clay, Henry, 92–3, 98, 172, 213 and treaties Clayton, John, 138–40, 206 Convention of 1800. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 206 See Mortefontaine, Treaty of Cleveland Campaign Plain Dealer, Convention of 1818, 109, 119–20, 237 151, 156, 158, 175 Clinton, Dewitt, 89, 128 Convention of 1824 (Russia), 118 clipper ships, 129 Cook, James, 137 Club of Havana, 214–17 Cornwallis, Charles, 28–30 Cobb, Thomas, 112 Corwin, Thomas, 246–7 Coldstream Guards, 6 cotton, 100–1, 113, 124–7, 254, 255 Colombia, 204 cotton Whigs, 190–1 Colorado, 259 Crapol, Edward, 138, 171–2 Columbia (ship), 155 Crawford, William, 104 “Columbiad” (Barlow), 35 Creek Indians, 39, 97, 104–5, 126–7 Columbia River, 140–3, 156–8, 180 Creek War, 94–5 Columbus, Christopher, 35 Creole (slave ship), 153 Comanche Indians, 169–70, 195–6 Crimean War, 256 commercial reciprocity treaties, Crittenden, John, 243–5 102–3, 132 Crittenden, William L., 216–17 Committee of Secret Correspondence, Crittenden Compromise, 243–5 17 Cuba “Common Sense” (Paine), 18–20, 132 efforts to purchase in 1859, 224 communication, technological postponement of annexation of, 115 developments, 127–30 U.S. interest in, 213–17

294

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Culloden, Battle of, 6 Douglass, Frederick, 259–60 Cumberland, Duke of, 6, 9–10 Dowd, Gregory, 33 Cushing, Caleb, 121, 145–6 Dred Scott case (1857), 230, 239 Cushing, John P., 143, 145–6 Dwight, Timothy, 35

Dakota War, 259 East Florida. See Florida Dana, Francis, 28 Eaton, William, 77 Davis, Jefferson, 243–5, 255 Edgerton, Sydney, 244 Dayton, William L., 252 Edo (Tokyo) Bay, 147 De Bow’s Review, 176–7 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 101 Decatur, Stephen, 76–7 Emancipation Proclamation, 261–3 Declaration of Independence Embargo Acts, 81–3 and Emancipation Proclamation, Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 189–90, 214, 261–3 270 freedom and Lincoln Corollary, Empress of China (ship), 143 245, 257, 264–7 Enlightenment, 48 and Gettysburg Address, 268–9 Erie Canal, 128 and Manifest Destiny, 121–4 Erskine, David, 84–5 as pillar of American foreign Essex case (British Admiralty Court, relations, 22 1805), 78 promise of human equality, 240–1 ethnic cleansing and slavery, 111–13 of southeast, 126–7 deism, 34–6 of Texas, 169–70 Delano, Warren, 144–5 executive power Delaware Indians, 2, 56–7 presidents as commander-in-chief, Delaware Prophet. See Neolin 211–12 (Delaware Prophet) treaty-making powers, 71–5 Democratic Party, 180, 191–2, 209, war powers, 75–7. See also specific 219–21 presidents Democratic-Republican societies, expansionism. See specific presidents, 59–60 leaders, and treaties Democratic Review. See United States global/international. Magazine and Democratic See hemispheric doctrine, early Review years Denmark Vesey, South Carolina slave Manifest Destiny. See Manifest uprising of 1820, 114, 223 Destiny (1840s); Manifest Derna (port), 77 Destiny ideology, during Dickinson, John, 17 1815–1861 Dinwiddie, William, 3 territorial expansionism. Divine Providence, and U.S. as See continental expansionism redeemer nation, 34–6, 50, extraterritoriality principle, 144–5 122, 176–7, 188, 212 Doctrine of Necessity (Lincoln), 234, Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 56–7 270 Farewell Address (Washington), 61–3 Dolin, Jay, 133 The Federalist, 47–51 Doniphan, Alexander W., 195–6 Federalist Party, 67, 68, 87, 88–91, 95 Douglas, Stephen A., 214, 221, 239, Federal Republican, 90–1 243–5 Ferdinand VII, King, 110

295

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Fifth Embargo Act, 83 Committee of Secret Fiji, 140–3 Correspondence, 17 filibusters (private armies), 217–19 Constitutional Convention, 41–7 Fillmore, Millard, 149, 215 Join or Die political cartoon, 11 First Bank of the United States, 92 and lessons of Six-Nations First Seminole War, 104–11, 119, 184 Confederacy, 10 fiscal-military state, 13–15, 51–3, Manifest Destiny, 122 91–3, 258 minister to France, 24–7 Florida, 73–4, 96–7, 98, 99–100, negotiations for Treaty of Paris, 104–11 27–31 Floyd, John, 156–7 on role of parity for colonies, 10–11 Foner, Eric, 246 on Seven Years War as British war, Forbes, Robert Pierce, 113 15–16 Fort Cumberland, 6, 57–9 as speculator in western lands, 17 Fort Duquesne, 2, 6 writings of, 8–11 Fort Jackson, Treaty of, 94–5, 100–1, Fredonia Revolt of 1825, 166 104–5, 126–7 Free and Open Occupation Treaty. Fort McHenry, 92–3 See Convention of 1818 Fort Pickens, 247–8 freedom of the press, 66 Fort Sumter, 247–8 freedom of the seas Founding Fathers, 11, 22–3. affirming neutral rights, 77–9 See also specific individuals Barbary Wars, 75–7, 132 Fowltown, Georgia, 105 suppression of slave trade vs, 153 framers, use of term, 46 suspended during Civil War, 253–4 France U.S. global expansionism Great War for the Empire, 7–16 during 1815–1861, 130–3. and Haiti, 242–3 See also impressment and Hawaiian islands, 138–40 Free Labor Ideology, 226, 227–8 and Lincoln’s First Inaugural Free Soil movement, 206–9 Address, 246–7 Fremont, Jessie Benton, 159–60 Louisiana Purchase, 71–5 Fremont, John C., 156–8, 159–60, neutrality during U.S. Civil War, 163, 195–6, 223, 257 249, 250, 252–3 French and Indian War. See Great War proposal to install Prince for the Empire Maximilian in Mexico, 254–6 French Revolution, 18, 53–6 Quasi-War, 64–8 Freneau, Philip, 35 support for colonial independence, frontier thesis critique, 131 24–7. See also specific leaders Fry, Joshua, 2–3 and treaties Fugitive Slave Act, 220, 232–3 Francis the Prophet. See Hillis Hadjo Fuller, Margaret, 211 (Francis the Prophet) Franklin, Benjamin Gabriel Prosser’s Virginia Slave abolition petition, 51 Rebellion of 1800, 112–13 as advocate of colonial union, 7–16, Gaines, Edmund P., 104–5 17–18, 21, 48, 119 Gallatin, Albert, 79, 80–1, 109, 192 on American multiplication Galloway, Joseph, 17, 21 table, 8 Gandhi, 190 and Braddock expedition, 7, 12–16 Garrison, William Lloyd, 167, 190

296

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George III, King, 28–30 Opium Wars, 144–5 Georgia, 49, 96–7, 100–1, 104–5, 126 piracy extortion payments, 76 Gettysburg Address, 268–9 public opinion on Civil War, 254–5 Ghent, Treaty of, 92–3, 94–5, 108–9 renounces impressment, 253–4 Gibraltar, 27 rivalry over canal, 204–6 Gilpin, William, 130 suppression of African slave trade, Gladstone, William, 271 113, 153, 259 global expansionism. See hemispheric and U.S. expansionism into Canada, doctrine, early years 151–5 Godoy, Manuel de, 61 war with France, 6. See also specific Gold Rush, 202–4, 212 leaders and treaties Goliad, 166–7 Great Circle Route, 147–9 Gonzalez, Ambrosio, 215–17 Great Kanawha River, 39 Graham, William, 147–9 Great Lakes, 1–2, 103, 128 Grand Banks, 30 Great Meadows, 2, 4 Grant, Ulysses, 191–2 Great rule of conduct (Washington), Gray, Robert, 155 62–3 Great Britain Great Seal of the United States, 36 abolitionism, 254–5 Great War for the Empire, 1–16 and American alliance with France, Greek independence movement, 115, 24–7 117 assault on U.S. (1814), 92–3 Greeley, Horace, 189, 209, 226 Chesapeake Affair, 79–81 Greene, Nathanael, 26 commercial reciprocity treaties, Greenville, Treaty of, 57, 59–61 101–3 Grenier, John, 32 cotton trade with U.S., 125–6, 255 Grundy, Felix, 173–4 events leading to Mexican-American Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of, 201–2, War, 178–89 212 events leading to War of 1812, guns and violence, Texians use of, 84–7, 88–91 164–6 free trade and Latin America, 97–8 Great War for the Empire, 7–16 Haalilio, Timoteo, 138–40 and Hawaiian islands, 137–8 Haiti, 71–5, 242–3, 259 inability to control North American Hakodadi, Japan, 147–9 empire, 16–20 Hamilton, Alexander Latin American independence, and Alien and Sedition Acts, 66 88–120 as Army Inspector General, 65–8 and Lincoln’s First Inaugural Camillus letters on Jay Treaty, 60 Address, 246–7 centralizes power, 51–3, 67–8 naval power, 77–81 Constitutional Convention, 41–7 neutrality during U.S. Civil War, as Federalist author, 47–51 249, 250, 252–3 fiscal-military state, 258 noncompliance with Treaty of Paris, as Secretary of the Treasury, 51–3, 36–9 65, 67–8 nonsupport for colonial union, 7–8 and Washington’s Farewell and Northwest Coast claims, Address, 62 155–61, 175, 176–7, 180, 182, and Whiskey Rebellion, 57–9 186–7 Hammond, James, 255

297

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Hannegan, Edward, 180 impressment, 54–6, 78–81, 86, 89, Hanson, Alexander, 90–1 109, 253–4. See also freedom Harmar, Josiah, 56–7 of the seas Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, 231–2 income tax, 258 Harris, Townsend, 147–9 Indiana, 230 Harrison, Benjamin, 17 Indian Removal Act (1830), 126–7 Harrison, William Henry, individualism, Tocqueville on, 36 153–5, 168 Isthmus of Panama, 204–6 Hartford Convention, 95 Hawaii, Americanization of, 137–40 Jackson, Andrew, 150 hemispheric doctrine, early years, Battle of New Orleans, 94 88–120 expansionism and California, 162 “the Civil War of 1812,” 88–91 extra constitutional actions, 163 close call of 1814, 91–3, 94–5 and filibuster expeditions, 217 First Seminole War, 104–11, 119 First Seminole War, 104–11 Missouri Compromise, 111–14 leadership of, 94–5 Monroe’s “hidden hand” presidency, and Polk, 173–4 101–3 removal policy, 126–7 Monroe’s second term, 114–20 and Texas annexation, 168, 170–1 post-war challenges, 95–101 Japan, 134, 146–9 Henry, Patrick, 45 Jay, John Herndon, William, 258 Committee of Secret Hillis Hadjo (Francis the Prophet), Correspondence, 17 104–5 as Federalist author, 47–51 Himmilemico (chief), 104–5 Mississippi River navigation rights, Hinderaker, Eric, 64 38–9 The History of the American negotiations for Treaty of Paris, Revolution (Ramsay), 36 26–7 HMS Leopard, 79–81 Jay-Gardoqui Treaty, 38–9 Hofstadter, Richard, 263 Jay Treaty, 56, 59–61, 64–5, 77, 78–9, Holy Alliance, 114–20 132 Homestead Act (1862), 259 Jefferson, Thomas Honolulu, Hawaii, 138–40 and expansionism Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, 94–5 affirming neutral rights, 77–9 “House Divided” speech (Lincoln), Barbary Wars, 75–7, 132 235–6 Chesapeake Affair, 79–81 Houston, Sam, 166–7, 169–71 Embargo Acts, 81–3 Howe, Julia Ward, 239 failure of invasion of Canada, 91 Hudson’s Bay Company, 155, 158 interest in Cuba, 116 Hung Hsiu-chu’an, 136–7 Louisiana Purchase, 71–5 Hunter, David, 257 Manifest Destiny, 122 Hunter’s Lodges, 152, 186–7 Native Americans and imperial Hutchinson, Thomas, 17 western frontier, 84 Quasi-War with France, 64–8 Illinois State Register, 237 revolution of 1800, 68–71 imperial crisis (1861–1865). First Inaugural Address, 68–9, 74 See under Lincoln, Abraham influence on Benton, 156–8

298

Index

on Monroe Doctrine, 115 Lee, Jason, 159 opposition to Jay Treaty, 59–61 Lee, Robert E., 261 as Secretary of State, 52 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 69–70, Two Million Act proposal, 99 140–3 written records of, 101 Lexington and Concord, Battles of, 21 Jeffersonian Republicans, 59–60, 62, The Liberator, 190 67, 69, 80, 87, 88–91, 95–6 Liberty Party, 172 Jesuit missionaries. See missionary Lincoln, Abraham, 49–50 frontier attitudes toward slavery, 227–30 Johnson, Andrew, 188 “Cooper Union” speech, 236–7 Johnson, Thomas, 17 Doctrine of Necessity, 234, 270 Join or Die political cartoon emergence as party leader, 233–8 (Franklin), 11 and events leading to Civil War, Jones, Howard, 256, 263 233–8 Jones, Thomas Ap Catesby, 163 fears regarding his candidacy, Jumonville, Joseph Coulon de Villiers 237–8 de, 2, 4–5 and Free Labor Ideology, 227–8 Junta Cubano, 215–17 “House Divided” speech, 235–6 and imperial crisis, 239–72 Kamehameha III, King, 138–40 baits South into war, 245–8 Kanagawa, Treaty of, 147–9 cabinet, 251–2 Kansas, 222 Crittenden Compromise, 243–5 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 149, decides to enlist black troops, 219–23, 228, 230, 240 260–1 Kaufman, Burton, 63 and Declaration of Independence, Kearny, Stephen Watts, 195–6 245 Kennedy, Andrew, 160 divine justification for Civil War, Kentucky, 31, 67, 242, 257 264–7 Key, Francis Scott, 93 Emancipation Proclamation, King, Martin Luther, 190 261–3 King, Rufus, 114 as the Emancipator, 259–60 Knox, Henry, 56–7 and European diplomatic front, Kossuth, Louis, 222–3 252–3, 255 Gettysburg Address, 268–9 Lagoda (ship), 146–9 as imperial war president, 248–56 Lahaina, Maui, 137 Inaugural Address, 246–7 Lake Champlain, Battle of, 91–2, 93 Lincoln Corollary to the Lake Erie, Battle of, 91–2 Declaration of Independence, Lake of the Woods, 109, 154–5 264–7 Lamar, Mirabeau, 169–70 management of the war, 258 Land Acts of 1784 and 1785, 41 as military strategist, 251–2 Larkin, Thomas, 162 redeeming the redeemer nation, Latin America, 97–8, 114–20. 267–72 See also Mexico, Republic of rhetorical leadership, 257–9 Law, George, 206 secession crisis, 239–43 League of Armed Neutrality, 28 second annual message to Leclerc, Victor, 71–4 Congress, 263–4

299

Index

Lincoln, Abraham (cont.) magnetic telegraph, 129–30 Second Inaugural Address, 268–71 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 133 Southern opposition to and the Mahele (Hawaiian land secession crisis, 239–43 redistribution), 139 total war in name of freedom, mail service, 128, 206 259–64, 266–7 Maine, 152–3, 154–5 views on the nature of the Union, Manifest Destiny (1840s), 8–9, 121–4 240–1 Manifest Destiny ideology, during “The Perpetuation of Our Political 1815–1861, 121–49 Institutions” speech, 234–5 Americanization of Hawaii, 137–40 on putting slavery on a course to American Pacific region, 149 extinction, 229, 236–7, 240 commercial expansion, national reaction to Kansas-Nebraska Act, support for, 140–3 228 cotton, 124–7 “spot resolutions” against Mexican empire of seas, 130–3 War, 185. See also Civil War and filibuster expeditions, 217 and disunion and Franklin’s vision, 8–9 Lincoln Corollary to the Declaration of Melville on, 134–5 Independence, 245, 257, 264–7 missionary frontier, 135–9, 159, Lingan, James, 90–1 162 Lippard, George, 193 and Polk’s Oregon diplomacy, Little Turtle (chief), 56–7 176–7 Livermore, Arthur, 112 and Polk’s war message, 183–4 Livingston, Robert, 73–4 technological developments, Lopez, Narciso, 215–17, 220, 221 127–30 Louisiana, 36–9, 166–7 trade with China, 143–6 Louisiana Purchase (1803), 71–5, trade with Japan, 146–9 96–7, 98–101, 163–73 whaling frontier, 133–5, 137 L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 71–4 Marcy, William, 219–20 Lowell, James Russell, 190 Marquesas Islands, 134–5 Loyalists, 30, 36–9, 91 Marshall, Humphrey, 136–7 Lundy, Benjamin, 167 Marshall, James, 202–3 Lytton Bulwer, Henry, 206 Marvin, Carolyn, 88 Marx, Karl, 271–2 Macdonald, Ranald, 147 Maryland, 242, 248 Machiavellian strategies, 29, 265 Mason, John Y., 205, 219–20, 253–4, Macon’s Bill Number 2, 85 255 Madison, James Masons, 215–17 annexation of non-contiguous Massachusetts, 43, 154–5 territory, 134–5 Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, Constitutional Convention, 41–7 244 events leading to War of 1812, 84–7 Matamoros, Battle of, 182, 194 as Federalist author, 47–51 Maui, Hawaii, 137 flees from capitol, 93 Maury, Matthew C., 147–9 on Monroe Doctrine, 115 Maximilian, Prince, 254–6 pushes for commercial May, Robert, 218–19 discrimination, 55–6 Mayan Indians, 212–13 written records of, 101 McClellan, George, 251

300

Index

McCoy, Drew, 70 Missouri River, 99–100 McPherson, James, 229, 232, 239, Moby-Dick, or the Whale (Melville), 251, 260 134–5 Meinig, D. W., 64, 75, 150 The Model Treaty, 22–4, 26–7, 28 Melville, Herman, 134–5, 147, 210 Mohawk Valley, 31–3 Memoria (Luis de Onis), 99–100 Monongahela River, 1–2 Merk, Frederick, 184 Monroe, James Mermento River, 99–100 expansionism and Northwest Coast, Mesabi Range, Minnesota, 154–5 154–5, 157, 158 Mexican-American War foreign policy with Latin all of Mexico sentiment, 199–202 America, 98 causes, 163, 188–9 “hidden hand” presidency, 101–3, conduct of, 193–8 112–13 as dress rehearsal for Civil War, Louisiana Purchase, 73–4, 194–5 98–101 events leading to, 178–89 and Missouri Compromise, opposition to, 189–93 111–14 peace feelers to Mexico, 198–9 removal policy, 126–7 support for, 192–3 second term, 114–20 Wilmot Proviso, 206–9 and slavery, 110, 112–13, 123 Mexicans, and U.S. racial nationalism, treaty negotiations with British, 188–9, 201 78–9 Mexico, Republic of Monroe Doctrine, 88–120, 158, Anglo colonization of Texas, 164–5 179, 180, 204–5, 207, 242–3, Buchanan and border conflicts, 252–3 224–5 Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, 78–9 France’s proposal to install Prince Monterey, California, 149, 162, 163 Maximilian in Mexico, 254–6 Montesquieu, 48 and U.S. expansionism into Mormon Battalion, 195–6 California, 161–3 Mormons, 224 and U.S. expansionism Morocco, 75–7 into Texas, 163–73. Morris, Gouverneur, 41–7 See also Mexican-American Morse, Jedidiah, 35–6, 129–30 War Morse, Samuel F.B., 129–30 Miami Indians, 39, 56–7 Mortefontaine, Treaty of, 65–8 Middleton, Henry, 158 Mosquito Coast, Nicaragua, 204 Milan Decrees, 81 Most Favored Nation Clause, 23 Minnesota, 250, 259 Mountain Meadows Massacre of missionary frontier, 135–9, 159, 162. 1857, 224 See also religion and politics Muhlenberg, Frederick, 60–1 Mississippi River, 30, 36–9, 61, Murray, William Vans, 65–8 69–70, 99–100 Missouri, 111, 242 Nanking, Treaty of, 144–5 Missouri Compromise, 111–14 Nantucket Island, 134, 140–3 Missouri Compromise Line, 221, 228, Napoleon, 65–71, 81, 85–6 244, 245 Napoleon III, 255–6 Missouri Debates, 111–14, 124, 168, nationalism and appeal to 225 religion, 19, 34–6

301

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Native Americans British claims, 155–61, 175, 176–7, and Christian missionaries, 159, 162 180, 182 events leading to War of 1812, 86–7 Monroe, and continental Great War for the Empire, 7–16 expansionism, 114–20, 154–5, impact of War of Independence, 157, 158 31–3 Wilkes Expedition, 140–3. Ohio War, 56–7 See also Oregon and racial nationalism, 123 Northwest Ordinance (1787), 41, 207, removal policy, 126–7 230 resistance to European invasion, Nueces River, 163, 182, 186, 199 14–15, 39, 84 Nuka Hiva island, 134–5 War of 1812, 94–5 Wilkes Expedition massacre, 140–3. “Observations Concerning the See also specific individuals Increase of Mankind” and tribes (Franklin), 8–9, 70 Negro Fort, 96–7 Ohio Company, 2 Nelson, Lord, 76–7 Ohio Country Nemacolin’s Trail, 2 impact of Quebec Act on, 16 Neolin (Delaware prophet), 14–15 Jumonville Glen battle, 1–7 neo-mercantilism, 102–3 Native Americans and War of Nevada, 258–9 Independence, 31–3 New Bedford, Massachusetts, 134 Ohio War, 56–7 New Brunswick, Canada, 152–3, Washington and Franklin’s vision, 154–5 9–10, 12 Newfoundland, 109 Ohio River, 1–2 New Mexico, 181 Ohio War, 56–7 New Orleans, 38–9, 61, 73–4 Oklahoma territory, 126–7 New Orleans, Battle of, 94 Omoo (Melville), 134–5 New York, 128 Oneida Indians, 31–3 New York Herald, 234 Onis, Don Luis de, 99–100, 110 New York Morning News, 176–7 Opium Wars, 144–5 New York Sun, 198, 200–1 Oregon New York Tribune, 189, 231, 271–2 annexation treaty, 186–7 Nez Perce Indians, 159 Astoria, 108–9, 155 Niagara River, 152 continental expansionism, 155–61, Nicaragua, 217–18 175 non-colonization policy. See Monroe Convention of 1818, 109, Doctrine 119–20, 151, 156, 158, Non-Intercourse Act, 84–5 175. See also Northwest non-intervention policy. See Monroe Coast Doctrine Oregon Trail, 159–60 North, Frederick, 21, 28–30 “The Origins and True Causes of the North American Review, 155–6 Texas Revolution” (Lundy), North Carolina, 45 167 Northwest Coast Ostend Manifesto, 219–20 Adams, and continental O’Sullivan, John L., 121, 200–1, expansionism, 114, 154–5, 214–17 156–8, 160–1 Oswald, Richard, 29

302

Index

Pacific Islanders, 134–5 Polignac Memorandum, 118 Pacific Mail Company, 206 Polk, James Knox Pacific Ocean, 140–3 all of Mexico sentiment, 199–202, Paine, Thomas, 18–20, 21, 64, 132 212–13 Palmerston, Lord, 254–5 attacks critics of war, 193 Palo Alto, Battle of, 194 as audacious expansionist, 173–7 Panama Canal, 204–6 continental expansionism and Panama Congress of 1826, 205 California, 163 Panic of 1819, 164 as first commander-in-chief, 211–12 Panic of 1837, 159 as first dark horse candidate, 173–4 Paredes y Arrilaga, Mariano, 181, 198 Mexico diplomacy, 178–89 Paris, Treaty of, 27–31, 36–9, 75, and Monroe Doctrine, 175–6, 179, 154–5 180 Parker, Peter, 145–6 Oregon diplomacy, 175, 176–7, party systems, 67, 68–71. 180, 182, 186–7 See also specific political and Panama Canal, 204–6 parties peace treaty negotiations, 198–9 “Peace with Mexico” (Gallatin), 192 Polk’s silence on, 176 Pearl River, 99 presidential agenda, 174–5 Peel, Robert, 186–7 presidential election of 1844, 172–3 Pennsylvania Gazette, 11 schemes to acquire Cuba, 213–15 Pensacola garrison, 104–5 seeks to acquire Yucatan, 212–13 The Pequod (Melville), 134–5 and Texas annexation, 175 Perdido River, 99 war message, 183–4 Perkins, Thomas H., 143 Polly case (British Admiralty Court, “The Perpetuation of Our Political 1800), 78 Institutions” speech (Lincoln), Pontiac’s Conspiracy, 14–15 234–5 Porter, Bernard, 178 Perry, Matthew C., 134, 147–9, 205 Porter, David, 91, 134–5 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 147–9 private armies, 217–19 Philadelphia Aurora, 90 Proclamation of Neutrality (1793), Philadelphia Press, 269 15, 54 Philadelphia Public Ledger, 200–1 Prosser, Gabriel, 112–13 Pickersgill, Mary, 92–3 Protestantism. See missionary frontier; Pierce, Franklin, 147–9, 219–20 religion and politics Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 65 Prussia, 27, 28, 114–20 Pinckney, Thomas, 61 Publius, 47 Pinckney’s Treaty, 61, 73 Pinkney, William, 78–9, 85 Qing Dynasty, 144–5 Pitt, William “the Younger,” 36–9 Quallah Battoo, Sumatra, 140 “Plain Truth, or Serious Quasi-War, 64–8, 77 Considerations on the Quebec Act (1774), 16 Present State of the City of Philadelphia and Province of racial nationalism, 123, 188–9, 201 Pennsylvania” (Franklin), 8 railroads, 127–8, 204, 206, 218 “Plan for Settling Two Western Ramsay, David, 36 Colonies” (Franklin), 9–11 Randolph, Edmund, 41–7 Plan of Treaties. See The Model Treaty “reannexation” of Texas platform, 172

303

Index

religion and politics San Jacinto River, 166–7 Baptists, 134–5 Santa Ana, Lopez de, 162, 166–7, Catholicism, 138–40 198, 201 Mormons, 195–6, 224 Santa Fe, Battle of, 195–6 nationalism and global missionary Santo Domingo, 242–3 work, 135–9 Saratoga, Battle of, 26 and nationalist rhetoric, 19, 34–6 Saunders, Romulus, 215 and racial nationalism, 123, 188–9 Savannah, Battle of, 267 Spanish concessions to Protestant Schoen, Brian, 125 settlers, 36–9 Scotland, 6 and Texas colonization scheme, Scott, Walter, 194 164–5. See also Divine Scott, Winfield, 151–5, 196–7, 199, Providence, and U.S. as 201–2 redeemer nation seas. See freedom of the seas “reoccupation” of Oregon platform, secession crisis, 239–43 172 Second Continental Congress, 17 Report on Public Credit, 52–3 Seminole Indians, 97, 111 Republican Convention (1860), 233 Seneca Indians, 1–4, 31–3, 39 Republican Party, 207, 222, 225–30, Seven Years War, 13–15 231 Seward, William H., 132–3, 226, 231, Resaca de la Palma, Battle of, 194 234, 242–5, 246–7, 251–2, “Resistance to Civil Government” 255, 256 (Thoreau), 190 Sexton, Jay, 119–20, 252–3 revolution of 1800, 68–71 Shawnee Indians, 39, 56–7, 84, revolutions of 1848, 210–13 169–70 Rhode Island, 45 Shawnee Prophet. See Tenskwatawa Richards, William, 138–40 (Shawnee Prophet) Rio Colorado of Texas, 99–100, 108 Shays’s Rebellion (1786), 43, 58 Rio Grande del Norte, 181, 182, 186 Shelburne, Lord, 28–30, 36–9 “The Rising Glory of America” Sherman, William T., 266–7 (Freneau), 35 Shimoda, Japan, 147–9 Roberts, Edmund, 147 shipbuilding, 129 Rockingham, Lord, 28–30 Silber, Nina, 232 Round Island, New Orleans, 215–17 silver reserves, 258–9 Rule of the War of 1756, 77–9 Six Nations Confederacy of the Rush, Richard, 109, 115 Iroquois, 7–8, 10, 31–3 Rush-Bagot Treaty, 103 Slaughter, Thomas, 59 Russell, John, 254–5 slaves and slavery Russia, 114–20, 155–61, 256. anti-slavery Republican Party, See also specific leaders and 225–30 treaties British liberation of slaves, 36–9, 153 Sabine River, 108 and Cuba, 214–15 St. Clair, Arthur, 56–7 Declaration of “human equality” Saint Domingue. See Santo Domingo principles at odds with, 22 St. Mark’s garrison, 104–5 and economics of cotton, 125–6 San Diego, California, 149 Emancipation Proclamation, San Francisco, California, 149, 202–4 261–3

304

Index

filibuster expeditions, for expansion noncompliance with Treaty of Paris, of, 217–19 36–9 its need to expand, 240 Pinckney’s Treaty, 61 and Jefferson’s expansionist views, and Santo Domingo, 242–3 69–71 and Treaty of Paris, 27–31, 36–9 and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 219–23 and U.S. expansionism into and Manifest Destiny, 121–4 California, 161–3 and Missouri Compromise, 111–14 and U.S. expansionism into Texas, need to expand, 229 163–73 occupation of Negro Fort, 96–7 and U.S. interest in Cuba, 213–17, and racial nationalism, 123 219–20. See also specific runaways as Seminoles, 97, 111 leaders and treaties and Texas annexation, 163–73 Spivak, Burton, 80 3/5 clause in Constitution, 44, 170 Stagg, J. C. A., 88–9 and westward expansionism, Stamp Act Rebellion, 43 100–1, 110 Stanton, Edwin P., 251–2 white fear of slave revolts, 223 “Star Spangled Banner” (Key), 93 Wilmot Proviso, 206–9. steam ships, 128 See also abolitionism; specific Stephens, Alexander H., 178, 241 presidents and legislation Stiles, Ezra, 35 Slidell, John, 181–3, 224, 253–4, 255 Stockton, Robert F., 163, 193, 214 Sloat, John D., 195–6 Storm, Jane McManus, 198 Smith, Adam, 28–30 Stourzh, Gerald, 1, 9, 10, 12 Smith, Gerrit, 234 Stout, Harry, 266 Smith, Melancton, 46 Sullivan, John, 31–3 Smithsonian Museum, 142–3 Sullivan-Clinton campaign, 31–3 social Darwinism, 188–9 Sumner, Charles, 266 Sonora, Mexico, 217–18 Sun Tzu, 252 Soule, Pierre, 219–20 Sutter, Johan, 202–3 the South Symmes, John Cleve, 140–3 Confederacy, 241, 249–50, 253–4, 255, 272 Tai-Ping Rebellion (China), 136–7 as distinct region, history of, 114 Talleyrand, 65–8, 73–4 Lincoln baits into war, 245–8 Tallmadge, James, 111–12 secession crisis, 239–43. Tampico, Mexico, 201–2 See also Civil War and Tanaghrisson (Seneca), 1–4, 31–3 disunion; specific leaders and Tarawa Atoll, 140–3 events Taylor, Alan, 88–91 South Carolina, 240, 267 Taylor, Zachary B., 182, 193–8, Spain 215 and American alliance with France, technological developments, during 26, 27 1815–1861, 127–30 colonialism in Latin America, 97–8 Tecumseh (Shawnee), 84 First Seminole War, 104–11 Tehuantepec Isthmus, Mexico, 205, Louisiana Purchase, 71–5, 96–7, 212, 224–5 98–101 telegraph, invention of, 129–30 neutrality during U.S. Civil War, Tenskwatawa (Shawnee Prophet), 84 249, 250, 252–3, 255–6 Terranova, Francis, 144

305

Index

Texas the Union and abolitionism, 163–73 advantages of large internal market, and Adams-Onis Treaty, 119–20 130 continental expansionism, 163–73 differing views of, 240–1 ethnic cleansing of, 169–70 during 1783–1796, 34–63 filibuster expeditions, 217 advantage over disunion, 49–50 presidential annexation strategies, critical period, 39–47 168, 170–1, 175 The Federalist, impact of, 47–51 “reannexation” political platform, The Federalist on, 47–50 172 foreign threats to, 36–9 and religion-based colonization Franklin’s vision, 48 scheme, 164–5 French Revolution, impact of, statehood, 172 53–6 Texas Declaration of Independence, Hamilton centralizes power, 51–3 166–7 Ohio War, impact of, 56–7 Texas Register, 237 as permanent, 39–47 Thames, Battle of the, 94–5 as sense of destiny, 34–6 “Thanatopsis” (Bryant), 155–6 Whiskey Rebellion, impact on Thanksgiving holiday, 268 federal authority, 57–9 $30 Million Bill proposal (Slidell), 224 felt permanency of, 271 Thoreau, Henry David, 190, 211 Missouri Debates as threat to, Thucydides, 239 111–14 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 36, 178 and Monroe Doctrine, 242 Total War, 259–64, 266–7 reason for its failure, 239 trans-Appalachian west, 69–70, Reconstruction, 263 98 and Texas Question, 163–73 transportation, technological westward expansion during Civil developments, 127–30. War, 258–9. See also United See also specific modes of States; specific presidents, transportation leaders, and treaties treaties. See specific treaties by name United States Trent affair, 253–4, 255–6 as China’s “special friend,” 145–6 Tripoli, 75–7 early embrace of capitalism, 36 Trist, Nicholas P., 199, 201–2, 212 early political identity, 22–4 Tudda, Chris, 25–6 freedom’s empire, 121–49 Tunis, 75–7 hemispheric doctrine, 88–120 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 24–5 nonentanglement stance, 27–31 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 131 as redeemer nation, 34–6, 50, 122, Turner, Nat, 223, 231–2 176–7, 188, 267–72 Two Million Act proposal (Jefferson), support for commercial expansion, 99 140–3. See also specific Tyler, John, 138–9, 145–6, 153–5, presidents, leaders, treaties, 161, 168–9, 171–3 and events Tyler Doctrine, 138–40 “The United States Elevated to Glory Typee (Melville), 134–5 and Honour”(Stiles), 35 United States Exploring Expedition. ukase (Russian decree), 114, 116–17, See Wilkes Expedition 118, 158 (1838–1842)

306

Index

United States Magazine and Vesey, Denmark, 114, 223 Democratic Review, 159–60, Virginia, 67 162 Virginia Resolutions (1798), 68–9 Upshur, Abel, 170–1 U.S. Army Topographical Corps, Wade, Benjamin, 243–5 159–60 Wailapu, Washington, 159 U.S. Congress Walker, Robert, 171 admission of Texas statehood, 172 Walker, William, 217–18 events leading to War of 1812, Walla Walla, Washington, 159 65–8, 88–9 Walpole Company, 17 rejection of abolition petition, 51 Wanghia, Treaty of, 145–6 shipping embargo (1794), 55–6 Ward, Matthew, 13–14 vote for Mexican-American War, War Hawks, 86, 180 183–6. See also specific War of 1812, legislation as civil war, 249 U.S. foreign policy, origins of, 17, 22. close call of 1814, 91–3 See also specific presidents, domestic implications, 90 leaders, treaties, wars, and events leading to, 77–9 events freedom of the seas, 132 U.S. Hydrographic Office, 142–3 as Madison’s war, 84–7 U.S. Mail Steamship Company, 206 Native American resistance, 84, U.S. Military 94–5 during 1840s, 197–8 War of Independence, 16–17, 31–3, events leading to War of 1812, 65–8 230, 249 Jefferson’s restrictive funding of, Warren, Harris G., 217 69, 80 Washington, D.C., 92–3 Lincoln decides to enlist black Washington, George, 1 troops, 260–1 as advocate of empire, 6–7 Lincoln’s expansion of, 248, 258, ambition, 3–4 260–1, 271 and Braddock expedition, 12–16 Monroe’s expansion of, 102 Constitutional Convention, 41–7 Polk’s proposal to increase, 182 and events leading to War of 1812, USS Essex, 91, 134–5 65–8 USS Ontario, 108–9, 155 Farewell Address, 61–3 USS Philadelphia, 77 First Inaugural Address, 34 USS Princeton, 170–1 at Fort Necessity, 4 USS San Jacinto, 253–4 Jay Treaty, 56, 59–61 Utah, 224 at Jumonville Glen battle, 1–7 Utah War, 224 member of Ohio Company, 2 named as Caunotaucarius, 31–3 Van Alstyne, Richard, 20 Ohio War, 56–7 Van Buren, Martin, 151–5, 168, as president, 51 170–2 Proclamation of Neutrality, 54 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 206, 218 Shawnee raids and Great Kanasha Vendovi (Fijian), 140–3 River, 39 Vera Cruz, Battle of, 196–8 vast land claims of, 2, 57–9 Vergennes, Charles Gravier de, 24–5, as visionary of colonial union, 11 26–31 and Whiskey Rebellion, 57–9

307

Index

Washington Monument, 210 Wilkes Expedition (1838–1842), 140–3 Wayne, “Mad” Anthony, 56–7 Wilkes Land, 140–3 Webster, Daniel, 138–9, 140, 154–5 Willamette Valley, Oregon, 159 Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), Williams, T. Harry, 251 154–5 Wilmot, David, 206–9 Weems, Mason, 63 Wilmot Proviso, 206–9 Welles, Gideon, 251–2 Wilson, James, 41–7 Wesley, John, 22 Wisconsin, 250 West Florida. See Florida Wood, Gordon, 17, 36, 45 West Point, 194 Worth, William Jenkins, 215–17 whaling industry, 133–5, 137, 140–3 Whig Party, 153–5, 167–8, 172, XYZ Affair, 65–8 190–1, 209, 222 Whiskey Rebellion, 57–9 Yates, Robert, 46–7 Whitaker, Arthur Preston, 38–9 Yerba Buena. See San Francisco, White, Horace, 258 California White House, 92–3 Yokohama, Japan, 147–9 “the White Man’s Burden,” 199–202 York (Upper Canada), 92–3 “White Man’s Proviso,” 206–9 Yorktown, Battle of, 28–30 Whitman, Marcus, 159 Young, Brigham, 195–6, 224 Whitman, Narcissa, 159 Young America ideology, 214 Whitman, Walt, 189, 235 Young Hickory. See Polk, James Knox Wilkes, Charles, 140–3, 253–4 Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, 212–13

308