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1974 Welding of Maraging Steels

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1974 Welding of Maraging Steels Welding of Maraging Steels F. H. Lang and N. Kenyon WRC Bulletin 159 CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................ 1 Submerged-Arc Welding ................................. 23 I. Introduction ..................................................... 1 Filler Wires ................................................... 23 II. Physical Metallurgy ......................................... 1 Flux Composition ......................................... 23 Solution-Annealed Maraging Steels .................. 2 Joint Design and Process Age-Hardening .................................................. 2 Parameters ................................................. 24 Reversion to Austenite ...................................... 3 Mechanical Properties .............. .................... 25 III.Welding Metallurgy ........................................ 3 Defects and Their Control ........... ................. 25 The Heat-Affected Zone ................................... 3 Electroslag Welding ......................................... 27 The Toughness of the Heat- Filler Wires and Fluxes ................................ 28 Affected Zone ............................................. 6 Joint Design and Process The Weld Deposit ............................................. 6 Parameters ................................................. 28 The Structure of the Weld .............................. 6 Mechanical Properties ..................................... 29 Effect of Structure on Properties .................... 7 Defects and Their Control ................................ 29 Residual Stresses in Maraging Steel VII.Electron Beam Welding ................................ 29 Weldments ......................................................... 7 Hydrogen Embrittlement in Joint Design and Process Parameters ... ........... 29 Weldments ......................................................... 9 Mechanical Properties of Electron Incidence of Hot and Cold Cracking ................. 10 Beam Welds .................................................. 30 IV.General Welding Considerations ................... 10 Defects in Electron Beam Welds ..................... 31 Purity and Cleanliness ....................................... 10 Application of Electron Beam Welding .......... 32 Tooling Considerations ..................................... 11 VIII.Resistance Welding of Maraging Arc Stability ...................................................... 11 Steels ................................................................ 32 Control of Heat Input ........................................ 12 Flash Butt Welding ................... ....................... 32 V. Welding by the Inert-Gas Processes .............. 13 Resistance Spot Welding .............. ................... 32 Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding ............................... 13 High Frequency Resistance Welding ............... 33 Gas Metal-Arc Welding .................................... 14 IX. Other Joining Techniques ............................. 33 Welding Procedures .......................................... 14 Dissimilar Metal Joints .................................... 33 Process Parameters ............................................ 14 Maraging Steel Characteristics as Filler Wire Selection ......................................... 17 They Affect the Dissimilar Joint ............... 33 Mechanical Properties ....................................... 18 Preparation and Properties of Tensile Properties .............................................. 18 Dissimilar Joints ........................................ 34 Weld Metal Toughness ...................................... 18 Brazing ............................................................. 36 Effects of Heat Treatment on Weld Filler Alloys .................................................. 36 Properties ....................................................... 20 Brazing Conditions and Techniques ............. 36 Defects and Their Control ................................. 20 Joint Properties and the Effects of VI.Welding with the Flux-Shielded Clearance and Overlap .............................. 36 Processes ........................................................... 22 General Considerations ..................................... 22 Inertia Welding ............................................. 37 Shielded Metal-Arc Welding ............................ 22 Laser Welding ............................................... 37 Filler Materials ............................................... 22 X. The Stress Corrosion Behavior of Welding Techniques ...................................... 22 Maraging Steel Welds .................................... 38 Mechanical Properties and Heat XI. Summary and Future Trends ....................... 38 Treatment .................................................... 22 Areas of Application ........................................ 38 Defects and Their Control .............................. 22 Process Applicability ....................................... 39 Future Trends ................................................... 39 References ....................................................... 40 Welding of Maraging Steels by F. H. Lang and N. Kenyon Abstract. Maraging steels are iron-nickel alloys designed I. Introduction to combine high strength with good fracture toughness. The properties are achieved through the age-hardening of The introduction of the first maraging steels in 1960 low carbon martensite that forms when the steels are cooled aroused great interest because they combined good from the austenitizing temperatures. The martensite forms toughness and ease of fabrication with very high independently of cooling rate and is relatively soft (approx. strength.1 Other maraging steels with these properties Rc 30), but when it is aged at approximately 900º F it hard- ens considerably through the precipitation of intermetallic have been developed since and have also received compounds. considerable attention. Towards the end of 1967 it 2 From the weldability point of view, the most important was estimated that over 100 technical papers had feature of maraging steels is the fact that they are relatively appeared in the open literature and there were a large soft after cooling from the austenitizing temperatures. This number of unpublished reports. Table 1 gives the means that the heat-affected zones are softened by the heat types, compositions, and mechanical properties of the of welding with the result that the residual stresses are lowered and there is less tendency for hydrogen cold crack- steels that are available now. The first five alloys ing. A postweld aging treatment raises the strength of the listed employ cobalt-molybdenum strengthening with joint close to the plate strength and the toughness of the titanium as a supplemental hardener. The sixth (12-5- heat-affected zone usually matches that of the plate. 3) was designed with nuclear applications partly in The filler wires used to weld maraging steels have compo- mind and so cobalt was deliberately omitted. This sitions very similar to those of the base plates. The strengths alloy is hardened with chromium, molybdenum, ti- of welds depend very little on the process used to make 3 them; most processes can produce welds with joint effi- tanium, and aluminum. ciencies exceeding 90%. The weld toughness, however, For the optimum strength and toughness such ele- varies with the welding process. Of the more widely used ments as carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, and processes, the gas tungsten-arc produces the best weld phosphorus are restricted to low levels.4 The maxi- toughness in maraging steels. Lower values are seen in welds mum amounts specified are (in wt. %): carbon 0.03, made with the gas metal-arc, electron beam, and flux- silicon 0.1, manganese 0.1, sulfur 0.01, phosphorus shielded processes. In order to obtain the best properties it is advisable during welding to: 0.01. Since the same metallurgical principles apply to (a) Avoid prolonged times at elevated temperature. (b) Avoid preheat and keep interpass temperatures below all the grades the steels can be considered as a family 250° F. of low carbon iron-nickel alloys containing a variety (c) Use minimum weld energy inputs. of hardening elements. Their name, "maraging," is (d) Avoid conditions causing slow cooling rates. derived from the heat treatment which involves the In addition, every precaution should be taken to keep the welds as age hardening of low carbon martensite. clean as possible since the toughness decreases as the purity decreases. II. Physical Metallurgy In this report a general description of the metallurgical conditions involved in welding maraging steels is followed There have been several extensive discussions of by a detailed discussion of the usefulness of a variety of the physical metallurgy of maraging steels, including processes. Important parameters are discussed, procedures a fine complete review.5 Consequently, the metallur- are recommended, and the properties that can be expected gical principles outlined in this section are restricted from the joints are outlined. to those that have some bearing on the welding of F. H. Lang and N. Kenyon are with The International Nickel Co., Inc., maraging steels. Paul D. Merica Research Laboratory, Sterling Forest. Suffern, N. Y. - This paper was prepared for the Interpretive Reports Committee. of the The usual way to heat treat maraging steels is to Welding Research Council. anneal at approximately 1500º F, air cool to
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