DOCSLIB.ORG

Promotion of Healthy Weight- Control Practices in Young Athletes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Promotion of Healthy Weight- Control Practices in Young Athletes CLINICAL REPORT Guidance for the Clinician in Rendering Pediatric Care Rebecca L. Carl, MD, MS, FAAP, a Miriam D. Johnson, MD, FAAP, b Thomas J. Martin, MD, FAAP, c, d, e PromotionCOUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESSof Healthy Weight- Control Practices in Young Athletes Children and adolescents may participate in sports that favor a particular abstract body type. Some sports, such as gymnastics, dance, and distance running, emphasize a slim or lean physique for aesthetic or performance reasons. Participants in weight-class sports, such as wrestling and martial arts, may attempt weight loss so they can compete at a lower weight class. Other sports, such as football and bodybuilding, highlight a muscular aInstitute for Sports Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; bDepartment of Pediatrics, physique; young athletes engaged in these sports may desire to gain weight University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; cDepartment of Pediatrics, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, and muscle mass. This clinical report describes unhealthy methods of Pennsylvania; dDepartment of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey College of weight loss and gain as well as policies and approaches used to curb these Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and eCentral Pennsylvania Clinic for Special Children and Adults, Belleville, practices. The report also reviews healthy strategies for weight loss and Pennsylvania weight gain and provides recommendations for pediatricians on how to Dr Martin drafted the report update proposal, conceptualized the promote healthy weight control in young athletes. initial manuscript, contributed to editing on the basis of comments from American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) reviewers; Dr Johnson conceptualized and wrote the initial manuscript, contributed to editing on the basis of comments from AAP reviewers; Dr Carl revised the initial manuscript, contributed to editing on the basis of comments from AAP reviewers; and all authors approved the final manuscript. This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have Young athletes who participate in sports that favor a particular body type filed conflict of interest statements with the American Academy “ ” of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through a process may express a desire to lose or gain weight. Athletes who participate in approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial weight-sensitive sports, which emphasize a lean, slim physique, often involvement in the development of the content of this publication. seek to lose weight. In aesthetic sports, such as gymnastics, figure skating, Clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics benefit from and diving, athletes may believe they will be judged more favorably if expertise and resources of liaisons and internal (AAP) and external they have a lean body build. With other sports, distance running and reviewers. However, clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics may not reflect the views of the liaisons or the organizations cycling, for example, participants with a slim physique are perceived to or government agencies that they represent. have a greater ability to move the body against gravity if they weigh less. The guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusive course of Table 1 lists examples of sports that typically favor a slim/lean build. For treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking weight-class sports, including wrestling and martial arts, athletes often into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate. desire to compete at the lowest possible weight in the belief that lighter All clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics athletes have an increased strength-to-weight ratio (‍Table 2). automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time. Football and powerlifting are examples of sports that highlight a muscular physique (‍Table 3). Children and adolescents who participate in sports that emphasize strength and power often attempt to gain weight and lean To cite: Carl RL, Johnson MD, Martin TJ, AAP COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS. Promotion of Healthy muscle mass to improve performance. Participants in bodybuilding may Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes. Pediatrics. seek to increase muscle mass and definition for aesthetic reasons. 2017;140(3):e20171871 – In their attempts to change body weight and composition,1 6 some athletes resort to unhealthy weight-control practices. These unhealthy Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 28, 2021 PEDIATRICS Volume 140, number 3, September 2017:e20171871 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Carl et al https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1871 September 2017 Promotion of Healthy Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes 3 140 Pediatrics 2017 ROUGH GALLEY PROOF TABLE 1 Sports That Emphasize a Thin/Lean Physique “ Dance The American Academy of Pediatrics inappropriate weight loss methods (‍AAP) policy statement Promotion can result in reduced muscle Cheerleading ” Cross country/distance running of Healthy Weight Control in Young strength, reduced performance in Cross-country skiing Athletes was published7, 8 in 1996 aerobic activities, decreased mental Cycling and updated in 2005. This clinical and cognitive performance, mood Diving Figure skating report replaces the 2005 statement changes, depression, compromised Gymnastics (artistic and rhythmic) and includes more recent evidence immune response, and changes Ski jump about the detrimental effects of in the cardiovascular, endocrine,– – Swimming dehydration and the benefits of gastrointestinal, renal, and 1 3, 6, 9 16 Synchronized swimming gradual weight loss as compared with thermoregulatory systems. Weight Loss Attributable to Dehydration TABLE 2 Sports With Weight Classes/Weight acute weight loss. Data on the effects Limits of collegiate and high school rule Boxing changes are also included. Crew WEIGHT LOSS Up to 67% of athletes involved Horse racing—jockeys in weight-class sports, such as Martial arts wrestling, boxing, and weight-class Weight-class football crew, attempt to lose weight acutely Wrestling Athletes may attempt to lose weight 4 with dehydration techniques. High to enhance performance, to qualify school and college wrestlers report TABLE 3 Sports That Emphasize a Muscular for a particular weight class, or to high rates of fasting, restricting fluid Physique change their appearance for a sport intake, and engaging in practices Baseball that emphasizes a lean physique. that increase sweating for acute Basketball Weight loss becomes a problem when 17,18 “ ” weight loss. This process, Bodybuilding athletes are inadequately hydrated Football (especially linemen) referred to as weight cutting, and/or when nutritional needs are Powerlifting allows competitors to weigh in at the not met. Table 4 lists healthy and Rugby lowest possible weight; most athletes Track (eg, shot-put, discus) unhealthy weight loss methods. Unhealthy Weight Loss subsequently attempt to regain weight by rehydrating between the weigh-in and competition. The Some weight loss methods can lead term hypohydration refers to the weight-control approaches may to serious physical and psychological state of suboptimal hydration, adversely affect health and, in harm. Additionally, certain weight and dehydration describes the some cases, can negatively affect loss practices impair athletic transition from a well-hydrated19 to performance. Pediatricians should performance and increase injury risk. a hypohydrated state. Examples have an awareness of safe and unsafe Weight loss may initially improve of dehydration techniques include weight-control practices so they can athletic performance because of an fluid restriction, spitting, vomiting, counsel young athletes and family increase in the strength-to-weight steam baths, saunas, using laxatives members appropriately. ratio. However, continued use of or diuretics, and wearing nonporous TABLE 4 Unhealthy and Healthy Weight Loss Methods Unhealthy Weight Loss Healthy Weight Loss Rapid weight loss Gradual weight loss Loss of >2 lb/wk Loss of no more than 1 lb/wk in growing athlete with excess body fat, 2 lb/ Muscle mass is lost wk in mature athlete Stimulant use to promote weight loss Weight lost is excess body fat, not muscle mass Exercise in excess of what is recommended for sport Exercise an appropriate amount for the sport Laxative use Diet is well-balanced and consists of ∼6–10 g/kg per d of carbohydrates, Diet pill use 0.85–1.7 g/kg per d of protein, and 1 g/kg per d of fat Vomiting Maintain euhydration Voluntary dehydration Preferable to lose weight in off-season Fluid restriction Caloric intake meets the energy costs of living, growth, and sport activities Diuretic use Spitting Enhanced sweat production Steam baths, saunas Exercise in nonpermeable clothing Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 28, 2021 2 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Carl et al https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1871 September 2017 Promotion of Healthy Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes 3 140 Pediatrics 2017 ROUGH GALLEY PROOF TABLE 5 Mental and Cognitive Changes Attribut - able to Hypohydration/Dehydration suits to increase sweat production. Decreased psychomotor function is
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Obesity, Smoking and Dieting
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Department of Public Health University of Helsinki Finland Obesity, Smoking and Dieting Suoma E. Saarni ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented with the permission of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, for public examination, in the Small Festive Hall, University main building, Fabianinkatu 33, 4th fl oor, on the 11th of April 2008, at 1 p.m. Helsinki 2008 Supervised by Professor Jaakko Kaprio Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland and Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland Professor Aila Rissanen Obesity Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry Helsinki University Hospital, Finland Adjunct professor Sirpa Sarlio-Lähteenkorva Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland Reviewed by Professor Arja Rimpelä Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Finland Adjunct professor Satu Männistö Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention National Public Health Institute, Helsinki Opponent Professor Thorkild I.A. Sørensen Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Institute of Preventive Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark ISSN 0355-7979 ISBN 978-952-10-1375-1 ISBN 978-952-10-1376-8 (pdf) Cover Photo: Suoma Saarni Helsinki University Print - Yliopistopaino Helsinki 2008 Contents 1 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Devils Diet Tip: “You Have to Get to the Bottom of Why You Overeat Before You Can Lose Weight” Joe, Former Pre-Nutrit
    Low Cost Weight Loss Curtis V. Smith, Ph.D., Professor of Biology Kansas City Kansas Community College Abstract More than 67 percent of adults in the United States are overweight or obese. Americans who are overweight (32%) or obese (35%) are at greater risk for premature death from four of the ten leading causes of death: heart disease, cancer, stroKe, and Type II diabetes. Individuals can easily lose weight, Keep if off, and improve health by moving toward a whole foods, plant-based diet with increased exercise. This article supports overwhelming scientific evidence gathered over the years that supports a plant-based diet, good foods to stay healthy, strategies for successful weight loss, and the best weight loss programs that fit this prescription. Why Lose Weight? Obesity is a national epidemic. More than 67 percent of adults in the United States are considered overweight or obese (Whitney & Rolfes, 2013). This statistically breaks out to over 32% overweight and 35% obese (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2012). Approximately 17%, or 12.5 million children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years, are obese. Since 1980, obesity among children and adolescents has almost tripled (Ogden & Carroll, 2010). The highest incidence of overweight and obese is found among minority African-Americans and Hispanics living in poor neighborhoods. If the parents of children don’t Know how to properly lose weight and eat healthy, what hope is there for the next generation? Let there be no illusion with the whole foods, plant based diet approach to weight loss. It may Blue Devils Diet Tip: “You have to get to the bottom of why you overeat before you can lose weight” Joe, former pre-nutrition at KCKCC now a graduate Registered Dietician from Kansas State University 2 require a significant lifestyle change.
    [Show full text]
  • Safe Weight Loss and Maintenance Practices in Sport and Exercise Paula Sammarone Turocy, Edd, ATC (Chair)*; Bernard F
    Journal of Athletic Training 2011:46(3):322–336 © by the National Athletic Trainers’ Association, Inc position statement www.nata.org/jat National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Safe Weight Loss and Maintenance Practices in Sport and Exercise Paula Sammarone Turocy, EdD, ATC (Chair)*; Bernard F. DePalma, MEd, PT, ATC†; Craig A. Horswill, PhD‡; Kathleen M. Laquale, PhD, ATC, LDN§; Thomas J. Martin, MD||; Arlette C. Perry, PhD¶; Marla J. Somova, PhD#; Alan C. Utter, PhD, MPH, FACSM** *Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA; †Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; ‡University of Illinois at Chicago and Trinity International University, Deerfield, IL; §Bridgewater State University, MA; ||Hershey Medical Center, PA; ¶University of Miami, FL; #Carlow University, Pittsburgh, PA; **Appalachian State University, Boone, NC Objective: To present athletic trainers with recommenda- practices, and methods to change body composition. Body tions for safe weight loss and weight maintenance practices composition assessments should be done in the most scientifi- for athletes and active clients and to provide athletes, clients, cally appropriate manner possible. Reasonable and individual- coaches, and parents with safe guidelines that will allow ath- ized weight and body composition goals should be identified by letes and clients to achieve and maintain weight and body appropriately trained health care personnel (eg, athletic trainers, composition goals. registered dietitians, physicians). In keeping with the American Background: Unsafe weight management practices can Dietetics Association (ADA) preferred nomenclature, this docu- compromise athletic performance and negatively affect health. ment uses the terms registered dietitian or dietician when refer- Athletes and clients often attempt to lose weight by not eat- ring to a food and nutrition expert who has met the academic ing, limiting caloric or specific nutrients from the diet, engaging and professional requirements specified by the ADA’s Commis- in pathogenic weight control behaviors, and restricting fluids.
    [Show full text]
  • Weight Cutting
    [email protected] Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Contestant Safety Project - Opportunity Statement ........................................................................................ 8 SECTION 1: Consultation to Date ............................................................................................................................ 9 One-to-one Interviews ........................................................................................................................................... 9 First Workshop (4 May 2018) ............................................................................................................................. 11 Second Workshop (5/6 June 2018) .................................................................................................................. 12 SECTION 2: Literature Review ................................................................................................................................. 15 General Overview of Weight Cutting ................................................................................................................... 15 Weight Loss Strategies in Combat Sports and Concerning Habits in Mixed Martial Arts - Oliver Barley (Australia) ........................................................................................................................................ 15 The Health Impacts
    [Show full text]
  • Aiming for Healthy Weight in Wrestlers and Other Athletes by Vito A
    Aiming for healthy weight in wrestlers and other athletes By Vito A. Perriello, Jr., MD Wrestlers and athletes in other “weight-sensitive” sports are at high risk of engaging in unhealthy weight-loss practices. Learning how to intervene effectively will help you deal better with weight issues in all your patients. nhealthy weight loss and sports, unhealthy weight loss Ⅲ Pediatricians are more likely to suboptimal nutrition, along practices are prominent in both encounter patients experiencing Uwith disordered eating habits sexes, with reported prevalences weight loss problems in wrestling and eating disorders, are significant of 10% to 15% in boys and 25% to than in most other sports. problems among adolescents. Seventy- 30% in girls.3,4 Ⅲ Other health issues associated five percent of patients with dis- Weight-sensitive sports involve with wrestling, such as injury and ordered eating develop the problem either a requirement to reach a spread of infection, put wrestling during adolescence.1 specific weight or a perception in the fish bowl of public scrutiny. Because 90% of eating disorders that an advantage exists if the This year, the National Fed- occur in girls and women, most athlete performs at a lower eration of State High School Asso- discussion in the literature focuses weight. Sports often cited for ciations, the governing body for on this as a female problem. A having a high incidence of ath- high school athletics, recom- 1995 study of middle schools in letes engaging in unhealthy nu- mended to the wrestling rules North Carolina, however, found trition and weight loss prac- committee that all states have that, in addition to the 10% of tices include rowing, gymnastics, weight management programs in girls in the sixth to eighth grades cross country, cheerleading, place for wrestling no later than who reported using vomiting and dancing, and wrestling.
    [Show full text]
  • Weight Loss in Wrestling: Current State of the Science
    WEIGHT LOSS IN WRESTLING: CURRENT STATE OF THE SCIENCE By Victoria Rosenfeld, RD, CSSD, Princeton University and Clint Wattenberg, MS, RD, CSCS, Coordinator of Sports Nutrition, Cornell University The development of a safe, standardized approach to determining an athlete’s most appropriate weight class in wrestling was critically important. In the 16 years since the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules were put into effect, no collegiate wrestler has died as a result of unsafe weight cutting practices. Much has been learned and improved since these rules were introduced, but more work remains to be done. Little research exists at the collegiate level evaluating the effectiveness of the current protocol and there are still several areas of concern regarding which equipment, formulas, and techniques are best for assessing body composition.1 The sport of wrestling has taken some hits, with the loss of nearly 350 collegiate programs over the past several years and the near removal or wrestling from the 2020 Olympics. These losses provide yet another opportunity for wresting to make a comeback and set the stage for not just safer, but also more equitable and thrilling competition. Two things need to happen next: First, the weight certification process must continue to improve. Second, athletes and coaches need to embrace what science can teach them about optimizing performance. Effects of Losing Weight and Making Weight on Weight Management and Performance Although the health and safety risks associated with extreme weight cutting cannot be disputed, research in the past 15 years has yielded mixed findings regarding the impact of weight loss and modest weight cutting on performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommended Rate of Weight Loss Per Week
    Recommended Rate Of Weight Loss Per Week Which Garwin sidetrack so adversely that Joshua angle her Ganymede? Big-name Kostas brightens insularly, he match his recency very overmuch. Hellish and creamlaid Torey brazen: which Mendel is skiable enough? Refuel with certain proprietary information and your health problems can carry on to a snack between the pets should we have achieved that this. Need to Lose Weight? The speed of energy transfer is, not surprisingly, based on how much body fat a person has to begin with. Everything changed when I found the right diet program. Don't expect a precarious rate of other loss if you have hit average energy needs. Is Walking 30 Minutes a recount the Magic Amount For transcript Loss. Your weight loss even weeks of progress photos from week diet for recommended eight months, you lose weight loss goals, and require many nutritionists recommend? What establish the Ideal Rate when Weight Loss Cronometer Blog. That means using resistance training with either weights or research body weight. He began publicly recommending his diet for everyone suffering from obesity. Subscribe now for weight loss on your rate? Beginning a diet to lose weight can improve health nor a worthy goal practice it vigor be. Participant characteristics of the groups were similar; mostly women and generally healthy. Carbs cause the range to store excess water; so keep a person reduces their carb intake, equal amount of stored water decreases, causing weight loss. Generally speaking of loss per week, vegetables and how do some recommend some of fat loss tips to lose.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Kidney Function in Combat Sport Athletes
    medicina Review Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Kidney Function in Combat Sport Athletes Nemanja Lakicevic 1,*, Antonio Paoli 2 , Roberto Roklicer 3, Tatjana Trivic 3, Darinka Korovljev 3 , Sergej M. Ostojic 3 , Patrizia Proia 3, Antonino Bianco 1 and Patrik Drid 3 1 Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; [email protected] (R.R.); [email protected] (T.T.); [email protected] (D.K.); [email protected] (S.M.O.); [email protected] (P.P.); [email protected] (P.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Even though scientific literature shows numerous heath complications and performance decrements associated with rapid weight loss (RWL), its prevalence remains exceedingly high across various combat sports. The aim of this study was to thoroughly search the existing literature to explore the influence of RWL on kidney function in Olympic and non-Olympic combat sport athletes. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for the relevant studies. Only original articles published from 2005 onwards, written in English, that included healthy males and females who prompted ~5% weight loss within a week or less, were included in the study. Retrieved studies showed that creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urine specific gravity values were significantly increased after Citation: Lakicevic, N.; Paoli, A.; RWL in the majority of the included studies. This observation indicates that RWL caused dehydration Roklicer, R.; Trivic, T.; Korovljev, D.; and subsequent acute kidney damage despite various degrees of weight lost during the RWL phase, Ostojic, S.M.; Proia, P.; Bianco, A.; Drid, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Disordered Eating Habits and Extreme Weight Loss Techniques in Collegiate Wrestlers: a Qualitative Analysis
    University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2012 Disordered eating habits and extreme weight loss techniques in collegiate wrestlers: A qualitative analysis Jaime Marie Mayer University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2012 Jaime Marie Mayer Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Sports Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Mayer, Jaime Marie, "Disordered eating habits and extreme weight loss techniques in collegiate wrestlers: A qualitative analysis" (2012). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 612. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/612 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by JAIME MARIE MAYER 2012 All Rights Reserved DISORDERED EATING HABITS AND EXTREME WEIGHT LOSS TECHNIQUES IN COLLEGIATE WRESTLERS: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Science Jaime Marie Mayer University of Northern Iowa July, 2012 UMI Number: 1521157 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 1521157 Published by ProQuest LLC 2012. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author.
    [Show full text]
  • Weight-Cutting”) on Performance Indices and Proneness to Injury in Jūdōka
    Isamed Journals Open Access Journal of Exercise and Sports Medicine 2017, Volume 1, Issue 1 Review Article Open Access Effects of Rapid Reduction of Body Mass (“Weight-Cutting”) on Performance Indices and Proneness to Injury in jūdōka. A Critical Appraisal from a Historical, Gender-Comparative and Coaching Perspective Carl De Crée1,2,3* 1Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, I-00133 Rome, Italy; 2Division of South and East Asia: Japanology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; 3Laboratory for Exercise Physiology and Endocrinology, Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, B-2800 Malines, Belgium *Corresponding author: Professor Carl De Crée, Laboratory for Exercise Physiology and Endocrinology, Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, B-2800 Malines, Belgium, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 05-31-2017 Accepted: 07-11-2017 Published: 09-15-2017 Copyright: © 2017 Carl De Crée Abstract In contrast with the vast amount of literature on rapid reduction of body mass in male wrestlers there is a particular lack of studies on the effects of “weight cutting” in female athletes who compete in weight class events such as jūdō. The advantages of competing in a lower weight category include increased leverage, relative power, and strength. A competitively active jūdōka attempts to build a long- term career in a single weight class to avoid having to overhaul tactical preparations due to having to face many new opponents. The most influential person on the jūdōka’s weight management behavior appears to be their jūdō coach and training partners. Significant gender differences in the type or magnitude of physiological effects of “weight cutting” are caused by femalejūdōka typically relying on different methods (chiefly nutritional restriction and dehydration) when compared to their male counterparts (mostly increased energy expenditure and excessive exercise).
    [Show full text]
  • Dieting and Weight Cycling As Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Diseases: Who Is Really at Risk?
    obesity reviews doi: 10.1111/obr.12251 Review Dieting and weight cycling as risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases: who is really at risk? J.-P. Montani, Y. Schutz and A. G. Dulloo Department of Medicine/Division of Summary Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Despite the poor prognosis of dieting in obesity management, which often results Switzerland in repeated attempts at weight loss and hence weight cycling, the prevalence of dieting has increased continuously in the past decades in parallel to the steadily Address for correspondence: J.-P. Montani, increasing prevalence of obesity. However, dieting and weight cycling are not Department of Medicine/Physiology, Chemin limited to those who are obese or overweight as substantial proportions of the du Musée 5, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 various population groups with normal body weight also attempt to lose weight. Fribourg, Switzerland. These include young and older adults as well as children and adolescents who E-mail: [email protected] perceive themselves as too fat (due to media, parental and social pressures), athletes in weight-sensitive competitive sports (i.e. mandatory weight categories, gravitational and aesthetic sports) or among performers for whom a slim image is professionally an advantage. Of particular concern is the emergence of evidence that some of the potentially negative health consequences of repeated dieting and weight cycling are more readily seen in people of normal body weight rather than in those who are overweight or obese. In particular, several metabolic and car- diovascular risk factors associated with weight cycling in normal-weight individ- uals have been identified from cross-sectional and prospective studies as well as from studies of experimentally induced weight cycling.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Risks of Weight Loss 1HIRD Edffion Copyright 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 by Frances M
    e1' oss Frances M. Berg Healthy Weight Journal • Statistics • Fasting Diets • Weight Cycling • Diet Pill Abuse • Graphs & Charts • NIH Conferences • AMA DATT A panel • Congressional Hearings • New York City Investigation • Healthy Weight Journal Research Reports ... ealthRisks of Weight Loss Frances M. Berg Healthy WeightJournal Health Risks of Weight Loss 1HIRD EDffiON Copyright 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 by Frances M. Berg. The special report was initially published in part in Health Risks of Obesityin1992. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part prohibited without publisher's written permission. ISBN: 0-918532-44-2 Printed in USA Published by Healthy Weight Journal (formerly Obesity & Health), Established in 1986 Healthy Living Institute Editor: Frances M. Berg, M.S. Associate Editor: Kendra Rosencrans, M.S. Production Manager: Ronda Irwin. Subscription rate: $59 per year (bimonthly) Add $1 Canada; $9 other countries. U.S. funds only Visa, MasterCard. Student and group rates available. Healthy Weight Journal, Healthy Living Institute, 402 South 14th Street, Hettinger, ND, 58639 IB: 701-567-2646; FAX: 701-567-2602. Contents Introduction Part I - Risks of weight loss 1. General treatment risks ....................................................................... 14 Dexfenfluramine use risks brain damage ...................................... 16 2. Starvation and fad diets .................................................................... 27 VLCD destroys self-initiative .......................................................
    [Show full text]