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Home , Lamashtu, Pazuzu, Ziggurat

Amulet: Head of , of the South-east Wind Mesopotamian, 7th or early 6th c. BCE Terracotta 68.138 C Museum Purchase

The Assyro-Babylonian demon Pazuzu is shown here in amulet form with large lion-like ears, a snarling mouth exposing gums and four canine teeth, and a full beard that fans out from his chin. A pair of goat's horns sweeps back from his brow. Images of the demon in full form show him as a composite figure of many different creatures. He has a horned head of lion or dog, a scaly body with two sets of wings, human hands or lion’s paws, scorpion’s tail, serpent-headed penis, and legs and talons of a bird of prey. He is often depicted with his arm raised in a menacing gesture. From inscriptions sometimes written on the back of his wings or head, he is known to represent the hot, dry, south-east summer wind of Mesopotamia As an evil demon of the winds he brings into being cyclones, storms, and tempests, causing mountains to rage and erupt. He also brings drought, epidemic and disease, and is especially associated with head ailments. He is King of the Evil Winds, who originate in the “Mountains of the Underworld.” An inscription on a plaque from reads as follows:

I am Pazuzu, the son of Hampa, king of the evil wind-. The mighty mountains do I cause to rage and they erupt; verily it is I (who do it). The scorching sirocco and the four winds do I bring into being; the cyclones which ‘carry away’ the heart, the storms and the tempests—their destinies I decree.

As a fierce demon, he could, however, provide protection against the terrifying demoness , who preyed on pregnant women and unborn children. It is thought that the people of Mesopotamia felt that a malevolent power of equal force was needed as protection against evil. Women in childbirth wore amulets of his head or figure. The loop at the top of this terracotta head is for suspension, but perhaps on a door or wall.

About 40 amulets and images of Pazuzu have survived from antiquity. A few come from graves, some of which were children’s. Although most surviving images have no known excavation context, the known contexts date from the 8th to early 6th c. BCE The disappearance of his images was perhaps due to the collapse of the Assyrian Empire in the late 7th c.

The amulet is an expression of religious belief. It also attests the power of Mesopotamian artists to express imaginary beings in convincing manifestations. (MAA 9/99)

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Cuneiform Tablet and Case Mesopotamian, Larsa (?), 1749-1712 BCE Clay L-19 Lent by Missouri School of Religion

Cuneiform Tablet Mesopotamian, Umma, 2047 BCE Clay 71.25 Museum Purchase

Cuneiform, probably the most ancient system of writing, was already in use as early as 3000 BCE The name means wedge-shaped and is derived from the Latin cuneus (wedge) and forma (form, shape). Mesopotamians used damp clay tablets or bricks on which they impressed their signs. The tablets were then baked by the sun or in a kiln to make them hard and durable. The tool used for writing was simply a straight piece of wood, reed, bone, or metal with a broad head. The signs were made from left to right.

Writing developed in response to a need for record keeping. As well as records, surviving texts from the region include scientific, literary and historical texts, prayers, letters, hymns, and incantations. The two tablets on exhibit here are examples of records. The tablet from Larsa records the division of a 25-and-1/2 acre estate between three individuals. The borders of each share are detailed in the text, and seven witnesses were present when oaths naming the gods and Shamash and the king Samsu-iluna were sworn by the parties concerned. The tablet is dated to the 6th month and 20th day of a particular year (not translated) of the reign of the king, who ruled 1749-1712 BCE

The second tablet records the work of 417 men hired for one day to spread heaps of grain and to harvest grain in the New Field and in other fields under the supervision of the overseer Basa. The tablet is certified by the seal of Inim-, son of Lugal-duga, and dated to the second year of the king Amar-, i.e. 2047 BCE

These tablets serve as examples of one of the ways that connections were made between people, generations, and cultures, by enabling transmission of ideas through the written word. (MAA 9/99)

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Cylinder Seal Mesopotamian, Style, ca. 2350- 2300 BCE Anhydrite 62.23.2 Museum Purchase

Published: Handbook, no. 13

Cylinder Seal Mesopotamian, Old Babylonian, ca. 2000-1900 BCE Black serpentine 62.23.3 Museum Purchase

The material of the Akkad style seal is a mineral, anhydrous calcium sulphate, usually white or slightly colored. This seal depicts a contest in which a hero, wearing a flat cap, protects a bull from an attacking lion. A second hero attacks a bison, under whose body is a design in form of a star and spade. The figures should be read from right to left. The second seal shows a worshipper standing before a deity seated on a throne. A scorpion is set between them. On the right a cuneiform inscription records the name Dunol.

Cylinder seals were carved in intaglio and when rolled over soft clay produced a design in relief. (The modern impressions on exhibit are made of Vinagel, a substance, like modelling clay, but which retains its shape after being baked in an oven.) Seals were used to protect goods being shipped, to seal tombs, and to sign documents. Stoppers in the mouths of jars containing wine, olive oil, etc., were covered with a lump of clay over which the seal was rolled. Tablets with documents written on them would have the seal of the officiating dignitary, or the personal seal of the negotiator, rolled on them to make the document legal.

Carving on seals is often of very high quality. Designs vary from simple geometric patterns and friezes of animals to complicated pictorial representations of mythology.

The Akkad style seal presents some typical features of Akkadian seals. The figures are somewhat separate one from the other, and although a continuous frieze is intended the design is static. Many Akkadian seals depict a restricted number of animal types. Stag, panther, goat, and ox, found on Early Dynastic seals, are rarely shown, nor are composite creatures. Usually Akkadian seals show only two pairs of combatants. This seal has one pair

MAA 6/2012 Docent Manual Volume 1 Mesopotamia 3 MESOPOTAMIA and a triad.

The most common type of scene on Old Babylonian seals is the presentation scene. Such scenes show either a king before a god, or an official before a king. In this seal, however, a worshipper, presumably the Dunol named in the cuneiform inscription, stands before his king. The scholar who studied this seal thought that perhaps it had been recut in ancient times and originally depicted the usual presentation scene. (MAA 9/99)

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Plaque with Large Boss Southwest , Ziggurat at Dur-Untashi (Tchoga- Zanbil), Elamite, ca. 1234-1227 BCE Glazed terracotta 64.93.1 Anonymous gift

The cuneiform text on the boss reads: House of Untashgal.

Elam lies east of the southern part of Mesopotamia. Its culture was influenced by ; it adopted a cuneiform script inspired by Sumerian, and in the Early Dynastic period (2900-2334 BCE) alabaster statues and plaques, cylinder seals, vessels, and ornaments were produced in in Sumerian style. The height of prosperity for Elam was the 13th century BCE At Dur- Untashi (Tchoga-Zanbil), near , one of the main cities of Elam, a ziggurat has been discovered, one of the best preserved and impressive of surviving ziggurats. (A ziggurat is the Mesopotamian name for a stepped with a shrine on top; the word means "to be high" or "pointed.") The structure differs from the ziggurats of Mesopotamia on which it is modelled: instead of three staircases against one side ending in a gatehouse, access to the upper stories was through single staircases. The fourth story consisted of a platform, 43 meters above ground level, on which was built the temple to the god. Originally, the building was only one story, containing two . Later construction added three more stories, closing off access to the rooms in the lowest.

This plaque was found in the excavation of the lowest story of the ziggurat in a room full of similar plaques. They were to have been fixed to the exterior of the building, but reconstruction of the ziggurat, addition of three more stories, and closing of these rooms evidently caused the bosses not to be used. The museum owns another plaque from the same building, but of different shape and not so well preserved.

The name Untashgal on the boss is that of the builder of Tchoga-Zanbil, one of the rulers of Elam in the 13th century BCE. The city seems to have been both his main residence and the religious center of the period. His reign was active and prosperous, as attested by the many temples, stelae and statues surviving from it. During his reign, artistic production rivalled that of and . For most of his approximately 20-year rule, he was at peace with his powerful neighbors to the west, but some evidence suggests that toward the end of his reign he invaded Babylonia. (MAA 9/99)

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Jar Iraq, , Tall al-Muqayyar, Sumarian, Jamdat Nasr-Early Dynastic, ca. 3000-2700 BCE Pottery 74.16 Exchange with British Museum

Fruit Stand Sumerian, Iraq, Tall al-Muqayyar (Ur), Early Dynastic III, ca. 2600-2300 BCE Ceramic 74.19 Exchange with British Museum

Boat-Shaped Vessel Sumerian, Iraq, Tall al-Muqayyar (Ur), Early Dynastic, ca. 2900-2300 BCE Ceramic 74.18 Exchange with the British Museum

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Drinking Cup Mitannian, Iraq, ca. 1450-1250 BCE Ceramic 91.257 Weinberg Fund

Pendant Hurrian, Iraq, Late Bronze Age, ca. 15th-14th century BCE Glass 80.177 Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Cedric H. Marks

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Lamp Iraq, Nineveh, Assyrian period Ceramic 74.20 Exchange with the British Museum

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