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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Pottery Ancestories: comparing ceramic evolution in the Eastern Mediterranean and south-east Arabia during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1550 BC) with the use of phylogenetic methods DE-VREEZE, MICHEL How to cite: DE-VREEZE, MICHEL (2017) Pottery Ancestories: comparing ceramic evolution in the Eastern Mediterranean and south-east Arabia during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1550 BC) with the use of phylogenetic methods, Durham theses, Durham University. 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Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Abstract Pottery Ancestories: comparing ceramic evolution in the Eastern Mediterranean and south-east Arabia during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1550 BC) with the use of phylogenetic methods Michel de Vreeze Thesis abstract This thesis uses phylogenetic methods such as cladistics to address and revaluate the evolution of ceramic data. Evolution is often implied in ceramic studies but its exact operation in relation to cultural transmission is rarely specified. This thesis asks how phylogenetic methods can be used to study ceramic evolution and how these can reform our perception on the narrative of ceramic change. It does this by forming a theoretical approach based on current anthropological and archaeological theories on ceramics, in conjunction with insights from evolutionary methods. A synthesis of ceramic theory tries to outline the different theoretical approaches and how they might fit with evolutionary perceptions of material cultural change. It suggests that the chaîne opératoire of ceramic production is critical in identifying ceramic characteristics to use in evolutionary analysis, and forms the key conceptual framework to address the meaning of ceramic evolution relating to cultural processes. Subsequently the methodology and application of phylogenetic methods is discussed. The following chapter uses a phylogenetic approach based on the general idea of ‘descent with modification from a common ancestor’ to gain insight into the suggested evolution of Tell el-Yahudiya ware in the Eastern Mediterranean. A second case study focusses on the Middle Bronze Age in south-east Arabia and examines the evolution of Wadi Suq vessels, focussing on shapes associated with communal drinking. In the discussion, the results of both areas are brought together and synthesized with a view to evaluating the use and application of phylogenetic methods and their implications for our understanding of ceramic development and what they reflect in terms of the distinct social changes in these regions. Finally, the thesis seeks to evaluate both the use of evolutionary approaches to ceramic change, and the challenges these methods pose to the way archaeologists have traditionally processed ceramic data and analysed ceramic change. 1 Pottery ancestories: comparing ceramic evolution in the Eastern Mediterranean and south-east Arabia during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1550 BC) with the use of phylogenetic methods Michel de Vreeze Submitted for the qualification of PhD in the Department of Archaeology, Durham University April 2016 2 Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Pottery Ancestories: comparing ceramic evolution in the Eastern Mediterranean and south-east Arabia during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1550 BC) with the use of phylogenetic methods ........................................................................................................... 1 Pottery ancestories: comparing ceramic evolution in the Eastern Mediterranean and south-east Arabia during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1550 BC) with the use of phylogenetic methods............................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. 3 List of illustrations ............................................................................................................. 14 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 17 List of abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 19 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. 22 Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 25 Setting the stage: The Eastern Mediterranean and the Arabian Gulf in the Middle Bronze Age .............................................................................................................................. 25 1.1 Setting the stage: The Eastern Mediterranean and the Arabian Gulf .................... 25 1.1.1: Tipping the scale .................................................................................................. 25 1.1.2: Second intermediate period and the Hyksos: a corrupted narrative .............. 27 1.1.3: The Arabian Gulf ................................................................................................. 27 1.2: Evolutionary methods and the narrative of ceramic evolution .............................. 28 1.2.1: Thesis Aims .............................................................................................................. 28 1.2.2: Gathering branches ............................................................................................. 29 1.3: Objectives and thesis lay-out ..................................................................................... 30 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................ 32 Towards an integrated theory: Anthropology, archaeology and evolutionary approaches to ceramic change ................................................................................................................... 32 2.1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 32 2.2: Specialisation as a driver for evolution. .................................................................... 33 3 2.2.1: Specialisation in pottery production .................................................................. 33 2.2.2: Specialisation, demand and evolutionary pressure .......................................... 34 2.2.3: Specialisation and the feasting ‘niche’ ............................................................... 34 2.2.4: Organizational scales of specialisation: units of evolutionary analysis ........... 35 2.2.5: Specialisation and seasonality ............................................................................. 36 2.2.6: Integrity of production: specialisation and standardization ............................ 36 2.2.7: Attached and independent specialists ................................................................ 36 2.2.8: Indirect evidence for specialisation .................................................................... 38 2.2.9: Standardization and variation ............................................................................ 39 2.2.10: Emic and mechanical standardization ............................................................. 39 2.2.11: Efficiency ............................................................................................................ 40 2.3: Skill .............................................................................................................................. 41 2.3.1: Skill, age and gender ........................................................................................... 42 2.3.2: Wheel fashioning and wheel-throwing ............................................................... 43 2.3.4: The use of the wheel and efficiency .................................................................... 45 2.3.5: The agency of the wheel ...................................................................................... 46 2.3.6: The chaîne opératoire ........................................................................................... 46 2.3.7: Chaîne opératoire and a conceptual basis for descent with modification ....... 47 2.3.8: The chaîne opératoire and selective pressure .................................................... 49 2.4: Stylistic variation and the role of decoration ........................................................... 49 2.4.1: Drifting Decoration? Style and function: a false dichotomy ............................ 49 2.4.2: Style, decoration and social interactions ..........................................................
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