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Phospholipid Bilayer Fibers of Extra- Cellular Matrix (ECM)

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Phospholipid Bilayer Fibers of Extra- Cellular Matrix (ECM) Membrane Functions Cell Membranes 1. boundaries 6. Cell-cell Today’s Topics 2. Localize adhesion • Membrane Structure specific – Fluid Mosaic Model – How appropriate fluidity functions is maintained • Diffusion • Osmosis 5. Cell-cell communication http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/cell_membrane.gif 3. Transport Sept 17, 2012 4. Signal detection Figure 7.5 Phospholipid bilayer Fibers of extra- cellular matrix (ECM) Glyco- Carbohydrate protein Glycolipid Fig. 7-2 EXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE WATER! Hydrophilic head! Cholesterol Microfilaments Peripheral of cytoskeleton proteins Hydrophobic Integral protein tail! CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE WATER! Membrane Structure: The Fluid Mosaic Model 1972 Singer & Nicholson • Proteins embedded and floating in a sea hydrophobic of phospholipids A B Phospholipid bilayer hydrophilic Protein and Lipid raft Figure 7.3 1 • Membrane proteins and lipids are Membrane • Integral synthesized in the ER and Golgi • Peripheral proteins apparatus 1 • Lipid-anchored Transmembrane glycoproteins ER Secretory protein ~25% of known genes code for membrane Glycolipid Golgi 2 proteins apparatus Vesicle Most drugs target membrane proteins 3 Plasma membrane: Cytoplasmic face 4 Extracellular face Transmembrane glycoprotein Secreted protein Membrane glycolipid Figure 7.10 Roles of membrane proteins? Evidence for the Fluid Mosaic Model? Hydrophilic region of protein • Transport • Links to structural proteins Hydrophobic region of protein • Receptors • Enzymes • Energy Generation Figure 7.6 Figure 7.7 The Fluidity of Membranes Evidence for membrane fluidity? Mixed proteins after 1 hour Lateral movement occurs Flip-flopping across the membrane Mouse cell Human cell !107 times per second. is rare (! once per month). Hybrid cell 2 Evidence for integral membrane proteins: Freeze-Fracture Electron Microscopy Fluid Viscous Extracellular layer A cell is frozen and fractured with a knife. The fracture plane often follows the hydrophobic interior of a membrane, splitting the phospholipid bilayer into two separated layers. The membrane proteins go wholly with one of the layers. Knife Proteins Plasma membrane Cytoplasmic layer Illustrates: asymmetry of membrane components Unsaturated hydrocarbon Saturated hydro- tails with kinks Carbon tails External Leaflet Cytoplasmic Leaflet (b) Membrane fluidity Figure 7.4 Extracellular layer Cytoplasmic layer Figure 7.5 B 1. Lipid bilayers are selectively permeable • small,nonpolar • small uncharged, polar • larger uncharged, polar molecules • ions Cholesterol Decreasing Figure 7.5 (c) Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane Size – polarity - ions permeability Figure 7.13a Diffusion Simple Diffusion: Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium (a) Diffusion of one solute 3 Simple Diffusion example: Osmosis Oxygen crossing red cell membrane Low High [Solute]! [Solute]! O H2O! Lungs 2 CO2 Semi- permeable O Tissues 2 membrane CO2 O2 More Less CO free free 2 water water Driving force: concentration gradient Always moves from high to low concentration Osmosis! Tonicity Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution Hypotonic Hypertonic (a) Animal cell. An animal cell fares best in an isotonic environ- H O H O H2O 2 H2O ment unless it has 2 Maintainingspecial adaptations to Osmoticoffset the balance: osmotic uptake or loss of water. Animal cells – Figure 7.13 pump out ions Lysed Normal Shriveled (b) Plant cell. Plant cells are turgid (firm) and H O H O generally healthiest in H O H2O 2 2 Plants,a hypotonic bacteria environ- – 2 ment, where the haveuptake cell of water walls, is buildeventually up pressurebalanced by the elastic wall pushing back on the cell. Turgid (normal) Flaccid Plasmolyzed 4 .
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