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Subalternity, State-Formation and Movements Against Hydropower Projects in India, 1920-2004

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Subalternity, State-Formation and Movements Against Hydropower Projects in India, 1920-2004 SUBALTERNITY, STATE-FORMATION AND MOVEMENTS AGAINST HYDROPOWER PROJECTS IN INDIA, 1920-2004 Arnab Roy Chowdhury A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 1 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information, which have been used in this thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. Signature: Date: 29.04.2014 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the course of writing my doctoral dissertation I have received countless benefits, both direct and indirect, from several people, organizations and institutions. Naming each and every one of them will not probably be possible in this brief acknowledgement. First of all I pay my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Daniel P S Goh (Supervisor) and Dr. Anne Raffin (Co-Supervisor) whose consistent support, advice, love and guidance helped me finish my dissertation and enriched my graduate life in the Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore. I also extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Rahul Mukherji, my dissertation committee member, who has been a friend, family, philosopher and guide who gave me moral and emotional support in a foreign land. My sincere gratitude for my thesis committee member Prof. Vedi Hadiz (Murdoch University, Australia), who, despite the physical distance never forgot to reply to my e-mails. My deepest gratitude to Prof. Chua Beng Huat whose kind and encouraging support helped me navigate through my PhD. I am really thankful to Dr. Misha Petrovic for being kind and generous to me and my friends. Despite their busy schedule, Prof. Prasenjit Duara, Dr. Manjusha Nair, Dr. Kurtulus Gemici, Dr. Gyanesh Kudaisya, Dr. Volker Schmidt, Dr. Vineeta Sinha, Dr. Eric Thompson Dr. Syed Farid Alatas, Dr. Shukadeb Naik and Dr. Anand Kumar made themselves available for me whenever I required their help, I am really thankful for their generosity. My deepest gratitude for the husband-wife duo, Dr. Bharat Patanker and Dr. Gail Omvedt, the coordinators of Shramik Mukthi Dal (Maharashtra), for being welcoming and helpful to me. They shared significant information, views, ideas, personal archives, food and warm memories with me. My sincere thanks to Medha Patker (main coordinator of Narmada Bachao Andolan in Madhya Pradesh) and Rahul Banerjee (main coordinator of Khedut Mazdoor Chetna Sangath in 3 Madhya Pradesh) for candidly sharing information and documents about movements against hydropower projects with me. I also thank – Baba Adhav (MRDPSP), Somnath Waghmore (SMD), Suhas Paranjpe (SOPPECOM, Pune), K.J. Joy (SOPPECOM, Pune), Anant Phadke (CEHAT, Pune), Shripad Dharmadhikari (Manthan, Pune), Vijay Paranjpe (Gomukh Environmental Trust, Pune), Ashis Kothari (Kalpavriksha), Suhas Palshikar (Pune University), Enakshi Ganguly Thukral (HAQ, Delhi), Dr. Priya Sangameswaran (CSSS, Kolkata), Dr. Prachi Deshpande (CSSS, Kolkata), Dr.Vasudha Dagamvar (Pune), Dunu Roy (Hazard Centre), Dr.Renu Modi (Mumbai University), Dr.Livi Rodrigues (Pune), Dr. Subodh Wagle (Prayas), Prof. D.S. Dhanagare (Pune), Prof. Parasuraman (TISS), Dr. Abhay Tilak (Indian School of Political Economy), Joel Cabalion (EHESS, Paris), Anand Kapur (SHASHWAT), Kusum Karnik (SHASHWAT), Budhaji Damse (SHASHWAT), Harsh Mander (NAC, India member), Suniti Suru (NBA, Pune), Dr. Anup Dhar (Ambedkar University), Dr. R.N. Sharma (TISS), Anupam Mishra (Gandhi Foundation), Kishwar Jahan (Bhopal) and Dr. Sarjerao Slaunkhe (Kolhapur University) for formally and informally sharing information, documents and ideas with me in the most uninhibited manner. I extend my sincere thanks to all those countless social activists and movement participants who generously shared their time, pain and angst, without any inhibition or doubt. It is because of their help that writing this thesis was possible. I also thank- the National Archives of India (Delhi), the Maharashtra State Archives (Bombay and Pune Branch), the Madhya Pradesh State Archives (Bhopal), the Gokhle Institute of Politics and Economics (Pune), Yashwant Rao Chavan Academy of Development Administration (YASHADA, Pune), the Indian School of Political Economy (Pune), the Gandhi Peace Foundation (Delhi) and the Nehru Memorial Library (Delhi) for giving me the opportunity to 4 collect materials and documents. The research and fieldwork for this dissertation were carried out with the support of the National University of Singapore Research Scholarship. I extend my sincere thanks to Madam K.S. Raja for all her assistance with administrative work. Writing a dissertation is a lonely, long and difficult exercise, which many a times take a toll on physical and mental health. If friends like Christopher Navarajan, Manjushree Panda, Nina Carlina, Himanshu and Pranjala, Biswajit Mishra, Sojin Shin, George Lu, Ngwang Drakpa, Allan Lee, Alvin Tan, Ryan O‘Conner, Victoria Lee, Lynett Chan, Maninder Singh Khurana and Rahul Singhal, were not around, life in Singapore would have been difficult. Last but not the least, a special loving thanks to my family (my mother and my brother) who tolerated my whims and tantrums with great affection and care. This thesis is dedicated to my father, who left us unexpectedly in 2002, creating a big vacuum in our lives forever. 5 Table of Contents Declaration 2 Acknowledgements 3 Table of Contents 6 List of Tables 10 List of Figures 11 List of Abbreviations 15 Glossary of Terms 18 Summary 23 1. Introduction 25 Introduction 25 Central Argument 26 Introducing the ‗Field‘ 29 The State of Maharashtra 29 The State of Madhya Pradesh 33 A Critical Commentary on ‗Subaltern Studies‘ 35 State, Culture and Subalternity: A Conceptual Framework 40 State as an abstract and mutable entity 40 State-Formation as a multi-linear „process‟ 42 Culture as Discourse and Culture as Resistance 44 Subalternity and State Formation 48 Research Methodology 55 Methods of Analysis and Data Collection 55 The Logic of „Periodization‟ 58 Scope and Limitations of the Thesis 60 Chapterization 62 2. Mulshi Satyagraha: ‘Subaltern Counterpublicity’ and Movement against Hydropower Project in Bombay Presidency, 1920-24 65 Introduction 65 6 On Subaltern Agency, Civil Society and Public Sphere 67 ‗Subaltern Counterpublic‘: a Conceptual Review 69 The Historical Context of Dam Building in Mulshi Peta 73 Mulshi Peta: The place and the dam 75 The Preparatory Phase of the Satyagraha 81 Mulshi Satyagraha: Phase I 87 Mulshi Satyagraha Phase II 96 Conclusion 99 3. Subaltern heterodoxy under the ‘Developmental State’: Mobilisations against Hydropower Projects in Postcolonial India, 1947–1980 104 Introduction 104 The Developmental State and ‗Subalternity‘ 105 The Political Economy of the Developmental State in India 107 Hydropower Projects: ―The Temples of Modern India‖ 113 Mitti Bachao Abhiyan: the First Glimmer of ‗Consciousness‘ against Hydropower Projects in Madhya Pradesh 121 Maharashtra: The Continuing Legacy of Subaltern Heterodoxy 134 MRDPSP and the formation of the Rehabilitation Law, 1976 138 The 1972–73 Drought in Maharashtra 145 Magova: “We will even put Marx under a microscope” 152 Conclusion 155 4. Vignettes of ‘Subaltern Localism’: The Movement of the ‘Dam Evictees’ in Maharashtra, 1981–2004 159 Introduction 160 Comrades in Arms: The Peasant-Workers Alliance 163 Creating an Alternative: Struggle for Bali Raja „Smriti Dharan‟ (Memorial Dam) 168 Demands for ‗Equity in Water Distribution‘ and ‗Hydraulic Property Rights‘ 177 Demands for ‗Equitable Distribution of Dammed Water‘ in a Neoliberal Era 182 ‗Spill-over of Surplus Demands‘: Restructuring the Tembhu Irrigation Scheme 185 7 ‗Increasing Effervescence‘ of Dam Evictee Movements, 2000–2004 186 ‗Unexpected Co-operation‘ by the ‗Drought-affected and the Dam Evictees‘ 193 Giving Alternatives: Re-designing the Uchangi Dam 195 Mobilisation Strategies of SMD: Conflict, Demands and Negotiations 199 Conclusion 202 5. Emerging facets of ‘Subaltern Cosmopolitanism’: The ‘anti-dam’ movements in Madhya Pradesh, 1981–2004 206 Introduction 207 ‗Subaltern Cosmopolitanism‘: A Conceptual Review 208 Big Dams on Narmada: Contentious Issues 210 The World Bank and its Involvement in the SSP 214 The Nimar Bachao Andolan (Save Nimar Movement): ‗Politics of Opportunism and Opprobrium‘ 217 The ‗Anarchist Terrains‘ of the tribes of Vindhya and Satpura Highlands 219 Emerging Alliances of Mobilisations against large Dams in Madhya Pradesh 228 A Larger Front: Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save Narmada Movement) 234 Two Decades of Mass Mobilisation by the NBA 238 The Court Case: Struggle against the State in the Legal Arena 248 ‗Transnational Alliance‘ against the World Bank and the Creation of WCD 252 Conclusion 258 6. Summary and Conclusion 262 Summary 262 Revisiting the Thesis in Phases 264 Diagrammatic Representation of the Transition in ‗State-form‘ and ‗Subalternity‘ 270 Similarities and Differences between SMD (Maharashtra) and NBA (Madhya Pradesh) led Mobilisations 272 Similarities between SMD and NBA 272 Differences between SMD and NBA 273 Two ‗types‘ of Subaltern Politics: Similarities and Differences 279 8 Similarities between „between „Subaltern Localism‟ and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism‟ 280 Differences between „Subaltern Localism‟ and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism‟ 280 Concluding Remarks 282 References 284 9 List of Tables Table: 3.1. State-wide Distribution of Large Dams in India 158 Table: 6.4. Differences between SMD and NBA 273 Table 6.5. Differences between
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