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Home , Bassariscus, Bdeogale, Chacoan peccary, Pampas fox, Sokoke dog mongoose

Index

Page numbers appearing in bold refer to figures and page numbers appearing in italic refer to tables.

Aardvark 124, 151,291 Alouatta seniculus, see Howler 125 monkeys Acerodon spp., see Flying Amazon dwarf squirrel 333 jubatus, see American 254 Ader's 148, 156 see also ; Buffalo see also American black 268, 289 Aepyceros melampus, see see also Black bear Aepyornis 19 American 254 Aesthetic values, see Values see also Marten; Wild fur trade 120, see also Buffalo American antelope 75 African elephant Plates 3, 5, 7, 8, 358-75 welfare xvii, 3-15, 105-6,232, forest elephant 138, 368 246,336,342,345 hunting 124, 150,272 consumptive use 9 problem 240, 241 game animals 71 numbers25,26,229,231,252,257 hunting 9-10,160,199-205,223 and sustainable use 53, 55, 236, 239, monitoring 7-14, 236 241 problems 5, 284, 302 see also Asian elephant; CAMPFIRE; snaring and trapping 5, 133, 150 Crop raiding; Economics; standards xvii, 7, 11,236,266,275, Ecotourism; Elephants; Sport 281,307 hunting see also Assessment; Behaviour; African pangolins 290 Captivity; Diseases; Disturbance; African , see Ungulates Handling; Harassment by African wild 137 humans; Humane methods, of Agouti 333 killing; Injury; Rehabilitation; Agouti paca, see Paca Snares; Stress; Suffering; Trapping; Agriculture 16-27, 347 Values agricultural humans 18-20 Antelope 53, 65-74, 298, 337 agricultural damage, see Crop see also American pronghorn ante• raiding; Economics; lope; ; Saiga agricultural domestication, see antelope Domestication; Domestic livestock Antilocapra americana, see American Ailurus fulgens, see pronghorn antelope Alce/aphus buselaphus, see Kongoni Aotus trivirgatus, see Night monkey Alces alces, see 37, 51-2, 201 Alopex lagopus, see Arctic fox see also ; Wild fur trade 396 Index Asian elephant 12, 302-9, 364, 372-3 on giant 330, 331 numbers 25 on red 208, 219-22 training 302-9 on red foxes 163 see also African elephant; Control, of manipulation of 9, 65-74 problem animals; Crop raiding; problems of pet keeping 351 Domestication; Elephants reaction (flight) distances of wildlife Asiatic black bear 278 75,94,331,335 see also Bear see also Captivity; Disruption; Asses 16, 19, 24, 25 Domestication; Game ranching; see also Domestication Habituation Assessment 13 Beluga whales 381-2 of animal welfare 7-12 see also Whales; Whaling see also Animal welfare Bengal 257, 268, 278 framework for assessment of see also ; sustainable use 6-12, 45-61 Bialowieza Forest 21-2 of habitat 46-7 Bison, see ; European see also Habitat bison see also Regulation and monitoring; Bison bison, see American bison; Buffalo Sustainable use; Values Bison bonasus, see European bison Ateles paniscus, see Black spider Black bear 37 monkey see also ; Bear Aurochs 19, 21, 22, 23-4, 26 Black 138 see also Black rhinoceros conservation Plate 1,240,242,268 Baboons, see Yellow baboons hunting of 124,128,130,150 30, 37,198,204 live sales 236 see also Honey ; Wild fur trade numbers 26, 229, 257 Balaena mysticetus, see Bowhead whales and sustainable use 231, 243-4 Balaenoptera musculus, see Blue whales see also CAMPFIRE; Hunting; Balaenoptera acutorostrata, see Minke Poaching; Rhinoceros; Sport whales hunting; White rhinoceros astutus, see Ringtail Black spider monkey 326, 333 crassicauda omnivora, see see also Primates Sokoke bushy-tailed Blesbok 67, 68, 69, 70-1, 236 Bdeogale spp., see Blue whales 102, 107, 109-10,268,272, Beamys hindei, see Lesser pouched rat 273,380-1 Bear see also Whales; Whaling gall bladder 261, 269, 278 Bluebuck 20, 25 products 289 see also Extinctions see also Asiatic black bear; Black Boar20,21,22,23,26 bear; ; ; see also ; ; Wildlife trade 36 Beaver 19-21,28,30-2,35,36,38-9,42, see also Cats; Mexican bob 51-2,254 Bohor , see Reedbuck see also Wild fur trade Bolivian squirrel 333 Behaviour Bas primigenius, see Aurochs effects of disturbance 10, 335 Bas taurus, see effects of hunting/harassment/ Bottlenose dolphins 268, 376, 381, harvesting 8-11 383-4,386,389 on capybara 94-5 see also Cetaceans; Dolphins Index 397

Bowhead whales 254, 376, 380-1, 383, aegagrus, C. hircus, see Feral 385 ; see also Whales; Whaling Capra ibex, see Ibex Brazilian porcupine 333 capreo/us, see Brazilian tapir 333 Captivity 9, 24, 34 Breeding potential, see Reproduction; captive breeding 34, 86, 96-8, 269 K-selected ; r-selected capybara 88, 96-8 species cetaceans 379 Brown bear 19, 23, 37 electric fencing 229, 240, 303 see also Bear elephants Plate 7, 302-9, 364 Brown capuchin 326, 333 fencing 65, 71, 213, 220, 242 see also Capuchins; Primates Nile crocodiles 237 Brown four-eyed opossums 322, 323, transport of captive animals 71, 280 326,333 see Capture; Control, of problem see also Opossums animals; Game, ranching; Brown 291 Ranching; Zoos see also Hyaena Capture 3, 9, 42, 269, 280, 326-7 Bryde's whales 273 of game 71, 236 see also Whales; Whaling holding facilities 9, 236 Buffalo 25, 26, 32, 55, 70, 134, 138, 151, of elephants Plate 3, 302-4, 364 153,155,231,236,241 see a/so Captivity; Ranching; Snares; see also African buffalo; American Trapping bison; Cape buffalo Capuchins 324-5, 331 Bushbuck 17, 124, 150, 151, 155,236 see also Brown capuchin; Primates; Bushmeat, see Hunting White-fronted capuchin Bushpigs147, 150,151,152, 153-5,368 Capybara 8, 88-101, 331, 333 see a/so Crop raiding; Pigs harvesting model 88, 97-8 Bushy-tailed mongoose, see Sokoke life history traits 89, 92 bushy-tailed mongoose see also South American mammals Caribou, see Callicebus moloch, see Dusky titi Castor canadensis, C. fiber, see Beaver Camelids 19 Catagonus wagneri, see Chacoan 16, 19,24,25,84 Cats 16, 50, 65, 161,200,257,370 see also Domestication see also Bobcat; Cheetah; Geoffroy's CAMPFIRE 45, 53-6, 57-9, 229-49 cat; ; ; ; income 54, 234-5, 239-40, 241, ; ; ; Mexican bob 365 cat; ; Revised taxonomic see also Elephants; Human well• guide; Tiger cat; Tigers; being; Local people and commu• Cattle 360 nities; Rhinoceros; Sustainable use domestication 16,19,70 Came/us bactrianus, C. dromedarius, see farming 75, 96, 98, 134, 368 Camels numbers23,24-6,53, 56, 83-4 familiaris, see Dogs see a/so Cattle/wildlife production Canis latrans, see systems; Domestic livestock Canis lupus, see Gray ; Wolf Cattle/wildlife production systems 9, Canis mesome/as, see Silver-backed 14,53-4,65,68,71-2,98,229, jackal 237-8,242-3,367 Cape buffalo 117, 122, 130-1 Cavia porce//us, see Guinea pigs see also Buffalo Cebus albifrons, see White-fronted Cape pangolin 291 capuchin 398 Index Cebus apella, see Brown capuchin see also Local people and Cephalophus adersi, see Ader's duiker communities Cephalophus jentinki, see Jentinck's Conflict duiker conservation-animal welfare conflict Cephalophus spp., see Duikers 7-8,230 Ceratotherium s. cattani, C. s. simum, see human-animal conflict, see Crop White rhinocerus raiding; Pests Cercopithecus mitis, see Syke's monkey human-human conflict 118, 140-2 elaphus, see minimizing conflict 12, 118-19, 140, Cervus nippon, see 303 Cetaceans 369, 370, 376-94 Conservancies 229, 240, 243, 367 behavioural effects of disturbance 376 see also Conservation; Protected see also Habituation areas physical damage 376, 389-90 Conservation 3-7, 9-12, Plate 1, 14, see also Injury 42-3,53,59,84,147-59,253,371 sound production and hearing budgets 11, 242, 245 379-81,389 flagship species 314, 329, 355, 371-3, see also Disturbance; Dolphins; and hunting 12, 135, 147-59, Ecotourism; Porpoises; Whales; 160-207,208-25,229--49,359 Whale watching in situ 284 Chacoan peccary 290 and local communities 140 see also Peccary see also Local people and 18 communities Cheetah 122, 132 programmes 34,117,142,229--49, see also Cats 298-301,314,334--44,345-57, Chinchilla 25 358-75 Chinchilla lanigera, see Chinchilla see also Capybara; Conservancies; Chimpanzees 17-18,343,351-2, Ecotourism; Habitat; Protected 359-60,367,369 areas; Sustainable use; Wildlife see also Primates trade Circuses Plate 7, 352, 364 Consumptive use of wildlife 4-5, 8-9, CITES 9, 11, 84, 239, 246, 259, 266-91, 12,57-8,117-46,229-31,233,236, 349,354,362 244,250-65,282-3,366 listed species 9, 11,36,84,237,283--4, see also Animal welfare; Killing; 289-91,364 Sustainable use see also Revised taxonomic guide; Control Wildlife trade of pests/wildlife 4, 9,16,50-1,182, Coendou prehensilis , see Brazilian 195-6,219 porcupine of problem animals 229, 240-1, Coendou bicolor, see South American 305-6 tree porcupine see also Conflict; Gassing; Humane 331, 333 killing; Killing; Pests; Shooting; see also Peccary Snares Commercial hunting, see Hunting Control avoidance 11, 102, 270, 275-6, Commercialization of wildlife 119, 278,283 140-1,253 see also Law enforcement; Wildlife see also Sustainable use trade Common opossum 322 Control/regulation/management 272, see also Opossums 281,331 Communal wildlife programmes 229 see also Regulation and monitoring Index 399 Cost/benefit analysis, see Optimality Didelphis virginiana, see Common models; Sustainable use opossum; Virginia opossum Coyotes 35, 36, 51, 201 Dikdik 72, 124 see also Dogs Dipodomus phillipsii phillippsis, see Crab-eating fox 289 Kangaroo rat see also Foxes Diseases Cricetomys gambianus, see Giant mountain gorillas 5, 334, 340-3 pouched rat humans and disease 20, 293 Crocodiles 50, 125, 231, 274 orang utans 349, 354 see also Nile crocodiles wild animals 8, 85, 185, 188, 189-90, Crocodylus niloticus, see Nile crocodiles 195,259 Crocuta crocuta, see Spotted hyaena wild animals and livestock 72, 96, Crop raiding 12, 147, 154, 156-7,302-9, 185-90,230 361,371-2 Disruption 75, 85, 377 see also Conflict; Control of problem of social organization 8, 95, 222 animals see also Behaviour; Disturbance Cropping 12, 95, 260 Distress, see Stress for meat 68, 69, 72, 76, 80, 95, 97 Disturbance 5, 9 see also Game ranching; Harvesting; behavioural effects 94, 221-3, 330, Hunting 335,339,342,376,381-94 Cruelty 42, 203-4, 302-9 of cetaceans 10, 102-3,376-94 CSG, see ruCN effects of ecotourism 10, 52, 313-16, Culling 3, 208 324,330,334-5,338-9,342 ofdeer208,215-19,222 habitat 85, 376-94 of elephants 240, 359, 362-4, 366 see also Habitat models 217-19 habituation to 313,317,336,385-6 selective 21 harvesting and hunting 8-11,180, see also Harvesting; Hunting; Killing 221-3 minimizing disturbance effects 8,10, dama, D. mesopotamica, see Fallow 102,111,313,328,331,336,339-40, deer 376 , D. lunatus, see effects on reproduction 94-5, 340, 347 Dayprocta agouti, see Agouti sound disturbance 376, 378-89 Dasypus novemcinctus, see Nine-banded vulnerable/ sensitive species 313 see also Behaviour; Disruption; Deer 298 Ecotourism; Guidelines; see also Fallow deer; Grey brocket Harassment by humans; Injury; deer; Hunting; ; Red Reproduction deer; deer; Roe deer; Dogs 50,200 Sika deer; Stag-hunting domestication of 16, 18, 21, 200 Deer hunting, see Red deer hunting with 94, 150, 160-207, Development needs 3, 5, 230, 232, 237, 208-25 239 numbers of 23-4 see also Human well-being; Local as pets 203, 370 people and communities; see African wild dogs; Coyotes; Sustainable use Domestication; Gray wolf; Diceros bicornis, see Black rhinocerus Hunting; Hunting-to-hounds; Wolf Didelphis marsupialis, see Southern Dolphins 376, 379, 385 opossum see also Bottlenose dolphins; Cetaceans 400 Index Domestic livestock of hunting wildlife 75, 77, 117, 135, and conservation (including 141,163,255-6 predator control) 185-90, 195 models 135-6 farming of 68, 70, 123, 125, 231 and sustainable use 252 and habitat degradation 50, 75,82-6 see also CAMPFIRE see also Habitat value of elephants 240, 241, 272, 358, numbers of 23,82-6,84,211 360-1,362-6,373 see also CAMPFIRE; Cattle; value of furs 5, 35 Cattle/wildlife production see also Wild fur trade systems; Diseases; Goats; Horses; of whale watching 102, 111-12,283, Pigs; 376-94 Domestication 4, 9, 16-27 of wildlife trade 266, 270, 274-6 African elephants 367 see also Cattle/wildlife production Asian elephants 302-9, 364-5 systems; Ecotourism; Incentives; of agricultural species 16-27, 65 Local people and communities; behaviour and temperament 70-1, Values 72,88,89 Ecotourism 4-5,10-11,13,313-33, of capybara 88, 89 334-44 and habitat 47 canoe-based observations 328 see also Habitat of cetaceans 376-94 humane domestication 302, 307 codes of conduct 390 of ungulates 9, 19, 65-74 and conservation 266 see Asses; Behaviour; Cats; Camels; control/regulation 260, 283, 331, 361, Dogs; Domestic livestock; 376,390 Donkeys; Game ranching; Guinea development of 313-33,383-7 fowl; Horses; Mules; Ostriches; of elephants Plates 5, 8, 283, 307, 358, Wolf 365-7,371,373 Donkeys 65 economic impact 60, 72, 235, 252, see also Domestication 260,313-14,336-7 Duikers 147, 150,151-2, 155-6,368 game viewing 72, 119 see also Ader's duiker; Jentinck's income 5, 10-11, 53,156,282,313-14, duiker 334,336,354 Dusicyon gymnocerus, see fox of mountain gorillas 10, 283, 334-44, Dusicyon thous, see Crab-eating fox 358,367 Dusky titi 326, 333 negative effects of ecotourism 5,10, 52-3,57-60,252,330,334-5,339, Eastern grey kangaroo 50-1 342,361,376,381-90 see also Kangaroos of orang utans 345, 348, 353, 355 Ecology positive effects of ecotourism 10, ecological consequences of exploita• 260,266,282-4,334,336-9 tion 17, 71, 199, 246-7 of squirrel monkeys 45, 52-3, 57-60, of elephants 358, 360-1, 367-9, 373 313-33 see also Wild fur trade in Zimbabwe 235, 240, 243 Economics 4-6, 11-12 see Animal welfare; Conservation; and conservation 135, 229--49, 250-1, Disturbance; Guidelines; Keystone 259 resources; Tourism; Whale watch• damage 39, 42 ing see also Crop raiding; ; Eira barbara, see Pests Eland 26, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 120, 122, in game ranching 65, 71-2, 236 Index 401 Elephants 8, 298, 302-9, 358-75 past extinctions 18-20,24-5,250,255 hunting of 55, 125, 128, 150, 153, 240, risk of extinctions 11, 13,24-5, 76, 364 103,107,135,137-8,184,252-3, ivory 11,20,136,138-9,154,161, 258,272,276,292-301 239-40,258,260,269,274,277,281, see also Economics; Modelling 283,289,303,361,362-3,358-75 meat 240, 243 Fallow deer 18, 24, 26 musth306 see also Deer as seed dispersers 367-9 bengalensis ( bengalen• tusks, see ivory (above) sis), see Bengal tiger see also African elephants; Asian Felis concolor, see Mountain ; elephants; Crop raiding; Felis geoffroyi (Oncifelis geoffroyi), see Domestication; Ecology; Geoffroy's cat Economics; Ecotourism; Ethics; Felis lynx, see Lynx Poaching; Reproduction; Skins; Felis pardalis ( us pardalis), see Sport hunting; Trophy hunting Ocelot Elephant-shrews 147, 150, 152, 155, 157 Felis pardina (Lynx pardinus), see Iberian see also Four-toed elephant-shrews; lynx Golden-rumped elephant-shrews Felis rufa escuinapae, see Mexican bob Elephas maxim us, see Asian elephant cat , see Moose Felis sylvestris lybica, see Cat Emperor tamarin 326, 333 Felis tigrina ( tigrinus), see see also Primates; Tamarins Tiger cat Enforcement procedures/ controls 11, Felis wiedii (Leopardus wiedii), see Margay 102-13,117-46,266,272,276,280, Felis yagouarundi, see Jaguarundi 283,284 Feral mammals 24 see Law enforcement; Regulation see also Domestic livestock; Pests and monitoring Field sports 198 Enhydra lutris, see Sea see also Hunting Equus african us, see Donkeys 36, 39, 40, 51, 254, 257 Equus as in us, E. caballus, see Asses see also Wild fur trade Equus burchellii, see Zebra Fin whales 110, 273, 380-1, 384-6 Equus ferus, E. przewalski, see Horses see also Whales; Whaling Equus hartmanni, see Mountain zebra Flying fox 289 Equus quagga, see Quagga Forest rabbit 333 Erinaceus frontalis, see South African Four-toed elephant-shrews 150, 151-2, hedgehog 155, 156 Ethics 3-5, 10, 12, 16,25,29,103,261, see also Elephant-shrews 284 Foxes 85-6 of exploiting elephants 358, 360, see also Arctic fox; Crab-eating fox; 369-71 ; ; ; Red of hunting foxes 161, 199-201 fox; Silver fox of hunting deer 223 Funisciurus spp., see Squirrels see also Animal welfare; Values Foxhunting, see Red fox European bison 21, 22 Furs see also American bison see Furbearers; Hunting; Pelts; Wild Extinctions 4-5,13,16,128 fur trade causes of extinctions 259 Furbearers 5, 20, 28-44, 51-2, 257 local extinctions 6, 28, 39, 76, 88, 96, see also Ranching; Trapping; Wild fur 131,245,347 trade 402 Index Fur seals 16, 20, 41 Grant's 26,120,122,131 see also Seals see also Fur trade, see Wild fur trade Gray fox 36 see also Foxes Game 35, 88,147-59,185-90 Gray whales 376, 380, 383, 386, 389 animal welfare 71 see also Whales; Whaling game bag 178, 182, 196,202 Gray wolf 37,51 ranching 9, Plate 2, 13, 54, 65-74, see also Dogs; Domestication; Wolf 86,88,96,98,238,251,260, Grey 333 see also Capture; Domestication; see also Deer Harvesting; Hunting; Grey seals 254 Productivity; Ranching see also Seals Gassing (means of control) 49, 186-7, Ground squirrels 291 195 see also Squirrels see also Control of pests Growth rates 8 Gazella granti, see Grant's gazelle capybara 88-9 Gazella subgutturosa, see Gazelles red deer 216, 217, 218-19 Gazella thomsoni, see Thomson's gazelle saiga 82 Gazelles 17-19 ungulates 68-70, 72 see also Grant's gazelle; Thomson's see also Game ranching; K-selected gazelle species; Productivity; r-selected 68 species Geoffroy's cat 270, 271, 272, 289 Guidelines see also Cats conservation 83, 140 Gerbils 25 see also Conservation Giant anteater 333 ecotourism 10,111-12,331,335,342, 282 390 Giant pouched rat 150, 151 see also Ecotourism see also Rats sustainable use 6, 266, 277-83 Giant (river) otter 314, 329, 330, 331, see also Sustainable use 333 welfare 307-8, 389 see also Otters; Pelts see also Animal welfare Giraffa cameiopardalis, see Guinea fowl 65 Giraffe 53, 120,236 see also Domestication game ranching of 67,68-9,71-2 Guinea pigs 19,25 hunting of 122, 131 Gulo gulo, see numbers of 26,130 Goats 16-19,25-6 Habitat 5, 8-10 see also Domestic livestock; Feral alteration/ change/ degradation 13, mammals 20,29,49,56,70,72,82,292,342 Golden-headed lion tamarins 269, 272 assessment 46-7 see also Primates; Tamarins conservation 10, 28, 43, 162 Golden-rumped elephant-shrews 148, see also Conservation; Ecotourism 150,151-2,154,156 depletion/loss 25, 30, 37, 52-3, 60, 75, see also Elephant-shrews 77,95,147,153,231,259,280,347,354 Gorillas 17-18 see also Ecology; Human popUlation see also Ecotourism; Mountain goril• Habituation 366 las; Poaching; Primates to disturbance 313, 330, 334-44, Gorilla gorilla beringei, see Mountain 385-6 gorillas see also Behaviour; Handling Index 403 Halichoerus grypus, see Grey seals see also Lagomorphs; Macropods; Hamsters 25 Ungulates Handling 9,71,302-9 Hides, see Furs; Skins see also Habituation; Humane 26,124,132,290 methods; Injury; Stress Hippopotamus amphibius, see Harassment by humans Hippopotamus giant (river) otters 330 equinus, see Roan antelope 75-6 Hippotragus leucophaeus, see Bluebuck squirrel monkeys 52 Holding facilities, see Captive see also Behaviour; Disruption; 125 Disturbance; Ecotourism; see also Badgers Habituation Hopping mouse 291 Harbour porpoise 376, 383, 386, 387 see also Mice see also Cetaceans; Porpoises Horn trade, see Rhinoceros; Saiga ante• 124 lope Harp seals 381 Horse 18, 84, 94, 197,203,370 see also Seals domestication and transport 16, 19 Harvesting 4-5,147-59 see also Camels calculations of potential harvest 91-4 numbers of 24, 25, 84 commercial harvest 5, 20, 38, 39, 88, wild horse 18 93,117-46,229-49,266-91 see also Asses; Domestication; illegal 148 Donkeys; Feral mammals; Mules see also Control avoidance Hounds, see Dogs licences 157 Howler monkeys 324 methods of 8-11,156 see also Primates see also Hunting; Snaring; Trapping Humane methods minimizing impact 9,148,156 of harvesting 6, 10, 363 models 8, 88, 98, 134-8, 146, 217-19 of killing 9, 71, 105, 186, 194, 355, patterns 147, 153-6 359,363 pressure 8, 76, 257 of treatment/training 9, 308 quotas 80, 135 see also Habituation; Handling; regulation of 8,11,28,148 Killing see also Regulation and monitoring Human population 3,11,16,95, selective 8,10,50,75,79,82,88,97-8, 117-46,147,153,157,229-49,292, 137,147,150,266-7,274 295,372 assessment of sustainability 80, 155, see also Habitat; Human well-being; 281 Natural resources vulnerable species 280, 282 Human well-being 4, 45-8, 58-60, 118, welfare issues 8-11, 280 148,157,234,298 see also Capture; Capybara; see also Local people and Cropping; Disturbance; Game communities ranching; Humane methods; Humpback whales 102-3, 109-10,254, Hunting; Kangaroos; Saiga 278,376,383-6,389 antelope see also Whales; Whaling Heath rat 291 Hunters 117-46, 147-59 see also Rats Hunting 4, 9, 16,20,117-46,147-59, Heliosciurius spp., see Squirrels 160-207,208-25,231,259 Herpailurus yaguarondi, see Jaguarundi bushmeat 10, 88-101, 360 spp., see Mongooses commercial (market) hunting 10-11, Herbivores 117-46 104,137-9,242,254,258 404 Index Hunting (contd) Ibex 18 draghunting 204 lchneumia spp., see Mongooses economics 117, 133, 141, 197, 141-2 Impact assessment, see Assessment; for food/meat 16, 17,49 Hunting, impact of technique on forfur /pelts 21,170,186,188-9 wildlife see also Wild fur trade Impala 26, 66-72, 75, 120, 122, 131, 236 game meat hunting 88, 96, 117-46 Incentives 45-61, 204, 303 illegal hunting 10, 86, 109, 117-46, to conserve resources 112, 117, 231 119-20,148,202,307,334,342 impact of technique on wildlife 10, economic incentives 232, 239, 246 117-46 to overexploit resources 117-18, income 117, 141, 148, 154, 229-49 135-6,260,270,275 law enforcement 124, 134,141-2,272 see also Regulation and monitoring; legalization of hunting 117, 119, Sustainable use 140-1,157 Incidental take 10, 131,132-3,274,282, licences/permits 97,120,141,157, 337,348 272,365 see also Injury optimality models 117, 134-6 Income patterns 124-5 alternative sources 6,117,142-3,257, pressure 88, 94-5 260 quotas 42, 50, 54, 98,102,106-9,140, see also CAMPFIRE; Economics; 280 Ecotourism; Hunting; Wild fur selective hunting 75-87, 95, 97, 132, trade 137,274 Injury Plates 4, 6, 10, 132-3,213,280, subsistence hunting 3, 9, 88, 94, 96, 295,304 147-59 elephants 133 of vizcacha 45, 48-50 gorillas 337 see also Animal welfare; Behaviour; Capybara; Conservation; Dogs; cetaceans 376, 389 Elephants; Harvesting; Incidental lions 133 take; Injury; Law enforcement; road traffic accidents 182, 209, 213, Pelts; Poaching; Red deer; Red 218,220 fox; Saiga antelope; Snares; Sport saiga antelope 75, 85 hunting; Sustainable use; Tigers; spotted 133 Trapping; Trophy hunting; Wild tigers 295 fur trade ungulates 71-2 Hunting-to-hounds 208-25 133 see also Dogs zebra 133 Husbandry 65, 302-9 see also Handling; Harvesting; see Captivity Hunting; Non-target species; Hyaena Plate 6, 358 Physical damage; Stress see also Brown hyaena; Spotted IPZ 229, 243-4 hyaena see also Conservation; Protected areas Hyaena brunnea (Para hyaena brunnea), International see Brown hyaena law /treaties 20, 42,106,111,266,291 Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, see Capybara trade 6, 250-65 Hydrodamalis gigas, see Steller's sea cow see also CITES; IWC; Legislation; Hystrix cristata 268 Wildlife trade Interactions 290 between humans and wildlife 83, 85, see also Lynx 118,292,315 Index 405 Interactions (contd) Kongoni26, 130, 131 see also Conflict; Crop raiding 67, 69, 72 IUCN 6, 107, 251, 258, 267, 300 Cat Specialist Group (CSG) 300 Laboratory animals 16, 269, 274 Conservation (formerly Captive) Lagomorphs 89 Breeding Specialist Group 351 see also Rabbits Specialist group on sustainable use Lagostomus maximus, see Vizcacha of wild species 6, 48 spp., see Camelids Ivory, see Elephants Lariscus hosei, see Ground squirrel IWC 102-13, 280 Law enforcement 9 Humane Killing Working Group 9, confiscation 84, 348, 352 106 data 126, 136,244 and economics of hunting 134, Jackal, see Silver-backed jackal 141-2,272 jaguar268,270,272,314,329,333 patrols 124, 126 see also Cats rehabilitation of animals 348, 352 Jaguarundi 289, 333 requirement for 118, 134, 136, 142 see also Cats spending 84, 126, 139-140 Jentinck's duiker 289 see also Control avoidance; see also Duikers Enforcement procedures/ controls; Legislation; Poaching; Regulation K-selected species 8, 39, 257, 272 and monitoring see also Reproduction breeding Legislation 9, 59 potential; r-selected species to protect wildlife 45, 48-50, 53, Kangaroo rat 291 96-7,106,255-6,347 see also Rats weakening of 7, 258-9, 260 Kangaroos 7,12,45,50-1,56,58 see also CITES; IWC; Law see also Eastern grey kangaroo; enforcement Macropods; Red kangaroo; Lemurs 19 Western grey kangaroo see also Extinctions; Primates Keystone Leontopithecus chrysomelas, see Golden• resources 10, 134, 318, 319, 321, 325, headed lion tamarins 326,327,347,369 Leopards 137,241,298,358 disturbance of resources 330, 388 see also Cats; Skins species 358, 367 Leopardus pardalis, see Ocelot see also Conservation; Disturbance Leopardus wiedii, see Margay Killer whales 381, 384-5 Leopardus tigrinus, see Tiger cat see also Whales; Whaling Lepus americanus, see Snowshoe hare Killing 5, 9, 50, 256, 347 Lepus capensis, see Hare illegal 50, 58 Lesser pouched rat 148 inhumane 50 see also Rats mobile abattoirs 72 Licences for sport 163, 169, 194, 199,234 for shooting 50 see also Ethics; Harvesting; Humane for hunting/trapping 157, 272, 365 killing; Hunting see also Enforcement 333 procedures/ controls; Harvesting; Kit fox 20 Hunting; Regulation and monitor• see also Foxes ing; Wild fur trade ellipsiprymnus, see Lichtenstein's 236 Kobus leche smithemani, see Black lechwe Lions Plate 4, 25,122,132-3,137,219,241 406 Index Lions (contd) Macropus parryi, see Whiptail wallaby see also Mountain lion Macropus robustus, see Wallaroo (euro) Live Macropus rufus, see Red kangaroo game 72 Madoqua kirkii, see Dikdik sales 9, 229, 236-7, 243, 275, 280 Society xvii trapping 4, 317, 321 Management 16,49 see also Animal welfare; Captive; in game ranching 65, 70, 71 Cattle/wildlife production humane 9 systems; Domestic livestock; of livestock 83 Game ranching; Values monitoring 157 Local people and communities of saiga antelope 75, 77, 79, 86 aboriginal harvesting 28, 31-2, 43, of whaling 102-13 51,255,364 of wildlife uses 3, 225, 229-49 CAMPFIRE programmes 53-6 see also Domestication; Enforcement see also CAMPFIRE procedures/controls; Law conservation benefits 12, 60, 75, 86, enforcement; Legislation; 99,142,148,251,281-2,300,302, Regulation and monitoring 307,336,367 Manis gigantea, M. tetradactyla, M. market hunting 117-46 ricuspis, see African pangolins subsistence hunting 88, 99,147-59, Manis temminckii, see Cape pangolin 359 Margay 270, 271, 289, 333 sustainable use programmes 4, 6, 12, Market hunting, see Hunting 86,229-49 Marmosa rubra, see Red mouse tourism 10,53 opossum wild fur trade 51 Marmosets 269 see also Conflict; Human population; see also Primates Incentives; Socio-economic Marsupials 313, 322 factors; Wildlife trade see also Macropods Loxodonta africana, see African Marten 29-30, 36, 39-40, 51-2,162 elephants see also ; Wild fur canadensis, see Otter trade Lutra longicaudis, see Southern river Martes americana, M. martes, see Marten otter Martes pennanti, see Fisher Lycaon pictus, see African wild dogs Martes zibell ina, see Lynx 18,21-2,30,36,51,52,254,257 Mato Grosso anteater 291 see also Iberian lynx see also Southern tamandua Lynx canadensis, L. lynx, see Lynx Mazama americana, see Red brocket deer Lynx pardinus, see Iberian lynx Mazama gouazabira, see Grey brocket Lynx rufus, see Bobcat deer Meat 17,53,68,71,76-7,359,363-4 Macaca arctoides, see Stumptail see also Elephants; Harvesting; macaques Hunting; Whaling Macaques 269 Megamuntiacus vuquangensis, see see also Primates Vietnamese ungulates Macropods 89 Megaptera novaeangliae, see Humpback see also Kangaroos; Wallabies whales Macropus fuliginosus, see Western grey Mellivora capensis, see Honey badger kangaroo Melursus ursinus, see Sloth bear Macropus giganteus, see Eastern grey mephitis, see Striped kangaroo Meriones unguiculatus, see Gerbils Index 407 Mesocricetus auratus, see Hamsters see also Cattle/wildlife production Metachirus nudiciudatus, see Brown systems; Game ranching four-eyed opossum Mus domesticus, see Mice Mexican bob cat 290 Musk deer 274, 276 Mice 16, 25, 150, 154 see also Deer; Wildlife trade see also Crop raiding; Hopping Muskrat32,35,36, 38,42,51 mouse; ; Wood mice see also Wild fur trade Microsciureus flaviventer, see Amazon Mustela erminea, see Short-tailed dwarf squirrel Mustela spp., see 25,35,36,51,257 Mustela vison, see Mink see also Captivity; Sea mink; Wild fur Myocastor coypus, see Nutria (coypu) trade Myrmecophaga tridactyla, see Giant Minke whales 104, 107-8, 110, 273, 276, anteater 278-80,385-6 see also Whales; Whaling nasua , see South American Mirounga angustirostris, see Northern National parks 117-46, 147,229-49, 272,277,337 Moas 19 see also Protected areas see also Extinctions Native people/ communities, see Local Modelling 8, 88, 130, 135, 164, 182-5, people and communities 196,218,362 Natural resources 8-11, 29, 42, 47,103, Mongooses 151 117-46,153,230,232,240,251, see also Sokoke bushy-tailed mongoose 372 Monitoring, see Regulation see also Human population; Local Monitor 125 people and communities Monk saki 324, 333 Neotropical see also Primates cats, see South American cats Moose 18, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 52 mammals 313-33 Morris Animal Foundation 337 primates 324 Mortality rates 275, 280 see also Capybara; Cats; Skins; South Moschus spp., see Musk deer American mammals Moschus moschiferus, see Musk deer Nesolagus netscheri, see Sumatran Mountain gorillas 10,283,334-44,366, rabbit 369 Night monkey 326, 333 hunting 335, 358-9 see also Primates injuries 337 Nile crocodiles 236-7 trophies 335 see also Crocodiles welfare 336, 342 Nine-banded armadillo 333 see also Ecotourism; Gorillas; Non-consumptive use of wildlife 4, Habituation, to disturbance 9-10,12,58,102,233,244,252,266, Mountain lion 37 282,335,360,371 see also Puma see also Ecotourisrn; Whale watching 67, 68-9 Non-target species 10, 117-46,274 see also Reedbuck see also Injury; Incidental take Mountain zebra 138 290 Mules 25 see also Seals see also Domestication Notomys spp., see Hopping mouse Multi-species systems 9,14,243 Numida meleagris, see Guinea fowl Multi-species Production System Nutria (coypu) 37 Project 229, 237-8 Nyala236 408 Index Ocelot 270, 277, 289, 313, 321, 325-8, hunting for 21, 96,119,170,186, 329,331,333 188-9 see also Cats; South American cats sealing of pelts 256 Odobenus rosmarus, see tags 50 Offtake, see Wildlife offtake see Harvesting; Hunting; Skins; Wild Oncifelis geoffroyi, see Geoffroy's cat fur trade , see Tiger cat People's Trust for Endangered Species Ondatra zibethicus, see Muskrat 335 Opossums 325, 326, 332 Pests 4, 7, 28, 35, 37, 39, 42, 54, 56-7, 60 see also Brown four-eyed opossums; capybara 88-9, 96 Common opossums; Red mouse foxes 162 opossum; Southern opossum; see also Red fox Virginia opossum kangaroo 49-50 Optimality models 117, 134-{) tigers 294, 298 Orang utans 269,278,345--57,359,369 see Conflict; Control of pests; Crop as pets 345, 346, 350, 353 raiding; Economics, damage; Feral history 345-{) mammals hunting/meat 347, 348, 352--4 Petrodomus tetradactylus, see Four-toed trophies 353 elephant-shrews welfare 345, 351, 353 Pets 16, 52 see also Ecotourism; Primates pet trade 269,348,354 236 see also Orang utan Orycteropus afer, see Aardvark Phacochoerus aethiopicus, see Oryctolagus cuniculus, see Rabbits Philander opossum, see Brown four-eyed 66, 67, 70-2 opossums Ostriches 65, 122,231,236 Physical damage 376, 389-90 see also Domestication see also Animal welfare; Injury Otters 30, 36, 51, 254 Pigs 16, 19, 23-5, 26,191,195 see also Giant (river) otter see also Boar; Bushpigs; Domestic aries, O. orientalis, see Sheep; Feral livestock; Feral mammals mammals Pithecia monachus, see Monk saki Poaching 12,23,54,136,140,117--46 Paca 333 anti-poaching patrols 84, 243, 334, Pain 10, 57, 105,200 337-8 see also Suffering see also Law enforcement Pampas fox 289 of elephants 277, 302, 303, 306, 362 see also Foxes of gorillas 338, 358 leo, see Lions of orang utans 348, 354 Panthera Ollca, see Jaguar of red deer 209, 218, 222 Panthera pardus, see Leopards of rhinos 243--4, 276 Panthera tigris aUaica, see Siberian of saiga antelope 9, 75, 77, 84, 86 tiger of tigers 296, 299-301 Panthera tigris, see Tigers in wild fur trade 256 Panthera tigris tigris, see Bengal tiger see also Hunting; Law enforcement Papio cynocephalus, see Yellow baboon Poisoning 118, 124, 150, 169, 186,200, Parahyaena brunnea, see Brown hyaena 201 Peccary 290 see also Control of pests; Killing see also Chacoan peccary; Collared Polar bear 37, 254 pecccary see also Bear Pelts 28-44, 49, 52, 189, 255-7, 330, 331 Polecats 162 Index 409 Pongo pygmaeus abelii, P. p. pygmaeus, Pteronura brasiliensis, see Giant (river) see Orang utan otter Porcupine 122 Pteropus spp., see Flying fox Porpoises 376, 379, 386 Puma 333 see also Cetaceans; Harbour porpoise see also Mountain lion porcus, see Bushpigs Potus flavus, see Kinkajou Quagga 20, 138 Precautionary principle 7, 104, 107-8, see also Extinctions 112,388-9 Predators 13,35,54,85-6,117-46,162, r-selected species 8, 38, 57, 76, 257, 261, 164,196,201 272 Preservation 5-6,11-13,160,198, see also K-selected species; 233-4,245,260 Reproduction see also Conservation; Habitat; Rabbits 16,25,161 Incentives; Protection, protected see also Forest rabbit; Sumatran rab• areas bit Primates 274, 282, 314, 324-5, 348, 368, 36 370 Ranching 3, 49, 53, 235 hunting of 147, 150, 153, 155-7 of captive-reared animals 34, 36-7, reproduction rates 156, 347 96,98 see also Black spider monkey; see also Captivity; Domestic live• Capuchins; Chimpanzee; Crop stock; Game ranching; raiding; Dusky titi; Gorillas; Wildlife/ cattle production Howler monkey; Lemur; Monk systems saki; Night monkey; Orang utan; Rats 16, 25, 150, 154, 202 Red howler monkey; Squirrel see also Crop raiding; Giant pouched monkey; Syke's monkey; rat; Heath rat; Kangaroo rat; Tamarins; Yellow baboon Lesser pouched rat Productivity 9 Rangifer tarandus, see Reindeer of capybara 88-101 Rattus norvegicus, see Rats of red deer 208, 215-19 Recreation activities 337 of saiga antelope 82, 85 see Ecotourism; Sport hunting of ungulates in game ranching 65-74 Red brocket deer 333 see also Behaviour; Domestication; see also Deer Domestic livestock; Game ranch• Red deer 9-10,18,21,22,23-4,26, ing; Growth rates; Reproduction 208-25 Proechimys spp., see Rodents composition of hunt 209 Proechimys steeri, see Spiny rat culling 208, 214-15 Protection hunting-to-hounds of 208-25 protected areas 53, 117-47, 245, 314 welfare 223 protected wildlife 3, 41, 95-6, 102, see also Deer 104,118,243,267,273,334 Red fox 21, 25, 30, 36, 51,160-207 see also Conservancies; Conservation; attitudes of town dwellers to hunt• Habitat; Incentives; IPZ; ing 166, 188, 189, 198-9 Legislation; National parks; attitudes of farmers to hunting 165, Refugia; Whale sanctuaries 185-7,189,198-9 Proteles cristatus, see Aardwolf composition of hunts 167, 168 Pseudomys shortridgei, see Heath rat conservation of 160-207 Pseudoryx nghetinhensis, see Vietnamese control 160, 195-7 ungulates cubhunting 163, 167, 173-6 410 Index Red fox (contd) Revised taxonomic guide 267 economic damage caused by 160, Rhinoceros 6, 8, 25, 298 162,166,185-6,191-3,195 conservancies 240 habitat characteristics 165, 176 horns Plate 1,20, 136, 138-9,231, history of hunting 161-2 258,269,275-6,278,301, hunting of 10, 21, 160-207 IPZ 229, 243--4 welfare 160, 162 see also Black rhinoceros; ; see also Foxes; Suffering Hunting; Poaching; Sumatran rhi• Red howler monkey 326, 333 noceros; White rhinoceros see also Primates Rhinoceros sumatrensis, see Sumatran Red kangaroo 50-1 rhinoceros see also Kangaroos Rhynchocyon chrysopygus, see Golden• Red mouse opossum 333 rumped elephant-shrews see also Opossums Right whales 102, 109-10,385-6,390 Red panda 289 see also Whales; Whaling Red squirrel 37, 51 Ringtail37 Redunca redunca, see Rio Declaration 251,260,388 Reedbuck 68, 122, 138, 236 River otter, see Otter see also Mountain reedbuck RMS 12,102-13 Refugia 51-2, 91, 95,156,221,223,256, RMPI02-13 313,328,331 Roan antelope 130, 131,236,291 see also Protection, protected areas; see also Antelopes Whale sanctuaries Rodents 147, 151, 157,322-3 Regulation and monitoring 11,20,42, see also Capybara; Mice; Rats; 49 Vizcacha of hunting/ trapping 157 Roe deer 21, 22, 23, 24, 26 of international wildlife trade 267, see also Deer 280,281 RTC's see Trapping see also CITES rupicapra, see Chamois for management 28,35, 79, 97 of whaling 102-13 Sable 30, 236, 241 see also IWC see also Wild fur trade see also Incentives; Legislation; Saddle-back tamarin 326, 333 Licences Saiga antelope 8-9, 75-87, 274, 290 Rehabilitation 348, 353-5 history of population 77-9 Reindeer 18,30 status and exploitation 79-87 Reintroductions 40, 41, 353, 359 see also Antelopes; Poaching Reproduction 34, 133--4, 136 Saiga tatarica mongolica, S. t. tatarica, see breeding potential 257, 266-7, 272 Saiga antelope see also K-selectedspecies; r-selected Saimiri oerstedi citrinellus, S. sciureus see species Squirrel monkey of capybara 88-101 Sanborns squirrel 333 of elephants 272, 302-9 Sanguinus fuscicollis, see Saddle-back of fox 182, 196 tamarin of primates 156, 257, 347 Sanguinus imperator, see Emperor of red deer 208, 215-19 tamarin of rodents 157 Sciureus ignitis, see Bolivian squirrel of saiga antelope 75-6 Sciureus sanborni, see Sanborns squirrel of ungulates in game ranching 66-8 Sciureus spadicus, see Southern Amazon see also Disturbance; Productivity red squirrel Index 411 Sciureus spadiceus 331 Snares Plates 4, 6,117--46,147-59,186, Sciurus vulgaris, see Squirrels 201-2,231,257,337-9 Seals, see Fur seals; Grey seals; Harp minimizing impact 140 seals; Northern elephant seal see also Hunting; Injury; Trapping Sea mink 25 Snowshoe hare 52 see also Extinctions; Wild fur trade Socio-economic factors 4-5,10,12, 16, 20, 40-1, 254, 257 141-2,149,162-3,194,223,229--49, see also Wild fur trade 266-7,276,282,284 Sei whales 273 see also Local people and communi• see also Whales; Whaling ties; Sustainable use; Values Selective harvesting/hunting see Sokoke bushy-tailed mongoose 148, Harvesting; Hunting 156 Selenarctos thibetanus ( thibetanus), see also Mongooses see Asiatic black bear South African hedgehog 291 Serengeti 17, 22, 26,117--46 South American mammals see also Protected areas cats 42, 268, 269, 270, 271, 277, 281, 289 Sheep 16-18, 23-5, 26, 50, 57, 65, 70-2, coati 331, 333 75,82--4,86,163 mammals 313-33 losses to foxes 164, 191-5, 197,211 tree porcupine 333 see also Domestic livestock; Feral see also Capybara; Cats; Neotropical mammals mammals; Skins; Wild fur trade Shooting of wildlife 186, 189, 194-5, Southern African quagga, see Quagga 202,231,359 Southern Amazon red squirrel 331, 333 deer 208, 218 Southern opossum 323, 326, 333 see also Hunting; Tiger 333 Short-tailed weasel 51 Southern tamandua 333 see also Weasels see also Mato Grosso 'anteater Siberian tiger 283, 289 Southern white rhinoceros, see White see also Tigers rhinoceros Sika deer 24, 26 Sperm whales 384-5 see also Deer see Whales; Whaling Silver-backed jackal 122 Spiny rat 333 Silver fox 257 Sport hunting 10, 12,49,69,119,160-207, see also Foxes 229,231,232,234-5,254,281-2 Silvilagus brasiliensis, see Forest rabbit and CAMPFIRE 235, 239 Skins and conservation 12 beaver 30 impact of 160-207 capybara 88, 93 of elephants 239--40, 268, 272, 281, elephant 240 364,365 fox 170, 289 licences/permits 80, 365 gorilla/ape 359 means of control 160, 234 leopard 154,296-7 revenue 160, 229, 235 peccary 290 of rhinos 235, 242, 244 South American cats 268, 269, 270, safari hunting 54-5 271,277,281,289 of saiga antelope 80-1 tigers 289, 292-3, 296-7 see Animal welfare; CAMPFIRE; zebra 72 Dogs; Elephants; Ethics; Hunting; see Hunting; Pelts; Wild fur trade Injury; Red deer; Red fox; Sloth bear 268, 289 Rhinoceros; Suffering; Tigers; see also Trophy hunting 412 Index Spilogale putorius, see economic aspects of 5,11,133,135, Spotted hyaena Plate 6,122,126,131, 138,252,253,255,267,274-6, 132-3, 137 358-75 see also Hyaena examples of 5, 229-49, 252, 255-6, Spotted skunk 37 363 66-72 factors affecting 134, 268-77 Squirrels 29,147,150-2,155-6 framework for assessment 45-61 see also Amazon dwarf squirrel; guidelines and standards 6, 266, Bolivian squirrel; Ground 277-83 squirrels; Red squirrel; Sanborns harvest28,36,52, 56,89-90, 134, squirrel; Southern Amazon red 155-6 squirrel illegal hunting 133-43 Squirrel monkey 45, 52-3, 57-9, 324, lessons of history 250-65 326,331,333 model of sustainable use of wildlife see also Ecotourism; Primates 45-6,229-49 Stag hunting 197, 208-25 problems of achieving sustainable see also Red deer use 55, 103, 117-46,256 Steller's sea cow 20, 25 see also Animal welfare; CAMPFIRE; see also Extinctions Capybara; Control avoidance; Stress 71, 105, 305, 334, 340, 342, 377 Conservation; Ethics; Extinctions; methods of reducing stress 9, 71, Incentives; Legislation; Local 304 people and communities; trauma-induced myopathy 71, 219 Optimality models; Regulation see also Animal welfare; Suffering and monitoring; Values; Wild fur 37 trade; Wildlife trade Struthio camelus, see Ostriches Syke's monkey 150-4, 156 Stumptail macaques 274 see also Crop raiding; Primates see also Primates Synceros caffer, see African buffalo; Subsistence hunting see Hunting Buffalo Suffering 3, 10,57,298 of hunted foxes 162, 195, 199-201 Tamandua tetradactyla, see Mato Grosso minimizing suffering 203-5 anteater, Southern tamandua see Animal welfare; Ethics; Snares; Tamarins, see Emperor tamarin; Trapping Golden-headed lion tamarin; Sumatran rabbit 291 Saddle-back tamarin; Sumatran rhinoceros 278 see also Primates Sus scrota, see Pigs Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, see Red Sustainable use xvii, 3-15, 42,102-13, squirrel 119,229-49,232,250-65,266-91, Tapirus terrestris, see Brazilian tapir 359 oryx, see Eland assessment of 7-12, 45-61,134-46, Taxidea taxus, see Badger 155-6,223,268,277,280 Taxonomic guide for CITES-listed biological aspects of 8,134,252,253, species 267 256 Tayassu tajaca, see Collared peccary definitions of 4,107,133,232-3,251, Tayassu tayassu 331 258 Tayra 333 distributing benefits 142-3, 229 Thomson's gazelle 17, 26,120,122,131 see also Local people and see also Gazelles communities Tiger cat (oncilla) 270, 289 ecological aspects of 5, 8, 134, 358-75 see also Cats Index 413 Tigers 25, 258, 268, 275, 276, 282-3, of elephants 239, 272 292-301 see also Elephants, ivory bone 20, 269, 272, 275, 278, 289 illegal 128, 131, 136, 138-40,231 history of exploitation 292-4 numbers 8 hunting 292-301 regulated 140,234 as pests 294 rhinos, see CAMPFIRE; illegal skins and derivatives 260, 276, 289, trophy hunting (above) 292,300 unregulated 130, 231 trophies 292 see also Hunting; Sport hunting see also Bengal tiger; Cats; Siberian Tsessebe Plate 2, 236 tiger Tursiops truncatus, see Bottlenose Topi26, 120,122, 131, 139 dolphin Tourism 28, 43, 52-3, 57, 153, 156,282, 284,365-7 Ungulates 16-27, 65-74, 89, 147 see also Ecotourism in Bialowieza Forest 21-2 Trade 6, 250-5, 266-91 meat quality 68-70 illegal trade 11, 28, 42, 84,110,266, migratory species in the Serengeti 353 117-46 see also Wild fur trade; Wildlife trade resident species in the Serengeti 120, Traditional medicines 75-7, 93, 267, 122 269,276,289-90,292,295,305 see also Game ranching; oryx, see Eland Reproduction; Vietnamese Tragelaphus scriptus, see Bushbuck ungulates Translocation 302-3, 308 Universities Federation for Animal Traps 124, 257,282 Welfare (UFAW) xvii, 306 for capybara 94 cinereoargenteus, see Gray fox see Harvesting; Hunting; Injury; Ursus american us, see American black Snares; Trapping bear; Black bear Trapping 9, 28-44, 45, 51-2, 57-60, Ursus arctos, U. horribilis, see Brown 147-59,257-6,282,293 bear humane 10, 52 Ursus maritimus, see Polar bear illegal 10 Ursus thibetanus, see Asiatic black bear live trapping studies 313, 317, 321 methods 5, 9, 147, 150 Values 5, 7,12,42,45,48,55,111,161, registered trapping concessions 358-75 (RTCs) 51, 57 aesthetic 234, 238, 371 regulations 28, 34, 35 assessment of 5, 48 pelt seals (method of tagging) 35, ecological 282 50-1,256 economic 5, 234, 266, 282 pressure 157, 257 total economic value (TEV) 282 sustainable harvest 28 see also Ethics; Socio-economic fac- training of trappers 10,35,52 tors trapline management 28, 35, 42, 52, Varanus niloticus, see Monitor lizard 256 vicugna, see Vicuna species vulnerability 150, 155-6, 282 Vicuna 283, 290 welfare problems 5, 10, 42 see also Camelids see also Local people and communi• Vietnamese ungulates 290 ties; Wild fur trade see also Ungulates Trophy hunting 37, 53-4, 69, 72, 161, Virginia opossum 36 281,335,353 see also Opossums 414 Index Vizcacha 45, 48-50, 57-9 see also Capuchins; Primates see also South American mammals White rhinoceros 235, 236, 243-4, 277, Vole 52 290 vulpes, see Red fox see also Black rhinoceros; Hunting; Rhinoceros Wallaroo (euro) 50 , see Boar see also Wallabies Wildcats 162 Wallabies 50-1 see also Cats see also Macropods; Walla roo; Wildebeest 26, 68, 118, 120, 122, 132-4, Whiptail wallaby 137,219,236 Walrus 254, 268 Wild fur trade 21, 28-44, 51-2, 250-65 Warthog 26, 67-9,120,122 ecological perspectives 28-44 Waterbuck 26,120,122,130, 131 economic value 35-6, 256-7 Weasels 37 historical perspectives 28-34 Welfare see Animal welfare; Human Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) well-being 31-3,254,255 Western grey kangaroo 50-1 income 28, 43 see also Kangaroos North West Company (NWC) 32,254 Whales 6,16,20,102-13,252,273,282, see also Furbearers; Pelts; Poaching; 376 Ranching; Snaring; South see also Blue whales; Bowhead American cats; Trapping whales; Bryde's whales; Wildlife Cetaceans; Fin whales; Humpback auctions 236 whales; Killer whales; Minke dead animals or derivatives 250, 252, whales; Right whales; Sei whales; 258,260,269,358 Whaling see also Tigers; Wildlife trade Whale sanctuaries 102, 11 0-12 Wildlife/cattle production systems, see Whale watching 102-13,283,376-94 Cattle/wildlife production sys• see also Disturbance; Ecotourism; tems; Game ranching Guidelines Wildlife offtake 8,117-46,147-59 Whaling 7-8,12,16,102-13,273,280, illegal offtake 86, 117-46, 296 283 model 136 aboriginal whaling 364 proposals to limit 117, 119, 147, see also Local people and communities 156-7 calculating catch quotas 106 sustainable levels 156 conservation of stocks 104 see Cropping; Harvesting; Hunting; control avoidance 102,109-10 Incidental take; Injury; see also Control avoidance Reproduction development of whaling industry Wildlife trade 6, 11, 13,250-65,254, 104,254,258 266-88,289-91,348 humane killing 105 control avoidance 270, 275, 276 illegal trade 102, 109-10, 276 economics 267, 274-6, 281 whale meat 105-10, 269, 276, 278 export quotas 281 moratorium on whaling 102-4, 112 global value 256, 266 regulating whaling operations 102, international wildlife trade 6, 260, 109 266-88,289-91 see also Enforcement revenue 256, 281 Whip tail wallaby 50 see also Conservation; Control avoid• see also Wallabies ance; Harvesting; Hunting; Tigers; White-fronted capuchin 326,333 Trade; Wild fur trade Index 415 Wildlife uses 6,14,72,102,135,230, Yellow baboons 150-4, 156 234,261 see also Crop raiding; Primates see also Cattle/wildlife production systems Zebra 26, 53, 120, 122, 133, 236 Wildlife welfare, see Animal welfare see also Mountain zebra; Skins Wolf 16, 18, 20, 22-4, 85-6, 201 Zoos xvii, 269, 289, 302, 305-6, 308, see also Gray wolf 351,359,364 Wolverine 37, 51-2, 254 see also Captive breeding Wood mice 196 see also Mice World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 107,237,251,258,300,301,335