Volume 2015 Article 14

2015

A Reconstruction of the Caddo Salt Making Process at Drake’s Salt Works

Paul N. Eubanks Middle Tennessee State University, [email protected]

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Cite this Record Eubanks, Paul N. (2015) "A Reconstruction of the Caddo Salt Making Process at Drake’s Salt Works," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2015, Article 14. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2015.1.14 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2015/iss1/14

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Regional Heritage Research at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Reconstruction of the Caddo Salt Making Process at Drake’s Salt Works

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This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2015/iss1/14 ĊĈĔēĘęėĚĈęĎĔēĔċęčĊĆĉĉĔĆđęĆĐĎēČ ėĔĈĊĘĘĆęėĆĐĊǯĘĆđęĔėĐĘ

Paul N. Eubanks

„•–”ƒ –  Š‡ƒ††‘•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•ƒ––Š‡”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•‹–‡‘’Ž‡š‹‘”–Š™‡•–‡”‘—‹•‹ƒƒ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‡‘ˆ•ƒŽ–†—”‹‰–Š‡‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ‘–‘Ž›™ƒ••ƒŽ–—•‡†–‘ •‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘‘†ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽŠ‹†‡•ƒ†–Š‡’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‡ƒ–Ǥ•‹‰ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘”‡ ‡–‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ”‡ ‘”†ǡ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ƒ––‡’–• –‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ”‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ǤŠ‹•’”‘ ‡••‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ϐ‹Ž–‡”‹‰ •ƒŽ–Ǧ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†•‘‹Ž—•‹‰™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘‡ƒ”„›•–”‡ƒ•ƒ†„‘‹Ž‹‰–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰Ž‹“—‹†„”‹‡‹ƒ–Š‹Ǧ™ƒŽŽ‡†ǡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†„‘™ŽǤŠ‡•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡‘•‹–‡—•‹‰ Žƒ›†‡’‘•‹–•ˆ‘—†„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡ •ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–•Ǥ ‡–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†„”‹‡Šƒ†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡†Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰„‡Š‹†–Š‡•‘Ž‹†•ƒŽ–ǡ–Š‡•ƒŽ– ƒ‡•™‡”‡”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘ –Š‡•ƒŽ–„‘™Žƒ†’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”•–‘”ƒ‰‡‘”–”ƒ†‡†–‘–Š‡ ”‡ Šǡ’ƒ‹•Šǡ‘”‘–Š‡”‡”‹ ƒ †‹ƒ ‰”‘—’•™‹–Š‘—–†‹”‡ –ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‹• ‘‘†‹–›Ǥ

–”‘†— –‹‘  ”‘ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǤǤͳ͸ͷͲ—–‹Žͳͺ͸ͷǡ–Š‡”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•‹–‡‘’Ž‡š‹‘”–Š™‡•–‡” ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—–ŠǦ ‡–”ƒŽ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǯ‘•–‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž›Ǧ—–‹Ž‹œ‡†•ƒŽ‹‡•ǤŠ‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— ‡† ƒ––Š‹••‹–‡ ‘’Ž‡šƒŽ•‘’Žƒ›‡†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡‡‹‰Š–‡‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”›–”ƒ†‹‰‡–™‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘ǡ ”‡ Šǡ’ƒ‹•Šǡ‘”‘ƒǡƒ– Š‡œǡ—ƒ’ƒ™ǡ—‹ ƒǡƒ†‹ Š‹–ƒȋ”ƒ‹ͳͻ͹͹ǡͳͻ͹ͻǡͳͻͺͺǡͳͻͻͲǢ”‘™ʹͲͲͶǢ ”‡‰‘”›ͳͻ͹͵Ǣ ‘ˆƒͳͻͺͶǢ‹††‡”ͳͻͻͺǢ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ͳͻͺͳǢ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͳͳǡͳͻʹͺǡͳͻʹͻǡͳͻͶʹǡͳͻͶ͸Ǣ‡„„ ƒ† ”‡‰‘”›ͳͻ͹ͺǢ‡–‘™•‹ͳͻ͹ͲȌǤ•‹‰”‡ ‡–ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒƒ†Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ†‘ —‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‹• ’ƒ’‡”ƒ‹•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ †‘‹‰ •‘ǡ‹–•—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‰‘ƒŽ‹•–‘‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ‰Ž‹’•‡‹–‘–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•™Š‘™‘”‡†ƒ––Š‹••ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ

 ”‹‘”–‘–Š‡Žƒ–‡•‡˜‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•Ž‹––Ž‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ —’ƒ–•‘ˆ‘”–Š™‡•–‡” ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ–‘’”‘†— ‡Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–ȋ—„ƒ•ʹͲͳͶƒȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•™ƒ•‘––Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •—•–ƒ‹‡†—”‘’‡ƒ ‘–ƒ –ǤŠ‹Ž‡•ƒŽ–™ƒ•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ‘•—‡†„›—”‘’‡ƒ•ƒ†‡”‹ ƒ †‹ƒ••‹’Ž› ˆ‘”‹–•–ƒ•–‡ǡ–Š‹•‹‡”ƒŽ™ƒ•‘ˆ–‡ƒ††‡†–‘ˆ‘‘†•‹‘”†‡”–‘ˆ—Žϐ‹ŽŽƒ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–Ǥ ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• †‹†‘–‡‡––Š‹•”‡“—‹”‡‡–ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‹”„‘†‹‡•™‘—Ž†„‡—ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡–ƒ‹™ƒ–‡”ƒ†–Š‡›™‘—Ž†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› †‹‡ȋƒ—’‹±‡ͳͻ͸ͲǢ ƒ ‡ͳͻ͵͸ǣͺʹ͵Ǧͺ͵ͲǢ‡‡–‘‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͷǢ‘”‹‘–‘ͳͻͻ͵ǣ͵ͺͻǢŠ‹–‡›‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͻͲȌǤ Š‹•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–”—‡ƒ‘‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›”‡Ž‹ƒ–‘’Žƒ–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ˆ‘‘†•Ž‘™‹•‘†‹— ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ‹œ‡Ȍƒ†‹ ƒ•‡•™Š‡”‡•ƒŽ–•‡”˜‡†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‹–—ƒŽˆ— –‹‘ȋ —–‡”ͳͻͶͲǢ‡–‘™•‹ͳͻ͹ͲȌǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡–‘•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–•ƒŽ–™ƒ•—•‡†’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ††‘Š‘‡Žƒ† ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌ‘”–Š‡‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‘”‡„”‘ƒ†Ž›–‘’”‡•‡”˜‡‡ƒ–ǡ–Š‹•™ƒ•‘––Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰—”‘’‡ƒ ‘–ƒ –Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•ƒŽ–‹–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹ƒŽŠ‹†‡•ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ––Šƒ––Š‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‹•‹‡”ƒŽ ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡††”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›†—”‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›™‹–Š–Š‡„‘‘‹‰Š‹†‡–”ƒ†‡Ǥ‹–Š •— Šƒ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”•ƒŽ–ǡ‹–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ††‘•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•–‘’”‘ϐ‹– „‘–Š‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†‡š Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘‘†‹–›Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͶͷ ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ‘—–ŠǦ‡–”ƒŽ‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•‹–‡•‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ

 ”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”••‹–•ƒ–‘’ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–‘™ƒ•ƒ•ƒŽ–†‘‡ǤŠ‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘‡‹•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳǤͷ‹†‹ƒ‡–‡”ƒ† ‘–ƒ‹••‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‹• ”‡–‡Dz•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–•ǡdz‘”DzŽ‹ •dz ȋ ‹‰—”‡ʹȌǤŠ‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–•”ƒ‰‡‹•‹œ‡ˆ”‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‘œ‡–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽŠ—†”‡†‡–‡”•‹†‹ƒ‡–‡”ƒ†ƒ”‡ ‘’‘•‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘ˆ•ƒŽ–Ǧ‹’”‡‰ƒ–‡†•ƒ†ƒ† Žƒ›Ǥ™‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–•ǡ–Š‡’’‡”ȋͳ͸͵ͲȌƒ†‹––Ž‡ ȋͳ͸ͳͳȌŽ‹ •ǡƒ”‡‘™–‘ ‘–ƒ‹ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ‡‹‰Š–‡‡–ŠǦ ‡–—”›•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘ȋ—„ƒ• ʹͲͳͶƒȌǤ

 ʹͲͲͺǡ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‘”‡•–‡”˜‹ ‡„‡‰ƒƒ•Š‘˜‡Ž–‡•–‹‰’”‘‰”ƒƒ––Š‡’’‡”‹ ȋͳ͸͵ͲȌ ‘ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–”‹•‡‹–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–‘™ƒ•Dz‹††‹•Š •Žƒ†dzƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ††‘™‘”†ˆ‘”Dz•ƒŽ–dzȋ ‹‰—”‡͵Ȍȋ—„ƒ• ƒ†‹–ŠʹͲͳʹȌǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‹•‹‹–‹ƒŽ–‡•–‹‰ǡ–Š‡’’‡”‹ Šƒ•Š‘•–‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ••’‘”–‹‹‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ͳǤ –Š‡ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆʹͲͳʹǡ–Š‡ ‘”‡•–‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ‹–ƒ†‡™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ„ƒƒ—•‡—‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹•–‘”›ǯ• —Žˆ‘ƒ•– —”˜‡›ǡ•—”˜‡›‡†•‹š‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡˜‡•ƒŽ–Ž‹ •ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡’’‡”‹ ǡ–Š‹••—”˜‡› ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹––Ž‡‹ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͶȌ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹’”‘–‘Š‹•–‘”‹ Ȁ‡ƒ”Ž›Š‹•–‘”‹ Ǧ’‡”‹‘†•ƒŽ– ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ–’”‡•‡–ǡ–™‘ͳš͸–”‡ Š‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”–›Ǧˆ‘—”ͳšͳ–‡•–—‹–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡ ’’‡”‹ ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡‹––Ž‡‹ ǡ–Š”‡‡ͳš͸–”‡ Š‡•ƒ†–™‘ͳšͳ–‡•–—‹–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š—•ˆƒ”ǡ™‡ŽŽ‘˜‡”ͳͷǡͲͲͲ•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•Š‡”†•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ 

ͳͶ͸ • Volume 25, 2015 ‹‰—”‡ʹǤ‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒ’‘ˆ”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ

‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ‹††‹•Š •Žƒ†‘–Š‡’’‡”‹ ƒŽ– Žƒ–ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͶ͹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤŠ‡‹––Ž‡‹ ƒŽ– Žƒ–ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ

ƒ††‘ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•  ”‡˜‹‘—•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ††‘•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰ƒ––Š‡ ƒ”†ƒ•ƒŽ‹‡ȋ͵ͶͳͺȌ‹•‘—–Š‡””ƒ•ƒ• ƒ†–Š‡ƒŽ–‡ŽŽŽ‘—‰Š•‹–‡ȋͶͳʹͲͶȌ‹‡ƒ•–‡”‡šƒ•ǡ•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘ϐ‹”•–„‡‰ƒ’”‘†— ‹‰•ƒŽ– ‹‘–‹ ‡ƒ„Ž‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ƒ”‘—†ǤǤͳ͵ͲͲȀͳͶͲͲȋƒ”Ž›ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ‡‘–•—ʹͲͲͳǢʹͲͲͷȌǤ—”‹‘—•Ž›ǡ‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –Šƒ–‹–‡•‹˜‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘†‹†‘–„‡‰‹‹‘”–Š™‡•–‡”‘—‹•‹ƒƒ—–‹Ž•‘‡–‹‡ƒˆ–‡”ǤǤͳͷͲͲȀͳ͸ͲͲ ‘”•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Žƒ–‡”ȋ—„ƒ•ʹͲͳͶƒǢ ‹”ƒ”†ʹͲͲ͸ǣͷͶǦ͸ͻȌǤ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡†‡Žƒ›‡†‘•‡–‘ˆ•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰‹–Š‹•”‡‰‹‘ ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‹œ‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™ƒ•‘–’”ƒ –‹ ‡†ƒ•‹–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ƒ•‹–™ƒ•‹‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘Š‘‡Žƒ† •‹ ‡ƒ‹œ‡ ‘–ƒ‹•˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›‘ —””‹‰•ƒŽ–ǡƒ†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‘‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ†‹‡–ƒ”›•ƒŽ–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”ƒ‹œ‡Ǧ†‡’‡†‡–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ȋ”‘™ʹͲͲͶǣͶͳǢ”‹˜‡”ƒ†ƒ••‡› ͳͻͷ͹Ǣ—ƒ•ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›‘–Š‡”•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–•‹‘”–Š™‡•–‡”‘—‹•‹ƒƒ–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‘–›‡–„‡‡ •—”˜‡›‡†ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘––‡”ǯ•‘†ƒ–ƒ‡‹•–‹‡ƒ—ƒ†”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ƒ”‡–Š‡‘Ž›–™‘•ƒŽ‹‡• ‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—–‹Ž‹œ‡†„›–Š‡ƒ††‘ˆ‘”•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤŠ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ƒ––Š‡•‡–™‘ •ƒŽ‹‡•‹•”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž›•‹‹Žƒ”ǡƒ†‹–™‘—Ž†‘–„‡•—”’”‹•‹‰‹ˆƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘–‡ Š‹“—‡•™‡”‡ •Šƒ”‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•™Š‘™‘”‡†ƒ––Š‡•‡•‹–‡•ǤŽ•‡™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ††‘Š‘‡Žƒ†ǡƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ˜‡••‡Žˆ‘”•ƒ†•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘–‡ Š‹“—‡•™‡”‡‡’Ž‘›‡†–Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡—•‡†ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ• ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ––Š‡ ƒ”†ƒ•ƒŽ‹‡ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡ǡ„ƒ•‹Ǧ•Šƒ’‡†•ƒŽ–’ƒ•ƒ†Œƒ”•™‡”‡ —•‡†–‘‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡•ƒŽ–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡ƒŽ–‡ŽŽŽ‘—‰Š•‹–‡ǡ‡ Ǧ„ƒ†‡†ƒ†’Žƒ‹Œƒ”•™‡”‡–Š‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡† ‘‘‹‰˜‡••‡Ž•ȋƒ”Ž›ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ‡‘–•—ʹͲͲͷȌǤ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡•‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•˜‡••‡Ž–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ‹–•‡‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ††‘Š‘‡Žƒ†’”‡ˆ‡””‡†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹”„”‹‡ †‹”‡ –Ž›‘˜‡”ƒϐ‹”‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ’Žƒ ‹‰Š‡ƒ–‹‰•–‘‡•‹–‘ƒ„”‹›Ž‹“—‹†ƒ•™ƒ• ‘‘ƒ–•ƒŽ‹‡•‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡

ͳͶͺ • Volume 25, 2015 ‹–Š‡‘—–Š‡ƒ•–ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ”‘™ͳͻͺͲǢ—•Š‡ŽŽͳͻͲ͹ǡͳͻͳͶǢ—ŽŽ‡”ͳͻͺͶȌǤŠ—•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ›ƒ††‘•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”• ƒ›Šƒ˜‡•Šƒ”‡† ‡”–ƒ‹˜‡••‡Žƒ† ‘‘‹‰’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘”‡‡„‡”–Šƒ––Š‡•‡–‡ Š‹“—‡• ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•™‡”‡‘– ‘•–ƒ––Š”‘—‰Š–‹‡‘”•’ƒ ‡ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘’”‡•‡–‡†Š‡”‡‹• ‡ƒ––‘ƒ’’Ž›‘Ž›–‘”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ

The Salt Makers at Drake’s Salt Works  Š‡–™‘ƒ††‘‰”‘—’•‘•– Ž‘•‡Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•—””‘—†‹‰”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ– ‘”•™‡”‡–Š‡‘—•–‹‘‹ƒ†–Š‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ȋ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͳͳǡͳͻͶʹǡͳͻͶ͸Ǣ‡„„ƒ† ”‡‰‘”›ͳͻ͹ͺǣʹͺǦ ʹͻȌǤŠ‡‘—•–‹‘‹ǡ™Š‘•‡ƒ‡‹•‘ˆ–‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†ƒ•DzƒŽ–‡‘’Ž‡ǡdz™‡”‡‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡Ž‹˜‡†‡ƒ””ƒ‡ǯ• ƒŽ–‘”•†—”‹‰–Š‡‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ȋ‡„„ƒ† ”‡‰‘”›ͳͻ͹ͺǣʹͺǢ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶʹȌǤŠ—•ǡ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡ –Šƒ–— Š‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— ‡†ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•™ƒ•†‘‡•‘„›–Š‹•‰”‘—’Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‡‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘”‡ ‘”†‘ˆ–Š‡‘—•–‹‘‹ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡›ƒ›Šƒ˜‡†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ǡ‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘ ‘ ‡‹˜ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ– –Š‡›‹–‡”‹‰Ž‡†‘” ‘ƒŽ‡• ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡ƒ”„›ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•™‡”‡‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡Ž‹˜‡†‹ ‘”–Š™‡•–‡”ƒ†™‡•–Ǧ ‡–”ƒŽ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡ„—–„›ͳͺʹͷ‘Ž›ƒ ‘—’Ž‡†‘œ‡”‡ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒȋ™ƒ–‘ ͳͻͶʹǣʹͳȌǤ‹‡–Š‡‘—•–‹‘‹ǡ–Š‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‘™Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡‹–Š‡•ƒŽ––”ƒ†‡ ȋ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͳͳǣʹͲͶǡͳͻͶʹǡͳͻͶ͸ǣ͹͵ͺȌǡƒ†–Š—•ǡ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‹•Žƒ––‡”‰”‘—’™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹‰•ƒŽ–ƒ– ”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ

 ––Š‡‹––Ž‡‹ ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›Šƒ„‹–ƒ–‹‘œ‘‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͲͲƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ– ‘ƒ͸ǦŠ‹‰ŠŠ‹ŽŽǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š•Š‡ŽŽǦ–‡’‡”‡†’‘––‡”›•Š‡”†•ǡ„—”‡†‡ƒ”–Šǡƒ‹ƒŽ„‘‡•ǡƒ†Ž‹–Š‹ •™‡”‡ ˆ‘—†ǡ‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒŠƒ•„‡‡Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›†‹•–—”„‡†„›‡”‹ ƒȀ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ–‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ„”‹ ˆ‘—†‹ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡•‡ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•Ǥ‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡†‹•–—”„‡†•‘‹ŽŽƒ›‡”•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡–‘‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”‡”‹ ƒ †‹ƒŠƒ„‹–ƒ–‹‘ȋ—„ƒ•ʹͲͳͶ„ȌǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –• ƒ›”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”› ƒ’•‹–‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡‘—•–‹‘‹‘”ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ž‹˜‡†™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡› ™‡”‡ƒ‹‰•ƒŽ–ȋ—„ƒ•ʹͲͳ͵ƒȌǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘–™‘•‹‹Žƒ”Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ––Š‡’’‡”‹ Ǥ‡‹•‘‹††‹•Š •Žƒ†ǡƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”‹•‘ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ–‡””ƒ ‡ͺͲ–‘–Š‡™‡•–Ǥ‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‡• ‘–ƒ‹‡†ϐ‹‡Ž›‡‰”ƒ˜‡† ’‘––‡”›ǡƒ‹ƒŽ„‘‡ǡ•–‘‡–‘‘Ž•ǡƒ†Ž‹–Š‹ ϐŽƒ‡•ǡ„—–‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǤŠ‹••—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ–Ž‹‡–Š‡‹––Ž‡‹ ǡ•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ†‘‡•–‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘ —””‡†Š‡”‡‘ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”›‘”•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ „ƒ•‹•ȋ—„ƒ•ʹͲͳͶ„ȌǤ

 ƒ•‡†‘Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒ†‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ †ƒ–ƒǡ‹–•‡‡•–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽ–ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”• ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘†— –‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›„›ƒ††‘™‘‡Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ƒ‹‰•ƒŽ–™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰–Š‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘‡“—‹’‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‹ Ž—†‡† ™‘˜‡„ƒ•‡–•ǡ ‡”ƒ‹ „‘™Ž•ǡƒ† Ž‘–Š™”ƒ’’‹‰Ǥ‹ ‡™‘‡ƒ”‡–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‡‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ”‡ ‘”†ȋ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶʹǣͳͷͺǡͳͻͶ͸ǣͷͶͻȌǡ‹–‹•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ••—‡ –Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ‹‰–Š‡•‡‹–‡•ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘–Š‡‹••—‡ ‘ˆ‰‡†‡”ƒ†•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰‹•ˆ‘—†‹ƒ”‡’‘”–„› ‘Š‹„Ž‡›ǡ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ †‹ƒ‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡™”Ž‡ƒ• ‡””‹–‘”›ǡ™Š‘ǡ‹ͳͺͲ͹ǡ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‡™•–Šƒ––™‘ƒ†ƒ ‘ƒ††‘™‘‡™‡”‡—”†‡”‡†„›Š‘ –ƒ™”ƒ‹†‡”• ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒ‹‰•ƒŽ–Ǥ

Š”‡‡ƒ††‘•ƒ””‹˜ǯ†•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‡••‡‰‡”•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ††‘ Š‹‡ˆ–‘‹ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ–ƒ’ƒ”–›‘ˆ Šƒ –ƒ• ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ‡‹‰Š–’‡”•‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–ƒ–‹‘—†‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡” ƒŽŽ‡†Stamelachee Šƒ†Žƒ–‡Ž›„‡‡ƒ–ƒ ƒ’‘ˆƒ†ƒ ‘•ȏƒ†ƒ ‘Ȑƒ–ƒ•ƒŽ‹‡‘–Š‡‹˜‡”ƒ„‹‡™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ƒ†ƒ ‘•Ž‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡‡„‡‹‰‘—–Š—–‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ˆ––Š‡‹”womenȏ‡’Šƒ•‹•ƒ††‡†Ȑ–‘ ƒ‡•ƒŽ–ƒ†Šƒ†—”†‡”‡†–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‘‡ƒ†™‘—†‡†•‘‡‘–Š‡”•ǡ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ› ’”‘˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†„”‘—‰Š––Š‡• ƒŽ’•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘ Š‡––ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘–Š‡‹”™ƒ› –‘–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–Šƒ –ƒƒ–‹‘ȋ‹„Ž‡›ͳͻʹʹǣʹʹǦʹ͵Ǣ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶʹǣͺʹȌǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͶͻ  Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•‹ ‹†‡–‘ —””‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ƒ„‹‡‹˜‡”‹‡ƒ•–‡”‡šƒ•ƒ†‘–ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ• ƒŽ–‘”•ǡ–Š‡ƒƒŽ‘‰›‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ˆ‡ƒŽ‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•ƒ›„‡”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡ ƒ•‡ƒ– Šƒ†‰‹˜‡–Š‡•’ƒ–‹ƒŽǡ–‡’‘”ƒŽǡƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘š‹‹–‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ††‘‘ˆ‡ƒ•–‡”‡šƒ• ƒ†–Š‡ƒ††‘‘ˆ‘”–Š™‡•–‡”‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ –‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ‘‰–Š‡•ƒ‰‡ƒ†”‡‡•–Šƒ–•ƒŽ– ƒ‹‰ƒ†Š‹†‡–ƒ‹‰™‡”‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ȋ ‘”‡ƒͳͻ͵ʹǣͶ͹͸Ǣ™ƒ–‘ͳͻʹͺǣ͵ͺ͸ȌǤ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹••‘‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡ƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ–ƒ††‘™‘‡ ™‡”‡–Š‡‘‡•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰Ǥ–ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡•‹‘”–Š™‡•–‡” ‘—‹•‹ƒƒƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‘—–Š‡ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘ˆ–‡ƒŽƒ ‘ˆŠ—–‹‰ƒ†ƒ’’‹‰Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ••— Šƒ•’”‘Œ‡ –‹Ž‡’‘‹–•ǡŽ‹–Š‹ †‡„‹–ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ„‘‡•‹–Š‡‹††‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ– ’”‘†— –‹‘†‡„”‹•Ǥƒ–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡‘–ˆ‘—†ƒ–ƒŽŽ‘”ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹‡ƒ”„›Šƒ„‹–ƒ–‹‘ œ‘‡•ȋ—„ƒ•ʹͲͳͶ„ȌǤ‹ ‡–Š‡•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘•–‘ˆ–‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‹•Ž‡†••‘‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”––‘–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ–‡†‹†‘–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹•ƒŽ–Ǧ ƒ‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡‡™‡”‡Ž‹‡Ž›‘–Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽ–ǡ–Š‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡›†‹†‘–˜‹•‹––Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡•‘”–Šƒ––Š‡›™‡”‡‘– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‹–•–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘”–”ƒ†‡Ǥ

Filtering Techniques  –”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•–‘†ƒ›ǡƒ†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‹–•—•‡ƒ•ƒƒ††‘•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘ •‹–‡ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ›’‘–‡– ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ„”‹‡”ƒ”‡Ž›ǡ‹ˆ‡˜‡”ǡ’‘‘Ž‡† ‘•‹•–‡–Ž›‘–Š‡‰”‘—†•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘ ‡•— ‡••‹˜‡‡’‹•‘†‡•‘ˆ™‡ƒ„”‹‡•—”ˆƒ ‡†ƒ†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡†ǡ˜‹•‹„Ž‡†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ •ƒŽ– ‘—Ž†„‡•‡‡Ž‡ˆ–„‡Š‹†‘–Š‡†”›‰”‘—†Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡•ƒŽ– ‘—Ž†‘–„‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†™‹–Š‘—–ƒŽ•‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰ƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ•ƒ†ƒ† Žƒ›ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘ϐ‹Ž–‡”‘—––Š‡•‡ •‘‹Ž‹’—”‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡ϐ‹Ž–‡”‹‰‘ˆ•ƒŽ–›‡ƒ”–Š™ƒ•ƒ ‘‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹–Š‡‘—–Š‡ƒ•–ȋ”ƒ ‡”‹†‰‡ ͳͻ͸ʹǣ͸͸Ǣ”‘™ͳͻͺͲǢ‡•Ž‹ͳͻ͸ͶǣʹͲȌƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡™‘”Ž†ȋ†•Š‡ƒ†ͳͻͻʹǢ‘ƒŠͳͻͻ͸Ǣ ƒ˜‹•‘ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ ‘—Ž‡–“—‡”ͳͻ͹ͶǢ‘˜‡Œ‘›ͳͻͺ͸Ǣƒ ‹‘ƒ†‡’‡ •ͳͻͺͻǢ ‹ŽŽ‘’ʹͲͲʹǢ ‘”‰ƒͳͻ͹Ͷǣ͵ͳǦ͵͹Ǣƒ”•‘•ʹͲͲͳǢ—––‘ƒ†‘„‡”–•ͳͻ͸ͺȌǤŠ‹•’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒŽ•‘†‹†‘–‡• ƒ’‡–Š‡ ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–Ž‡ƒ‘ˆŽ˜ƒ•ǡƒ‘”–—‰—‡•‡‘ˆϐ‹ ‡”‘–Š‡‡‘–‘‡š’‡†‹–‹‘ǡ™Š‘‘„•‡”˜‡† –Š‹•–‡ Š‹“—‡‹—•‡„›–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•Ž‹˜‹‰‹–Š‡˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ›™‡•–‡””ƒ•ƒ•ǣ

Š‡•ƒŽ–‹•ƒ†‡ƒŽ‘‰„›ƒ”‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹ Šǡ™Š‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‰‘‡•†‘™ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‡•‹–—’‘–Š‡•ƒ†Ǥ •–Š‡› ƒ‘–‰ƒ–Š‡”–Š‡•ƒŽ–™‹–Š‘—–ƒŽƒ”‰‡‹š–—”‡‘ˆ•ƒ†ǡ‹–‹•–Š”‘™–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹–‘ ‡”–ƒ‹„ƒ•‡–•–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡ǡƒ†‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒ––Š‡‘—–Šƒ†•ƒŽŽƒ––Š‡„‘––‘Ǥ Š‡•‡ƒ”‡•‡–‹–Š‡ƒ‹”‘ƒ”‹†‰‡Ǧ’‘Ž‡Ǣƒ†–Š‡™ƒ–‡”„‡‹‰–Š”‘™‘ǡȏ ‡”ƒ‹ Ȑ˜‡••‡Ž•ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ ‡†—†‡”–Š‡™Š‡”‡‹‹–ƒ›ˆƒŽŽǢ–Š‡ǡ„‡‹‰•–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ†’Žƒ ‡†‘–Š‡ϐ‹”‡ǡ‹–‹•„‘‹Ž‡† ƒ™ƒ›ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰•ƒŽ–ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘ȋŽ˜ƒ•‹‘—”‡ͳͻͲͶǣͳ͵͸ȌǤ

 ‹Ž–‡”‹‰™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ ‘‘‹‘–Š‡””‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†•— Šƒ•ˆ”‹ ƒǡ•‹ƒǡƒ† ‡•‘ƒ‡”‹ ƒǡƒ†–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–‡Šƒ†–‘„‡”‡’‡ƒ–‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–‹‡•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹’—”‹–‹‡• ™‡”‡”‡‘˜‡†ȋ†”‡™•ͳͻͺͲǢ‘ƒŠͳͻͻ͸Ǣƒ˜‹•‘ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ ƒ‰ƒƒ†‡ŽŽ‡ͳͻ͸ͺǢ ‘—Ž‡–“—‡” ͳͻ͹ͶǢ‘˜‡Œ‘›ͳͻͺ͸Ǣƒ ‹‘ƒ†‡’‡ •ͳͻͺͻǢ‘”‰ƒͳͻ͹ͶǢ—Ž–Šƒ—ˆͳͻ͹ͺǢ‡“—‹ ͳͻ͸ͳǢƒ”•‘•ʹͲͲͳǢ—––‘ƒ†‘„‡”–•ͳͻ͸ͺȌǤŠ‹Ž‡‹–‹•—‘™‹ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ– ‘”•ϐ‹Ž–‡”‡†–Š‡‹”„”‹‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡–‹‡•ǡ‘—‹• — Š‡”‡ƒ—†‡–Ǥ‡‹•ǡ–Š‡ϐ‹”•– ‘ƒ†ƒ–‘ˆ

ͳͷͲ • Volume 25, 2015 ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ǡ”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–ǡDzŠ‡•ƒŽ–•‡ —”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ †‹ƒ•ȏ–Š‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•Ȑ™ƒ•™Š‹–‡” ƒ†’—”‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•ƒŽ––Šƒ– ƒ‡ˆ”‘ ”ƒ ‡dzȋƒ•–ƒÓ‡†ƒͳͻ͵͸ǣͳͺǢ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶʹǣͳ͵ͻȌǤ ‹˜‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•ƒŽ–ǡ‹–”‡ƒ‹•ƒ†‹•–‹ –’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ– ‘”•ϐ‹Ž–‡”‡†–Š‡‹”„”‹‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡–‹‡•Ǥƒ””‹‰’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ’”‘Ž‘‰‡††”‘—‰Š–ǡ–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•ƒ– –Š‡’’‡”ƒ†‹––Ž‡Ž‹ •™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡‡‡†‡†–‘™ƒŽˆƒ”ˆ‘”ϐ‹Ž–‡”‹‰™ƒ–‡”•‹ ‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ”‡‡• ”—–Š”‘—‰Š‘”ƒ†Œƒ ‡––‘–Š‡•‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–•ǤŠƒ†ˆ—Ž‘ˆ„‘––Ž‡ƒ†Œƒ”ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ ”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†ˆ”‘”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ǡƒ†‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–‘‡‘”„‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡˜‡••‡Žˆ‘”•™‡”‡ —•‡†–‘–”ƒ•’‘”–™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”‡‡•–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”„›ϐ‹Ž–‡”‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

 Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘•‘‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡ƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘—•‡† ™‘˜‡„ƒ•‡–•ƒ†™ƒ–‡”–‘ϐ‹Ž–‡”–Š‡•ƒŽ–‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‹ŽǤ†‡”‡ƒ–Šƒ–Š‹Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ•ƒ†ƒ––Š‡ ’’‡”ƒ†‹––Ž‡•ƒŽ–Ž‹ •Ž‹‡•ƒ•‹œ‡ƒ„Ž‡†‡’‘•‹–‘ˆ‰”ƒ› Žƒ›ǡ„—––Š‹• Žƒ›™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹ŽŽǦ•—‹–‡† ˆ‘”’‘––‡”›’”‘†— –‹‘‰‹˜‡‹–•Š‹‰Š•ƒ† ‘–‡–Ǥ ƒƒ”–‹ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ‘—†‘ˆ•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘†‡„”‹•ƒ– –Š‡‹––Ž‡‹ ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’—”‡†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ‰”ƒ› Žƒ› ƒ„‡•‡‡‹–Š‡‘—†ǯ••‘‹Ž’”‘ϐ‹Ž‡Ǥ •’—”‡ Žƒ›†‡’‘•‹–••— Šƒ•–Š‡•‡Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡†‘ —‡–‡†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡‡ƒ”–Š‡•‡•ƒŽ–Ž‹ •ǡ‹–‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘™‡”‡—•‹‰ϐ‹Ž–‡”‡† Žƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ––‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹” ‡”ƒ‹ ˜‡••‡Ž•Ǥ ˆ –Š‡›™‡”‡ϐ‹Ž–‡”‹‰–Š‡•ƒŽ–‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ†—•‹‰„ƒ•‡–•ǡ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›’—”‡†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ Žƒ›™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ„›’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••ǡƒ•–Š‡Š‡ƒ˜‹‡”•ƒ†‰”ƒ‹•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡•‡––Ž‡†–‘–Š‡„‘––‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•‡–Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡” Žƒ›’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•–‘ƒ ——Žƒ–‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›‘–‘’Ǥ

Cooking and Vessel Technology  Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘–‡ Š‹“—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡‡”‹ ƒ †‹ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹ ƒ—•‡†–‘‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡•ƒŽ–ˆ”‘Ž‹“—‹†„”‹‡ǣsal solar ȋ•—•ƒŽ–Ȍƒ†sal cocida ȋ ‘‘‡†•ƒŽ–Ȍȋ†”‡™• ͳͻͺ͵ǣͳͲͺǦͳͳ͵ȌǤŠ‡ϐ‹”•–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡ Š‹“—‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‰„”‹‡‹•ŠƒŽŽ‘™’‘‘Ž•‘” „‡†•™Š‡”‡‹–‹•‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡†—•‹‰Š‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›ˆ”‘–Š‡•—ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†‡–Š‘†ǡsal cocidaǡ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘„”‹‡–Šƒ–‹•Dz ‘‘‡†dz†‹”‡ –Ž›‘˜‡”ƒϐ‹”‡‘”‹†‹”‡ –Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡—•‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡†•–‘‡•ǤSal solar”‡“—‹”‡•‘ˆ—‡Žǡ„—––Š‹•‡–Š‘†‹•‘ˆ–‡‘Ž›’”ƒ –‹ ‡†‹ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹• ƒƒ„—†ƒ–•—’’Ž›‘ˆ•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ǡ™ƒ”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡƒ•–‡ƒ†›„”‡‡œ‡ǡŽ‹‹–‡†–”‡‡ ‘˜‡”ǡƒ†ƒ ’”‡†‹ –ƒ„Ž‡†”›•‡ƒ•‘ǤƒŽ–’”‘†— ‡†˜‹ƒ–Š‡sal cocida ‡–Š‘†‹•‘–„‘—†„›•— ŠŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ†–Š—•ǡsal cocida™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†‹‘Ǧ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡsal cocida ‘—Ž†’”‘†— ‡ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡•ƒŽ–‹ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ‹—–‡•‘”Š‘—”•™Š‡”‡ƒ•sal solar ƒ›–ƒ‡†ƒ›•‘”‡˜‡™‡‡•ȋ”‹†‰‡ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ƒ›‹•–ƒ ‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡–™‘‡–Š‘†• ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡—•‡†‹–ƒ†‡™Š‡”‡Ž‹“—‹†„”‹‡™ƒ• ‘‘‡†—–‹Ž‹–ˆ‘”‡†ƒ•‡‹Ǧ•‘Ž‹†•ƒŽ–•Ž—””›ƒ† –Š‡†”‹‡†—•‹‰•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›Ǥ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ǡ‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•’”‡ˆ‡””‡† –Š‡sal cocida –‡ Š‹“—‡ǡƒ•‹•‡˜‹†‡ ‡†„›–Š‡–‡•‘ˆ–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ„”‘‡’‘––‡”›•Š‡”†•Ž‡ˆ– „‡Š‹†ƒ––Š‡’’‡”ƒ†‹––Ž‡•ƒŽ–Ž‹ •ǤŠ‡‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•Š‡”†•„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘ –Š‹Ǧ™ƒŽŽ‡†ǡŠ‡‹•’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ„‘™Ž•ǤŠ‡•‡„‘™Ž•ƒ”‡–‡’‡”‡†™‹–Š•Š‡ŽŽƒ†ƒ‹š‘ˆ‰”‘‰ǡ•ƒ†ǡƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŽ‘•–ƒŽŽƒ”‡’Žƒ‹ǡ–Š‘—‰Š• ”ƒ’‡ƒ”•ǡ’‘••‹„Ž›”‡•—Ž–‹‰ˆ”‘•ƒŽ–‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ǡ ƒ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›„‡•‡‡‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•Š‡”†•Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͷͳ  Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‡ƒ•–‡”‘”–Š‡”‹ ƒǡ–Š‡‘•– ‘‘˜‡••‡Žƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰ ‹•–Š‡–Š‹ Ǧ™ƒŽŽ‡†ǡ„ƒ•‹Ǧ•Šƒ’‡†•ƒŽ–’ƒǤ–•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ††‘•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘•‹–‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘•‡‹ •‘—–Š‡””ƒ•ƒ•ǡ•ƒŽ–’ƒ•™‡”‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›’‘––‡”›˜‡••‡Ž‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡•• ȋƒ”Ž›ͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ǡƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‘”–Š™‡•–‡”‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡ–Š‹•†‘‡•‘–•‡‡ –‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ•‹ ‡ˆ‡™ǡ‹ˆƒ›•ƒŽ–’ƒ•Š‡”†•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‹Ž‡ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•’Žƒ›‡†•‘‡”‘Ž‡ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•‘˜‡”•ƒŽ–’ƒ•ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ– ‘”•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽƒ–‡’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ Ǧ‡ƒ”Ž›Š‹•–‘”‹ ’‡”‹‘†–”‡†•‡‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‘—–Š‡ƒ•– ™Š‡”‡•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•‘”Œƒ”•–‡†–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡•ƒŽ–’ƒ•ȋ ‹‰—”‡•ͷƒ†͸Ȍȋ”‘™ͳͻͻͻǢ—„ƒ•ƒ† —ƒ•ʹͲͳʹǢ—ƒ•ʹͲͲ͹ǣͷ͵͸Ǣ‡‘–•—ʹͲͲͷȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–‹•‘–‘™ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹™Š›–Š‡ ƒ††‘ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•’”‡ˆ‡””‡†—•‹‰•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•ǡ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‹•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”•ƒŽ–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰—”‘’‡ƒ ‘–ƒ –Ǥ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡‹”•ƒŽ–’ƒ ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•ǡ•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•–‘‘Ž‡•• Žƒ›–‘ƒ‡ƒ†™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ•Š‘”–‡”ϐ‹”‹‰–‹‡–Š—• ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒŽƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ„‘™Ž•–‘„‡’”‘†— ‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›“—‹ Ž›ǤŠ‡–Š‹™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž• ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘’‡”‹––‡†Š‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›–‘„‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†‘”‡“—‹ Ž›ˆ”‘–Š‡ϐ‹”‡–‘–Š‡„”‹‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡–Š‹ ™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆƒ•ƒŽ–’ƒȋ”‹†‰‡ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‹ ‡–Š‡–Š‹™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ– „‘™Ž•ƒ”‡’”‘‡–‘•’ƒŽŽ‹‰ǡ–Š‡› ‘—Ž†•‡Ž†‘„‡—•‡†‘”‡–Šƒ‘ ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡„”‡ƒ‹‰ǤŠ‹•™‘—Ž† ‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ǡ•‹ ‡ Žƒ›ˆ‘”ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜‡••‡Ž•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ”‡ƒ†‹Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹‹š‡††‡’‘•‹–•†‹”‡ –Ž›„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–•Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͷǤ‡– Š‘ˆƒ•ƒŽ–’ƒƒ†ƒ•ƒŽ–„‘™ŽǤ

ͳͷʹ • Volume 25, 2015 ‹‰—”‡͸ǤƒŽ–‘™Žˆ”‘–Š‡‹––Ž‡‹ ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ

 Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’”‡ ‡†‡–‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ˆ‘”„”‹‡‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘˜‡••‡Ž•„‡‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ† ϐ‹”‡†‘ˆˆǦ•‹–‡‹‘”†‡”–‘ ‘•‡”˜‡™‘‘†ˆ—‡Ž‡ƒ”–Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ”‘™ʹͲͳͲǡʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ„—––Š‹•†‘‡• ‘–•‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ ˆˆ—‡Ž• ƒ” ‹–›™ƒ•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‹–‹•Ž‹‡Ž› –Šƒ––Š‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— ‡”•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘Ž‹ –‘Ž‹  ‘•—‹‰–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ—‡Ž”‡•‘—” ‡• ™Š‹Ž‡Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽŽ›•–”ƒ–‹ϐ‹‡††‡’‘•‹–•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Šˆ—‡Ž™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›„‡‡ƒ ‘ ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•ǡ‹–‹•—Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ•‡”‹‘—•ˆ—‡Ž•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ǡ •‹ ‡‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–Ž‹ •ƒ––Š‹••‹–‡ ‘’Ž‡š†‘‘– ‘–ƒ‹‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆƒ††‘•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ ŠŠ‹•–‘”‹ƒ‡ƒ‰‡–‘‹‡‹‘†—”ƒ–œȋͳ͹ͷͺǣ͵Ͳ͹Ǧ͵ͲͺȌƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡••‘‡‹•‹‰Š– ‹–‘–Š‹•‹••—‡ǣ

Š‹•ȏ•ƒŽ‹‡Ȑ™ƒ–‡”’ƒ••‡•™‹–Š‘—–†‘—„––Š”‘—‰Š•‘‡•ƒŽ–‹‡•Ǥ –Šƒ•–Š‡•ƒŽ––ƒ•–‡ ™‹–Š‘—–Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡„‹––‡”‡••‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒǤŠ‡ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘‡ˆ”‘“—‹–‡Ž‘‰ †‹•–ƒ ‡•–‘–Š‹•’Žƒ ‡–‘Š—–†—”‹‰–Š‡™‹–‡”ƒ†–‘ƒ‡•ƒŽ–Š‡”‡Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ”‡ Š •‘Ž†–Š‡‡––Ž‡•they made earthen pots on the spot ȏ‡’Šƒ•‹•ƒ††‡†Ȑˆ‘”–Š‹•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡–Š‡›Šƒ†‡‘—‰Š‘ˆƒŽ‘ƒ†–Š‡›”‡–—”–‘–Š‡‹”‘™ ‘—–”›Ž‘ƒ†‡†™‹–Š•ƒŽ–ƒ††”› ‡ƒ–•ȋ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͳͳǣ͹ͺȌǤ

††‹–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”‘Ǧ•‹–‡’‘––‡”›’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ„‡•‡‡‹–Š‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘†‡„”‹• ‹††‡•™Š‡”‡—••‡Ž•Š‡ŽŽ•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—•‡†–‘–‡’‡”–Š‡•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•ǡ™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‹ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ‰”ƒ›’‘––‹‰ Žƒ›Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͷ͵   ‡‡‘—‰Š’‘––‹‰ Žƒ›Šƒ†„‡‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ǡ–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡—•‡†ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘‹Ž‹‰ƒ†‘Ž†‹‰–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹”•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Šƒ˜‡ ϐŽƒ–„ƒ•‡•ǡ„—–‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‘–— ‘‘ˆ‘”•‘‡„‘™Ž•–‘Šƒ˜‡•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›”‘—†‡†„ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡„ƒ•‡•‘ˆ –Š‡„‘™Ž•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡„›™”ƒ’’‹‰ƒ Žƒ› ‘‹Žƒ”‘—†‹–•‡Žˆ‹ƒ•’‹”ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”Ǥ ‡ –Š‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡••‡Ž™ƒ•ƒ†‡ǡ•–ƒ†ƒ”†Ǧ•‹œ‡†‘Ž†•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—•‡†–‘Š‡Ž’•Šƒ’‡–Š‡”‡•– ‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡••‡ŽǤŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡”‹†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘Ž†•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ„‘—–ʹͲ ™‹–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ› ͻͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡”‹•Š‡”††‹ƒ‡–‡”•ˆƒŽŽ‹‰„‡–™‡‡ͳ͸ƒ†ʹͶ ȋ—„ƒ•ʹͲͳ͵„ǣʹͳȌǤŠ‡ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆƒ›˜‹•‹„Ž‡‡š–‡”‹‘”˜‡••‡Ž–”‡ƒ–‡–ǡ•— Šƒ•ˆƒ„”‹ ‘” ƒ‡‹’”‡••‹‘•ǡ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ ˜‡••‡Ž•™‡”‡‘Ž†‡†—•‹‰ƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–†‹†‘–Ž‡ƒ˜‡ƒ‘–‹ ‡ƒ„Ž‡‹’”‡••‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•™‘‘†ǡ ƒ‘–Š‡”’‘––‡”›„‘™Žǡ‘”Šƒ”†‡‡† Žƒ›Ǥ–’”‡•‡–ǡ‹–•‡‡•‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ–™‘‘†‘”ƒ‘–Š‡”•ƒŽ– „‘™Ž™ƒ•—•‡†•‹ ‡‘Šƒ”†‡‡† Žƒ›’‹–•‘”†‘‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‘—†Ǥ –‹••–‹ŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–ˆƒ„”‹ • ‘”„ƒ•‡–• ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—•‡†ƒ•‘Ž†•ǡ„—–‹ˆ–Š‹•™ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡–Š‡˜‡••‡Ž‡š–‡”‹‘”•‘” ‹–‡”‹‘”•™‡”‡•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ƒŽ–‡”‡†‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–•‘‘–Š‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡•‡‹’”‡••‹‘•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ –Š‡‹”•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†”‹†‹ƒ‡–‡”•ǡ–Š‡”‹–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡•‡˜‡••‡Ž•™ƒ•ˆƒ‹”Ž› ‘•‹•–‡–”ƒ‰‹‰ „‡–™‡‡Ͷƒ†͹Ǥ— ŠŽ‘™†‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ›„‡”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†•ƒŽ– ’”‘†— –‹‘’”‘ ‡••‰‡ƒ”‡†ƒ–’”‘†— ‹‰Žƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–ƒ•“—‹ Ž›ƒ†‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–Ž›ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ

 Š‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†˜‡••‡Ž–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‰„”‹‡„‡‰ƒ–‘ Šƒ‰‡•‘‡–‹‡ƒˆ–‡” •—•–ƒ‹‡†—”‘’‡ƒ ‘–ƒ –‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ƒ•–Š‡ƒ††‘„‡‰ƒ–‘‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‡–ƒŽ ‡––Ž‡•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”‡ ŠǤ ‘”†‹‰–‘‡ƒ‰‡†—”ƒ–œǡ™Š‘‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡˜‹•‹–‡† ”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ǡ–Š‡ ”‡ Š™‘—Ž†•‡ŽŽ„”ƒ••‡––Ž‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ††‘ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰ ȋ‡ƒ‰‡†—”ƒ–œͳ͹ͷͺǣ͵Ͳ͹Ǧ͵ͲͺǢ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘™ƒ–‘ͳͻͳͳǣ͹ͺȌǤŠ‹Ž‡‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡––Ž‡• Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‘—†ƒ––Š‡•‡•ƒŽ–™‘”•–‘†ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‹•‹•‘–•—”’”‹•‹‰•‹ ‡‘•–ǡ‹ˆ‘–ƒŽŽǡ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡”•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡ › Ž‡†‘””‡’—”’‘•‡†‹•‘‡ƒ‡”ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ”ƒ‹ͳͻ͹ͻǣͳ͸ͶǢ—‹„› ͳͻ͸ͺǣ͹ʹǢ‘‘Ž™‘”–Šͳͻ͹ͷǣͻͳȌǤ

 ‡”›ˆ‡™‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆϐ‹”‡ǦƒŽ–‡”‡†•–‘‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†ˆ”‘”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ǤŠ‹•ǡ ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ„—†ƒ ‡‘ˆ Šƒ””‡†™‘‘†”‡ƒ‹••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡„”‹‡™ƒ•Š‡ƒ–‡†„›’Žƒ ‹‰ –Š‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘˜‡••‡Ž•†‹”‡ –Ž›‘˜‡”ƒϐ‹”‡Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”†‹”‡ –Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘˜‡”‹†‹”‡ – Š‡ƒ–‹‰‹•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ ‘—–ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‡–Ž‡ƒ‘ˆŽ˜ƒ•™Š‘‘„•‡”˜‡†–Š‡ƒ††‘ ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‰Ž‹“—‹†„”‹‡†‹”‡ –Ž›‘˜‡”ƒϐ‹”‡ȋ‘—”‡ͳͻͲͶǣͳ͵͸Ǣ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶ͸ǣ͵ͲͳȌǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‹‘’‡Ǧƒ‹”Š‡ƒ”–Š•‘‘”ƒ”‘—†‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ†Œƒ ‡– –‘–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–ȋ ‹‰—”‡͹ȌǤ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•–‘”‡ƒ‹ƒ––Š‡•‹–‡†—”‹‰„”‹‡ˆ ’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ”ƒ‹ǡ–Š‡•‡‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒ‰‘‘†•‘—” ‡‘ˆ™‘‘†ˆ‘”•Šƒ†‡ƒ†ˆ—‡Ž •‹ ‡–”‡‡•ƒ”‡”ƒ”‡Ž›ƒ„Ž‡–‘‰”‘™‘–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–‹–•‡Žˆ†—‡–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š•ƒŽ– ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‹ŽǤ––Š‡ ’’‡”‹ ǡ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘†‡„”‹•‹• ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‘‹††‹•Š •Žƒ†ǡƒʹǦŠ‹‰Š ”‹•‡‹–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͵Ȍǡ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡‹––Ž‡‹ ǡƒͳǦŠ‹‰Š†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž› ‘•–”— –‡†”‹•‡‘ –Š‡‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ– ‘’‘•‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘ˆ•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘†‡„”‹•™ƒ•—–‹Ž‹œ‡†ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͺȌǤ

ͳͷͶ • Volume 25, 2015 ‹‰—”‡͹Ǥ„‹•‡ –‡†‘’‡ƒ‹”Š‡ƒ”–Š‘–Š‡‹––Ž‡‹ ƒŽ– Žƒ–Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͺǤ”‘ϐ‹Ž‡ —–ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—†‘ˆ•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘†‡„”‹•ƒ––Š‡‹––Ž‡‹ ƒŽ– Žƒ–Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͷͷ Transport and Trade  ˆ–‡”–Š‡•ƒŽ–™ƒ•‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡†‘—–‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†„”‹‡ǡ–Š‡’”‘†— ‡”•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‡‡†‡†–‘ †”›–Š‡•ƒŽ– ƒ‡•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡› ‘—Ž†„‡•–‘”‡†‘”–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ™ƒ›•–Šƒ––Š‹• ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Ž‡ˆ–‹–Š‡•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž‘˜‡”ƒϐ‹”‡—–‹Ž‹– ™ƒ• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›†”›ǤŠ‹•‡–Š‘†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡”‡•—Ž–‡†‹†”‹‡†•ƒŽ–•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ›‹‰‘–Š‡ ‹–‡”‹‘”™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡••‡Ž•ǡ‡ƒ‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡˜‡••‡Ž•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡• ”ƒ’‡†‘—–‘”„”‘‡‘’‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›–‘”‡‘˜‡–Š‡•ƒŽ–ǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š˜‡••‡Ž„”‡ƒƒ‰‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ• ”ƒ’‡ƒ”• ˆ‘—†‘–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•Ž‡†•‘‡•—’’‘”––‘–Š‹•Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‰‹˜‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š •’ƒŽŽ‹‰”ƒ–‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‰•ƒŽ–™ƒ–‡”ǡ‹–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š„‘™Ž ‘—Ž† ‘Ž›„‡—•‡†‘ ‡ƒ›™ƒ›ȋ‡‘–•—ʹͲͲͷǣ͵ʹȌǤ

 –‹•ƒŽ•‘’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‡sal solar –‡ Š‹“—‡™ƒ•—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•ϐ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘ǤSal solar ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘”‡ˆ—‡Ž‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–ǡ„—––Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘”Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‹•–‡ Š‹“—‡™ƒ•—•‡†Ǥ ˆ‹–™ƒ•—•‡†ǡ–Š‡–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡•‹’Ž›Ž‡ˆ––Š‡ •ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›Ǧ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡†•ƒŽ–•Ž—””‹‡•‘—–‹–Š‡•—ǤŠ‡› ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘Žƒ‹†–Š‡ •‡‹Ǧ•‘Ž‹†•ƒŽ– ƒ‡•‘—––‘†”›‘’‹‡ ‡•‘ˆˆƒ„”‹ ǤŠ‹•Žƒ––‡”‡–Š‘†™‘—Ž†’”‡•—ƒ„Ž›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘—•‹–Šƒ–‘ ‡–Š‡•ƒŽ– ƒ‡•™‡”‡†”›–Š‡› ‘—Ž†‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‡™”ƒ’’‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆƒ„”‹  ƒ†’”‡’ƒ”‡†ˆ‘”–”ƒ•’‘”–‘”•–‘”ƒ‰‡Ǥ

 –Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳ͸ͺͲ•ǡ ‡”‹ ‘—–‡Žǡƒ•—”˜‹˜‘”‘ˆ‡±Ǧ‘„‡”–ƒ˜‡Ž‹‡”‹‡—”†‡ƒƒŽŽ‡ǯ•ˆƒ‹Ž‡† ƒ––‡’––‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ ‘Ž‘›ƒ––Š‡‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹‹˜‡”ǡ”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–Š‡‡ ‘—–‡”‡† –™‘ƒ††‘–”ƒ†‡”•‘–Š‡‹”™ƒ›–‘–Š‡—ƒ’ƒ™–‘•‡ŽŽ„‘™•ǡƒ””‘™•ǡƒ†•ƒŽ–Ǥ ‡†‡• ”‹„‡†–Š‡ •ƒŽ– ƒ‡•ƒ•DzŽ‹––Ž‡Ž‘ƒ˜‡•ǥ™‡‹‰Š‹‰ƒ„‘—––™‘–‘–Š”‡‡’‘—†•ƒ’‹‡ ‡dzȋ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶʹǣͳ͵ͺǦͳ͵ͻȌǤ Š‡•‡–”ƒ†‡”• Žƒ‹‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡‰‘––‡–Š‡•ƒŽ–ˆ”‘–Š‡—‹ ƒǡ™Š‹ Š”ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ– ‘Ǧƒ††‘‰”‘—’•™‡”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘‹‘”–Š™‡•–‡”‘—‹•‹ƒƒ‘”ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ– ‘”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹– ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡–Šƒ––Š‡—‹ ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š‹••ƒŽ–ˆ”‘‘‡ƒ††‘‰”‘—’ ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ†‡†‹––‘ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‰”‘—’‘ˆƒ††‘–”ƒ†‡”•Ǥ‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ‹ˆ–Š‡—‹ ƒƒ†‡–Š‡•ƒŽ– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‘”–”ƒ†‡†ˆ‘”‹–ǡ‹ˆ ‘—–‡Žǯ•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†ƒ–›’‹ ƒŽ—‹–‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡ˆ‘”•ƒŽ–ǡ–Š‡ –Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒ‹‰•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›•‹œ‡†•ƒŽ– ƒ‡•Ǥ ‹˜‡ –Š‡Ž‹‹–‡†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†„›–Š‡•ƒŽ–„‘™Ž•ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”–Š‡ ”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”••ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•–‘’”‘†— ‡ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡ–™‘Ǧ–Š”‡‡’‘—†•ƒŽ– ƒ‡Ǥ

 ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ ‘—–‡Žǯ•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡ƒǦƒ’–‹•–‡‡‘›‡ǡ‹‡—”†‡‹‡˜‹ŽŽ‡”‡’‘”–‡† ‹ƒ” Š‘ˆͳ͹ͲͲ–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ’’‡‡†—’‘ƒ•ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’‘ˆ—ƒ Š‹–ƒ™‹–ŠDz•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒ‘‡•Ž‘ƒ†‡† ™‹–Š•ƒŽ–dz–‘•‡ŽŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ‡•ƒƒ†–Šƒ–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†ƒ›•Žƒ–‡”Š‡ƒŽ•‘‡ ‘—–‡”‡†Dz•‹šƒ† Š‹–‘•‘ –Š‡‹”™ƒ›–‘–Š‡‘”‘ƒ•–‘•‡ŽŽ•ƒŽ–dzȋ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ͳͻͺͳǣͳͶ͸ǦͳͶͻȌǤ  —‡‘ˆͳ͹ͳ͸ǡ‹‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ƒŽ•‘ ”‡’‘”–‡†•‡‡‹‰‡‹‰Š–ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•–”ƒ†‡”•‹ƒ’‹”‘‰—‡ϐ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š•ƒŽ–Ǥ ”‘–Š‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǡ‹– ƒ›„‡ƒ••—‡†–Šƒ–•ƒŽŽ‰”‘—’•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡”•ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰‹•‹œ‡ˆ”‘–™‘–‘Ž‡••–Šƒƒ†‘œ‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ™‡”‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”•‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†–”ƒ†‹‰•ƒŽ–Ǥƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ••‡ŽŽ‹‰•ƒŽ–™‡”‡‘–‹˜‘Ž˜‡† †‹”‡ –Ž›‹–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡƒ•‹•‡˜‹†‡ ‡†„› ‘—–‡Žǯ•ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘–”ƒ†‡”•™Š‘

ͳͷ͸ • Volume 25, 2015 ™‡”‡•‡ŽŽ‹‰•ƒŽ–ƒ “—‹”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡—‹ ƒǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–•‘‡•ƒŽ––”ƒ†‡”•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘„‡‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•‘””‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž––‘ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ–Šƒ†ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘™‘‡™‡”‡‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒ‹‰•ƒŽ–ǡ–Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”–”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰ƒ†–”ƒ†‹‰–Š‡•ƒŽ– ƒ‡•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ˆƒŽŽ‡–‘–Š‡‹”ƒŽ‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ

 –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ–Š‡ ”‡ Š‡š’Ž‘”‡” ‡ƒƒ’–‹•–‡±ƒ”††‡Žƒ ƒ”’‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘™‡”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘†— ‹‰ƒ†–”ƒ†‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–Ǥ  ͳ͹ͳͺǡŽƒ ƒ”’‡™ƒ• ‘‹••‹‘‡†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ–”ƒ†‹‰’‘•–ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ†‘Šƒ†ƒ Š‘‡ƒ”’”‡•‡–Ǧ †ƒ›‡šƒ”ƒƒǡ‡šƒ•Ǥƒ–‡”ǡ‹ƒ›‘ˆͳ͹ͳͻǡŠ‡•‡––™‘‘ˆŠ‹••‘Ž†‹‡”•‘—––‘’—” Šƒ•‡•ƒŽ–ˆ”‘ ƒ•ƒŽ‹‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–Š”‡‡†ƒ›•ǯŒ‘—”‡›ƒ™ƒ›„›•–”‡ƒǤŠ‡•‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•”‡–—”‡†–‘Žƒ ƒ”’‡ǯ•–”ƒ†‹‰ ’‘•–™‹–ŠʹͲͲŽ„•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–ȋƒ”‰”›ͳͺ͹ͷǦͳͺͺ͸ǣʹ͹ʹǢ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶʹǣͳ͵ͻǦͳͶͲȌǤŠ‡’ƒ‹•Š‹••‹‘ƒ”› ”ƒ› —ƒ‰—•–À‘”ϐ‹ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡••‘‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘Š‘™— Š•ƒŽ–ƒ•ƒŽ‹‡™ƒ• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ ’”‘†— ‹‰Ǥ ‡’–‡„‡”‘ˆͳ͹ʹͳŠ‡”‡’‘”–‡†ǣ

Š‡ †‹ƒ•‹ˆ‘”‡†Š‹ȏƒ”“—‹•‘ˆƒ‹‰—‡Ž†‡‰—ƒ›‘ǡ–Š‡’ƒ‹•Š‰‘˜‡”‘”‘ˆ ‘ƒŠ—‹Žƒƒ†‡šƒ•Ȑ‘ˆƒ•ƒŽ‹‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ϐ‹ˆ–‡‡Ž‡ƒ‰—‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘”–ȏ‘•†ƒ‡•ȐǤŽ‹‡—–‡ƒ– ™ƒ••‡–™‹–Š–™‡–›‡–‘”‡ ‘‘‹–‡”‹–ǡ™Š‘„”‘—‰Š–„ƒ –™‡–›Ǧϐ‹˜‡—Ž‡•Žƒ†‡™‹–Š •ƒŽ–‘”‡ǡ‘ˆ•— ŠŠ‹‰Š‰”ƒ†‡–Šƒ–‹–›‹‡Ž†‡†ϐ‹ˆ–›’‡” ‡–Ǣ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ‘‡ƒ””‘„ƒ‘ˆ•ƒŽ–‘”‡›‹‡Ž†• ŠƒŽˆƒƒ””‘„ƒ‘ˆ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–•ƒŽ–ȋ‘”ϐ‹ͳͻ͵ͷǣʹͳ͹ǦʹͳͻǢ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶʹǣ͸ͶȌǤ

”‘–Š‹•ƒ ‘—–ǡƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ•ƒŽ––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘–”ƒ†‡†–‘–Š‡’ƒ‹•Š ƒ„‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‹ˆ‡ƒ Š—Ž‡‘Ž› ƒ””‹‡†–™‘Ž‘ƒ˜‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–ƒ†‹ˆ‡ƒ ŠŽ‘ƒˆ™‡‹‰Š‡†–™‘–‘ –Š”‡‡’‘—†•ǡƒ• ‘—–‡Ž•—‰‰‡•–‡†ǡ–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͳͲͲǦͳͷͲŽ„•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–™‡”‡–”ƒ†‡†–‘–Š‡’ƒ‹•Šƒ––Š‡ ‘•†ƒ‡•’”‡•‹†‘Ǥ

Š‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ ‘—–••—‰‰‡•––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ††‘•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”• ƒ›Šƒ˜‡•–‘”‡†Ž‘ƒ˜‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–ƒ–‘”‡ƒ”ƒ•ƒŽ‹‡Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘‡‡’ƒ‡›‡‘–Š‡‹”•ƒŽ–•–‘”‡•ǡ–Š‡•ƒŽ– ƒ‡”•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†–‘”‡ƒ‹ƒ––Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡—–‹Ž–Š‡‹””‡•‡”˜‡•™‡”‡‡’–‹‡†ǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡› ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ƒ””‹‡†–Š‡•ƒŽ–™‹–Š–Š‡™Š‡‡˜‡”–Š‡›Ž‡ˆ––Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡ˆ‘”‡š–‡†‡†’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ–‹‡ǡ •‹ ‡‹–™ƒ•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›‘–— ‘‘ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‹‡•–‘„‡”ƒ‹†‡†ȋ‹„Ž‡›ͳͻʹʹǣʹʹǦʹ͵ȌǤ

 ˆ–‡”–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•‹ͳ͹ͳͶǡ–Š‡ƒ††‘ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ•Š‘”–Œ‘—”‡›ˆ”‘ƒƒŒ‘” ”‡ Š–”ƒ†‹‰’‘•–ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤ –‹•ƒŽ•‘‘ ‘‹ ‹†‡ ‡ –Šƒ–ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǯ•‘Ž†‡•–’‡”ƒ‡–•‡––Ž‡‡–ǡ‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†•‘ Ž‘•‡–‘”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ– ‘”•ǤŠ‹•ˆƒ –†‹†‘–‡• ƒ’‡–Ǥ‡‹•ǡ™Š‘‘–‡†‹–™ƒ•–Š‡ ”‡ Š†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”•ƒŽ––Šƒ–Š‡Ž’‡† –‘„”‹‰–Š‡•‡–™‘‰”‘—’•–‘‰‡–Š‡”ȋƒ•–ƒÓ‡†ƒͳͻ͵͸ǣͳͺȌǤ ƒ “—‡•†‡ŽƒŠƒ‹•‡ǡƒ ”‡ Š”‘›ƒŽ ‘‹••‹‘‡”ǡƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡••‘‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘—–Ž‘‘‘•ƒŽ–‹‘—‹•‹ƒƒ™Š‡ Š‡”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ–ǡDzƒŽ–‹•‡š–”‡‡Ž›”ƒ”‡Š‡”‡Ǥ”‹˜ƒ–‡’‡”•‘••‡ŽŽ‹–ˆ‘”ƒ•— Šƒ••‹š–›•‘—• ȏƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›̈́ͳǤʹͷ‹ —””‡–ǤǤ†‘ŽŽƒ”•Ȑƒ’‘—†dzȋ‘™Žƒ†ƒ†ƒ†‡”•ͳͻʹͻǣ͵ͳͶȌǤ

 Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆƒƒ”‡–‹ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘•– ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›”‡•—Ž–‡†‹‰”‡ƒ–‡” ’”‘ϐ‹–•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ††‘•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•ǡ‰‹˜‡–Š‡’”‘š‹‹–›‘ˆ”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•–‘–Š‹•–”ƒ†‹‰’‘•–Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͷ͹ ”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰„› ƒ‘‡ǡ‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡Ž‡••–Šƒƒƒˆ–‡”‘‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ††‘•ƒŽ––”ƒ†‡”•–‘”‡ƒ Š –Š‡ ‘ϐŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒŽ‹‡ƒ›‘—™‹–Š–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡› ‘—Ž†–Š‡–”ƒ†‡–Š‡‹”•ƒŽ––‘–Š‡ ”‡ ŠǤ ‹˜‡–Šƒ–‰Žƒ••–”ƒ†‡„‡ƒ†•ǡƒ‘Ž‹’‹’‡•–‡•ǡ‰—ϐŽ‹–•ǡ—”‘’‡ƒ’‘––‡”›ǡƒ†•ƒŽ–‡––Ž‡• Šƒ˜‡‡‹–Š‡”„‡‡ˆ‘—†ƒ––Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡•‘”™‡”‡”‡ ‘”†‡†„›—”‘’‡ƒ‡š’Ž‘”‡”•ǡ‹–‹•”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‹ˆ‡”–Šƒ––Š‡•‡‹–‡•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–”ƒ†‡†–‘–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•‹‡š Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘”•ƒŽ–ȋ‡ƒ‰‡†—”ƒ–œ ͳ͹ͷͺǣ͵Ͳ͹Ǧ͵ͲͺǢ—„ƒ•ʹͲͳ͵ƒǢ ”‡‰‘”›ͳͻ͹͵ǣʹͷ͹Ǣ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶ͸ǣ͵ͲͳǦ͵ͲʹȌǤ

–‡„‡ŽŽ—ƒ†‹˜‹Žƒ”•‡‘ˆ”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•  Š‡ƒ††‘ ‘–‹—‡†–‘ƒ‡•ƒŽ–ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•—–‹Ž•‘‡–‹‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ Žƒ–‡‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ȋŠ‹ŽŽ‹’•ͳͻ͸ʹǢ‹„Ž‡›ͳͺͲͷǣͷ͸Ǣ‡ƒ– Š ͳͻͲʹǣͷͷǦͷ͸ȌǤ ’”‹Ž‘ˆͳͺͲͷǡ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ †‹ƒ‰‡– ‘Š‹„Ž‡›”‡’‘”–‡†–‘ ‡‡”ƒŽ‡ƒ”„‘”ǡ –Š‡‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆƒ”ǡ–Šƒ–Dz–™‘‘Ž†‡dz™‡”‡ƒ‹‰•‹š„—•Š‡Ž•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–‡ƒ Š†ƒ›ˆ”‘ƒ†‘œ‡ •ƒŽ–™‡ŽŽ•ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ȋ‹„Ž‡›ͳͺͲͷǣͶͻǦ͸ͷǢ‡ƒ– ŠͳͻͲʹǣͷͷǦͷ͸ȌǤ›ͳͺͳ͸ǡ–Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡Šƒ† ƒ “—‹”‡†–Š‡ƒ‡†Dz‘•–Ž‡™ƒ‹–ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•dzƒˆ–‡”‹–• —””‡–‘™‡”ȋŠ‹ŽŽ‹’•ͳͻ͸ʹǣ͵͵ȌǤ –Š‡‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͺͶͲ•ǡ‡—„‡”ƒ‡ǡ™Š‘„›–Š‹•–‹‡‘™‡†— Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡ǡ‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‡†—‡”‘—•™‘‘†ǦŽ‹‡† •ƒŽ–™‡ŽŽ•Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡™‡ŽŽ•™ƒ•†”‹ŽŽ‡†–‘ƒ†‡’–Š‘ˆͳͲͳͳˆ–Ǥƒ†™ƒ• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘†— ‹‰ͳͺ–‘ ʹͲ‰ƒŽŽ‘•‘ˆ„”‹‡ƒ‹—–‡ȋ ‹Ž‰ƒ”†ͳͺͺ͵ȌǤŠ‡„”‹‡ˆ”‘™‡ŽŽ••— Šƒ•–Š‹•™ƒ•‘ˆ–‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡† ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–‘”’—’‡†‹–‘ƒ–”‡ Š™Š‡”‡‹–™ƒ•–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†–‘ƒ„‘‹Ž‹‰ˆ—”ƒ ‡Ǥ‘‡ ˆ—”ƒ ‡• ‘–ƒ‹‡†”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ”‘” ‹” —Žƒ”•ƒŽ–‡––Ž‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•Š‘—•‡†ƒ ›Ž‹†”‹ ƒŽ‡–ƒŽ „‘‹Ž‡”–Šƒ–™ƒ••’Ž‹–‹ŠƒŽˆƒ†‘—†‡†‘‡ƒ Š•‹†‡™‹–Š„”‹ ƒ†Ȁ‘”ˆ‡””—‰‹‘—••ƒ†•–‘‡Ǥ Š‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡††”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•†—”‹‰–Š‡‹˜‹Ž ƒ”ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹‘Ž‘ ƒ†‡‘ˆ‡™”Ž‡ƒ•‹ͳͺ͸ʹǤ ‡–Š‡’‘”–‘ˆ‡™”Ž‡ƒ• ™ƒ•”‡‘’‡‡†ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‡•‹˜‡•ƒŽ–’”‘†— –‹‘ ‡ƒ•‡†ƒ•–Š‹• ‘‘†‹–› ‘—Ž†‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡ ’”‘†— ‡†ƒ–ƒ ‘•––Šƒ–™‘—Ž†’‡”‹–‹––‘„‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‘ƒ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡–Ǥ

 ƒ‰‹‡†ƒ›‹–Š‡‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘ƒŽ–ƒ‡”•ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•  –™ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›•’”‹‰ǡ–Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ†ƒ›•ƒ‰‘ǡ–Š‡ ”‡ Š ‘ƒ†ƒ–ƒ––Š‡ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•–”ƒ†‹‰’‘•–Šƒ† ‘‹••‹‘‡†ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ•‹š‘—•–‹‘‹™‘‡ –‘ƒ‡ͳͲͲŽ„•Ǥ‘ˆ•ƒŽ–‹‡š Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘”‘‡›ƒ†ƒ›”‹ƒ†‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡‰‘‘†•‹ Ž—†‹‰„‡ƒ†‡† ‡ Žƒ ‡•ǡ•‘‹‰’‹’‡•ǡƒ†ƒ„”ƒ••‡––Ž‡Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‹•ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ–Š‡‘—•–‹‘‹•ƒŽ–ƒ‡”• Šƒ†„‡‡Šƒ”†ƒ–™‘”ǡƒ†–‘†ƒ›ǡ–Š‡›‡‡†‡†‘Ž›–‘ƒ‡ƒ†‘œ‡•ƒŽ– ƒ‡•„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ ŠǤ

 ’‘Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰–Š‡‹” ƒ’‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›Š‘—”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰ǡ–Š‡™‘‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†–Š‡‹” ™‘˜‡„ƒ•‡–•ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†‡†–Š‡—’™‹–ŠŒƒ”•ǡ„‘––Ž‡•ǡ’‹‡ ‡•‘ˆˆƒ„”‹ ǡƒ†•–ƒ •‘ˆ’‘––‡”›„‘™Ž•Ǥ Š‡›†‹†‘–Šƒ˜‡–‘™ƒŽˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡‹” ƒ’™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†Ž‹––Ž‡‘”‡–Šƒƒ•–‘‡ǯ•–Š”‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡ •ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–Ǥ ‡–Š‡›”‡ƒ Š‡†–Š‡‹”™‘”’Žƒ ‡ƒ†‡’–‹‡†–Š‡‹”„ƒ•‡–•ǡ–Š‡™‘‡™‡–‘—––‘ –Š‡ ‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽƒ–ƒ†„‡‰ƒ–‘• ”ƒ’‡—’•ƒŽŽ’‹Ž‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ–›•‘‹ŽǤˆ–‡”–™‡Ž˜‡’‹Ž‡•™‡”‡ƒ†‡ǡ –Š‡›™‡”‡• ‘‘’‡†‹–‘–Š‡™‘˜‡„ƒ•‡–•ƒ† ƒ””‹‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–ǯ•‡†‰‡Œ—•–„‡•‹†‡–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–Ǥ Š”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‘‡–‹‡†–Š‡•‡„ƒ•‡–•–‘™‘‘†‡’‘Ž‡•ƒ†–”‡‡Ž‹„•ƒ††—‰•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž‡•‹–Š‡

ͳͷͺ • Volume 25, 2015 ‰”‘—†„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡•—•’‡†‡†„ƒ•‡–•ǤŠ‡„ƒ•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡”ƒ‹ „‘™Ž•™‡”‡–Š‡’Žƒ ‡†‹–‘–Š‡•‡ †‡’”‡••‹‘••‘–Šƒ––Š‡›™‘—Ž†‘––‹’‘˜‡”Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‘–Š‡”™‘‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡‡—•‹‰Œƒ”•ƒ†„‘––Ž‡•ǤŠ‡•‡™‘‡–Š‡’‘—”‡†–Š‹•™ƒ–‡”‹–‘–Š‡™‘˜‡„ƒ•‡–•ƒ† „‡‰ƒϐ‹Ž–‡”‹‰–Š‡•ƒŽ–‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‹ŽǤ ‘”†‡”–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹”•ƒŽ–™ƒ•ˆ”‡‡‘ˆ‹’—”‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡› ϐ‹Ž–‡”‡†–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†„”‹‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡„ƒ•‡–••‡˜‡”ƒŽ–‹‡•Ǥ

 ‡š–ǡ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘‡ ƒ””‹‡†–Š‡ ‡”ƒ‹ „‘™Ž•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡™‡–ϐ‹Ž–‡”‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ–‘ƒ †”›ǡ‘’‡Ǧƒ‹”Š‡ƒ”–Š‘ƒ‘—†‡ƒ”–Š‡‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–Ǥ‹–Š™‘‘†–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ†‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†–Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•†ƒ›ǡ–Š‡›•–ƒ”–‡†ƒϐ‹”‡‹–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ†„‡‰ƒ–‘Š‡ƒ––Š‡„”‹‡Ǥƒ ƒ––Š‡ϐ‹Ž–‡”‹‰ƒ”‡ƒǡ –Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰™‘‡‡’–‹‡†–Š‡•‘‹Žˆ”‘–Š‡„ƒ•‡–•ǤŠ‡ϐ‹Ž–‡”‹‰’”‘ ‡••Šƒ†‘–‘Ž›”‡‘˜‡† •ƒŽ–ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘‹Žǡ‹–Šƒ†ƒŽ•‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ƒ†ƒ””ƒ‰‡†•‘‹Ž’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•„›•‹œ‡ƒ†™‡‹‰Š–ǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡” ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜‹‡”•ƒ†‰”ƒ‹••‡––Ž‡†–‘–Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ•‡–•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡” Žƒ›‰”ƒ—Ž‡•™‡”‡ Ž‡ˆ–‘–‘’ǤŠ‡Ž‡ˆ–‘˜‡”•ƒ†™ƒ•–ƒ‡–‘ƒ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†ǡ‡ƒ”–Š‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”‘–Š‡‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ– –‘•Š‘”‡—’ƒƒ”‡ƒ–Šƒ–Šƒ†‡”‘†‡††—”‹‰Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”ǯ•ϐŽ‘‘†ǤŠ‡ Žƒ›ǡ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ™ƒ••‡–ƒ•‹†‡–‘ ƒ‡‘”‡ ‡”ƒ‹ „‘™Ž•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡„‘™Ž•™‡”‡‘–ƒ‡•–Š‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›’Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†‡ƒ•›–‘ ‘‹Žǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™Š‡—•‹‰ƒƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Ǧϐ‹”‡† ‡”ƒ‹ „‘™Žˆ‘”ƒ‘Ž†ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†„‘™Ž•Šƒ†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ’”‘†— ‹‰ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡†•ƒŽ– ƒ‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Ž’‡†–Š‡™‘‡ Œ—†‰‡–Š‡™‡‹‰Š–ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•ƒŽ–Ǥ

 ˆ–‡”–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†„”‹‡‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡ϐ‹”‡ǡ–Š‡•ƒŽ– ƒ‡•ǡ™‡‹‰Š‹‰ƒ„‘—––™‘–‘–Š”‡‡ ’‘—†•‡ƒ Šǡ™‡”‡”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹” ‡”ƒ‹  ‘–ƒ‹‡”•Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ–Šƒ† ”—•–‡†‘–‘–Š‡ ˜‡••‡Ž•™ƒŽŽ•ƒ†–‘‰‡–‹–‘—––Š‡˜‡••‡Ž•Šƒ†–‘„‡• ”ƒ’‡†‘”„”‘‡‘’‡ǤŠ‡™‘‡†‹†‘– ‹†„”‡ƒ‹‰–Š‡•‡˜‡••‡Ž•‘’‡–‘”‡‘˜‡–Š‡•ƒŽ–ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡‘‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ†•–ƒ”–‡†–‘•’ƒŽŽ‘” „”‡ƒƒ’ƒ”–†—”‹‰–Š‡‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ– ƒ‡•™‡”‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›†”›ǡ„—–ƒˆ‡™ ™‡”‡‘–ǤŠ‡Žƒ––‡”™‡”‡Žƒ‹†‘—–‘’‹‡ ‡•‘ˆˆƒ„”‹ ‹–Š‡•ƒŽ–ϐŽƒ–•‘–Šƒ––Š‡› ‘—Ž†ϐ‹‹•Š†”›‹‰Ǥ Š‡–Š‡†”›‹‰™ƒ•ϐ‹‹•Š‡†ǡ–Š‡™‘‡–‹‡†—’‡ƒ Š•ƒŽ– ƒ‡—•‹‰ƒ ‘”†ƒ†’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ Ž‘–ŠǤ

 •–Š‡™‘”†ƒ›‡ƒ”‡†‹–•‡†ǡ–Š‡ ”‡ Š•‘Ž†‹‡”•–Šƒ–Šƒ†„‡‡†‹•’ƒ– Š‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‡ƒ”„›ƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•–”ƒ†‹‰’‘•–”‡ƒ Š‡†–Š‡•ƒŽ–Ž‹ ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•ƒŽ–™ƒ•ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘‘†‹–›ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡†ƒ–•‹š–›•‘—•ƒ’‘—†ǡ–Š‡ƒ††‘•ƒŽ––”ƒ†‡”•ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘ƒ ‡’–•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Ž‡••ǡ‹ ‡š Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘”•‘‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡‰‘‘†•Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡š Šƒ‰‡™‡”‡ƒ‰”‡‡†—’‘ǡ–Š‡ ”‡ Š•‘Ž†‹‡”•Ž‘ƒ†‡†–Š‡•ƒŽ– ƒ‡•‹–‘–Š‡‹” ƒ‘‡•ƒ†™‡”‡Š‘‡„‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰Š–ˆƒŽŽǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳͷͻ  ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–•  —†•–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‡•‡–‡†Š‡”‡™‡”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡˜‡”› •Žƒ†  ǤȀ ŽŠ‡›‘’ƒ›ǡ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒ„ƒƒǯ•–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰› ‡’ƒ”–‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒ„ƒƒǯ•‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ”–•ƒ† ‹‡ ‡•ǤŠ‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‘”‡•– ‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‡Ž‹ ‹ƒ‡”‰•–”‘ǡƒ‹‡Žƒ‹ǡ ”‡‰‘”›‘Š”•ǡƒ†ƒ”„ƒ”ƒ‘‘Ž‡ǡ•Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡•‹–Š‡”‡ ‡–ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ ™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘ Ž‹‡–‘–Šƒ‡‡† ”ƒŽ‹ƒ† ‹‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒ„ƒƒƒ†–Š‡‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ‘”‡•–‡”˜‹ ‡–‘‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‡‘–Š‡‹”’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ

ͳ –Š‡ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆʹͲͳͳƒ†ʹͲͳʹǡ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‘”‡•–‡”˜‹ ‡•’‘•‘”‡†–™‘ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –•–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™‡††‘œ‡•‘ˆ˜‘Ž—–‡‡”•ˆ”‘ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›–‘ ‘†— –‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ– ”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ǤŠ‡•‡’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘• ‘†— –‡†„›–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ Žƒ„ƒƒ‹–Š‡ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆʹͲͳ͵ƒ†–Š‡•’”‹‰‘ˆʹͲͳͶǡƒ”‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘˜‡”‡† ˆ”‘–Š‡’’‡”ƒ†‹––Ž‡•ƒŽ–Ž‹ •Ǥ

ͳ͸Ͳ • Volume 25, 2015 ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡† †•Š‡ƒ†ǡƒ—‡ŽǤ ͳͻͻʹ ”‹‹–‹˜‹–›Ǥ Salt and Civilizationǡ„›ƒ—‡ŽǤ†•Š‡ƒ†ǡ’’Ǥ͵Ǧʹ͸Ǥƒ ‹ŽŽƒ ƒ†‡‹  ƒ†”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ–†Ǥǡ ‘—†‹ŽŽ•ƒ†‘†‘Ǥ

”‹†‰‡ǡǤ Ž‡ ʹͲͲͺ ‡–Š‘†• ˆ‘” ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‰ ”‹‡ ˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ–‡• —”‹‰ ƒŽ– ”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ Journal of Archaeological Science ͵ͷȋ͸ȌǣͳͶ͵ͷǦͳͶ͸ʹǤ

†”‡™•ǡ–Š‘›Ǥ ͳͻͺͲ Š‡ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹‡–ƒ›ƒǤArchaeology͵͵ȋͶȌǣʹͶȂ͵͵Ǥ ͳͻͺ͵ Š‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ–Ǧƒ‹‰‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Maya Salt Production and Trade,„›–Š‘›Ǥ †”‡™•ǡ’’ǤͳͲͺǦͳͳ͵ǤŠ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ”‹œ‘ƒ”‡••ǡ— •‘Ǥ

‘—”‡ǡ†™ƒ”† Ǥȋ‡†‹–‘”Ȍ ͳͻͲͶ Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Sotoǡʹ‘Ž•ǤǤǤƒ”‡•Ƭ‘Ǥǡ‡™‘”Ǥ

”ƒ ‡”‹†‰‡ǡ ‡”›Ǥ ͳͻ͸ʹ Views of Louisiana, Together with a Journal of a Voyage up the Missouri River, in 1811Ǥ —ƒ†”ƒ‰Ž‡‘‘•ǡ  ǤŠ‹ ƒ‰‘Ǥ”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ͳͺͳͶǤ

”ƒ‹ǡ ‡ˆˆ”‡›Ǥ ͳͻ͹͹  –Š‡ —‹ ƒ ”ƒ‹ŽǤ Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission Anthropological Study‘ǤͳǤƒ–‘‘—‰‡Ǥ ͳͻ͹ͻ Tunica TreasureǤ ƒ’‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ„‘†› —•‡— ‘ˆ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† –Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘ŽǤ ͹ͳǤ ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ„”‹†‰‡Ǥ ͳͻͺͺ Tunica ArchaeologyǤƒ’‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ„‘†›—•‡—‘ˆ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ŽǤ͹ͺǤ ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ„”‹†‰‡Ǥ ͳͻͻͲ The Tunica-BiloxiǤŠ‡Ž•‡ƒ ‘—•‡—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ‡™‘”ƒ†Š‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǤ

”‘™ǡ ƒǤ ͳͻͺͲ Salt and the Eastern North American Indian: An Archaeological StudyǤ ‘™‡” ‹••‹••‹’’‹ ƒŽŽ‡›—”˜‡›—ŽŽ‡–‹‘Ǥ͸Ǥ‡ƒ„‘†›—•‡—ǡ ƒ”˜ƒ”†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ ͳͻͻͻ ƒŽ–ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡ƒ†”ƒ†‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ˜‡”› •Žƒ†ǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤMidcontinental Journal of Archaeology ʹͶȋʹȌǣͳͳ͵ȂͳͷͳǤ ʹͲͲͶ Š›–—†›ƒŽ–ǫJournal of Alabama ArchaeologyͷͲȋͳȌǣ͵͸ǦͶͻǤ ʹͲͳͲ Š‡ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ƒŽ– ’”‹‰• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•–‡” ‘‘†Žƒ†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡† –ƒ–‡•Ǥ  Salt Archaeology in China, Vol. 2: Global Comparative Studiesǡ‡†‹–‡†„›Š—‹ Š‡‰‹ƒ†‘–Šƒ” ˜‘ ƒŽ‡Šƒ—•‡ǡ’’Ǥ͵͹ͷǦͶͲͻǤ‡š—‡ Š—„ƒ•Š‡ȋ ‹‡ ‡”‡••Ȍǡ‡Œ‹‰Ǥ ʹͲͳ͵ The Red Hills of Essex: Studying Salt in EnglandǤ‘”‰‘—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡ—• ƒŽ‘‘•ƒǡŽƒ„ƒƒǤ

—•Š‡ŽŽǡƒ˜‹† Ǥǡ ”Ǥ ͳͻͲ͹ ”‹‹–‹˜‡ƒŽ–Ǧƒ‹‰‹–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒŽŽ‡›ǡ ǤManͳ͵ǣͳǦͷǤ ͳͻͳͶ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•‹–‡Ǥ ‡‡˜‹‡˜‡‘—–›ǡ‹••‘—”‹ǤProceedings of the United States National MuseumͶ͸ǣ͸ͶͳǦ͸͸ͺǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳ͸ͳ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ ƒ•–ƒÓ‡†ƒǡƒ”Ž‘•Ǥ ͳͻ͵͸ Catholic Heritage in Texas, 1519-1936Ǥ‘ŽǤͳǡThe Mission Era: The Finding of Texas, 1519- 1693Ǥ‘‘‡ ƒǦ ‘‡•‘’ƒ›ǡ—•–‹Ǥ

‘ƒŠǡ ”ƒŠƒ

ͳͻͻ͸ Kibiro: The Salt of Bunyoro, Past and PresentǤ‡‘‹”•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–‹•Š •–‹–—–‡‹ƒ•–‡” ˆ”‹ ƒ‘Ǥͳ͵Ǥ‘†‘Ǥ

ƒ—’Š‹±‡ǡ ƒ‡•Ǥ ͳͻ͸Ͳ ‘†‹—ŠŽ‘”‹†‡‹Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—–”‹–‹‘ǡƒ†‡†‹ ‹‡Ǥ Sodium Chloride: The Production and Properties of Salt and Brineǡ ‡†‹–‡† „› ƒŽ‡ Ǥ ƒ—ˆƒǡ ’’Ǥ ͵ͺʹǦͶͷ͵Ǥ ‡”‹ ƒ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‹‡–› ‘‘‰”ƒ’Š ‡”‹‡•Ǥ ‡‹Š‘Ž† —„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡™ ‘”ǡ ƒ† Šƒ’ƒƒ† ƒŽŽǡ–†Ǥǡ‘†‘Ǥ

ƒ˜‹•‘ǡ’ƒƒ ͳͻͻ͵ ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰‹ƒ”Ž›ƒŽƒ™‹ǤAzaniaʹͺǣ͹ȂͶ͸Ǥ

”‹˜‡”ǡ ƒ”‘Ž†ǡƒ†‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ••‡›Ǥ ͳͻͷ͹‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡–—†‹‡•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡”‹ ƒ †‹ƒ•ǤTransactions of the American Philosophical Society Ͷ͹ǣͳ͸ͷǦͶͷ͸Ǥ

—ƒ•ǡ•ŠŽ‡›Ǥ ʹͲͲ͹ Š‡ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽ– ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‡ ‘‘†Žƒ† –‘ ƒ”Ž› ‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ ”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ‹ ‘—–Š™‡•– Žƒ„ƒƒǤ ŠǤǤ ‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ –Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›ǡ Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ Žƒ„ƒƒǡ —• ƒŽ‘‘•ƒǤ

ƒ”Ž›ǡǤȋ‡†‹–‘”Ȍ ͳͻͻ͵ Caddoan Saltmakers in the Ouachita Valley: The Hardman SiteǤ ‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡”‹‡• ‘Ǥ Ͷ͵ǡ ”ƒ•ƒ•” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ ƒ›‡––‡˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ

—„ƒ•ǡƒ—ŽǤ ʹͲͳ͵ƒ ƒŽŽʹͲͳ͵—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ƒŽ‹‡”‘Œ‡ –ǯ•‡•–š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ ‡’‘”–•—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ƒ•–—”˜‡›ǡŽƒ„ƒƒ—•‡—‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹•–‘”›ǡ—• ƒŽ‘‘•ƒǤ ʹͲͳ͵„‡’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡ʹͲͳʹƒ••’‘”–‹‹‡”‘Œ‡ –ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•ȋͳ͸͵ͲƬͳ͸ƒͳͳȀͳ͹ȌǤ ‡’‘”–•—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‘”‡•–‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ‹•ƒ– Š‹‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‡•–‘—–Š‡” ‡•‡ƒ” Š–ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‡šƒ†”‹ƒǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ ʹͲͳͶƒŠ‡ ‹‹‰ ƒ† ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ††‘ ƒŽ– ”‘†— –‹‘ ‹ ‘”–Š™‡•–‡” ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ Southeastern Archaeology͵͵ȋͳȌǣͳͲͺǦͳʹʹǤ ʹͲͳͶ„’”‹‰ʹͲͳͶ—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ƒŽ‹‡”‘Œ‡ –ǯ•š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–”ƒ‡ǯ•ƒŽ–‘”•Ǥ ‡’‘”–•—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡ —Žˆ‘ƒ•–—”˜‡›ǡŽƒ„ƒƒ—•‡—‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹•–‘”›ǡ—• ƒŽ‘‘•ƒǤ

—„ƒ•ǡƒ—ŽǤǡƒ†•ŠŽ‡›Ǥ—ƒ• ʹͲͳʹ  ›’‘–Š‡–‹ ƒŽ‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰”‘ ‡••ƒ––Š‡–‹’•‘‹–‡‹‘—–Š‡” Žƒ„ƒƒǤ ƒ’‡” ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ʹͲͳʹ ™‹–‡” ‡‡–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ„ƒƒ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ‘–‰‘‡”›Ǥ

ͳ͸ʹ • Volume 25, 2015 ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ —„ƒ•ǡƒ—ŽǤǡƒ†”‹Ǥ‹–Š ʹͲͳʹ ‡’‘”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ʹͲͳͳ ƒ••’‘”– ‹ ‹‡ ”‘Œ‡ – ƒ– ”ƒ‡ǯ• ƒŽ– ‘”• ȋͳ͸͵ͲȌǤ ‡’‘”– •—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡• ‘”‡•–‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ‹•ƒ– Š‹‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‡•–‘—–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š –ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‡šƒ†”‹ƒǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ

ƒ‰ƒǡ”‹ƒǤǡƒ† ‘ŠǤ‡ŽŽ‡ ͳͻ͸ͺ  ‹‡–ƒŽ–Ǧ™‘”‹‰‹‘—–Š‡”ƒœƒ‹ƒǤAzania ͵ǣͳǦͶ͵Ǥ

‘”‡ƒǡ ”ƒ– ͳͻ͵ʹ ƒŽ–‘”•‹ƒ”Ž›ŽƒŠ‘ƒǤChronicles of Oklahoma ͳͲȋͶȌǣͶ͹ͶǦͷͲͲǤ

‹”ƒ”†ǡ ‡ˆˆ”‡›Ǥ ʹͲͲ͸ ‹–‡•ƒ–ƒ‡‹•–‹‡ƒ—Ǥ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›”‘‰”ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–‹–ͳǡ‡˜‡–Š—ƒŽ ‡’‘”–ǡ‘”–Š™‡•–‡”–ƒ–‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ– Š‹–‘ Š‡•ǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ

‘—Ž‡–“—‡”ǡ‹‡””‡ǤǤ ͳͻ͹Ͷ Š‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒŽ–ƒ‹‰‹”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ —”‘’‡ǤEssex JournalͺȋͳȌǣʹǦͳͶǤ

”‡‰‘”›ǡ ‹”ƒ Ǥ ͳͻ͹͵ ‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”› ƒ††‘ƒ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǣ  –—†› ‹ ‘†‡Ž• ƒ† –‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ŠǤǤ ‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‘—–Š‡”‡–Š‘†‹•–‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒŽŽƒ•Ǥ

‹Ž‰ƒ”†ǡ—‰‡‡Ǥ ͳͺͺ͵ Š‡ƒŽ‹‡•‘ˆ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ Mineral Resources U.S. for 1882, ’’ǤͷͷͶǦͷ͸ͷǤ

‘ˆƒǡ ƒ Ǥ ͳͻͺͶ Š‡Žƒ‹•‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǣŠ‡—•–‡”Šƒ•‡Ǥ Prehistory of Oklahomaǡ‡†‹–‡†„›‘„‡”–Ǥ‡ŽŽǡ ’’Ǥʹͺ͹Ǧ͵ͲͷǤ ƒ†‡‹ ”‡••ǡ”Žƒ†‘Ǥ

—–‡”ǡ ‡Ž‡Ǥ ͳͻͶͲ Š‡ –Š‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‘ˆ ƒŽ– ‹ „‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‘”–Š ‡”‹ ƒǤ ǤǤ Š‡•‹•ǡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ –Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒǡŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǤ

‡‘–•—ǡƒ ›Ǥ ʹͲͲͳ ƒŽ–‡ŽŽŽ‘—‰ŠǤBulletin of the Texas Archeological Society͹ʹǣʹͳ͵ǦʹʹʹǤ ʹͲͲͷ Investigations at the Salt Well Slough, 41RR204, A Salt-Making Site in Red River County, TexasǤ ‡šƒ• ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘‹••‹‘ǡ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡’‘”–•‡”‹‡•‘ǤͶǤ—•–‹Ǥ

‡•Ž‹ǡ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥ ͳͻ͸Ͷ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽ– ƒ• ƒ Ž‡‡– ‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹ˆˆ—•‹‘Ǥ The Missouri Archaeologist ʹ͸ǣͳǦͳͺͳǤ‘Ž—„‹ƒǤ

‹††‡”ǡ”‹•–”ƒǤ ͳͻͻͺ ‡–Š‹‹‰ ƒ††‘ƒǦ‘™‡” ‹••‹••‹’’‹ ƒŽŽ‡› –‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ  The Native History of the Caddo: Their Place in Southeastern Archaeology and Ethnohistory, ‡†‹–‡† „› ‹‘–Š› Ǥ ‡”––—Žƒƒ† ƒ‡•Ǥ”—•‡–Šǡ’’ǤͳʹͻǦͳͶ͵Ǥ–—†‹‡•‹” Š‡‘Ž‘‰›͵ͲǤ‡šƒ•” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡šƒ•ƒ–—•–‹Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳ͸͵ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ ‡ƒ‰‡†—”ƒ–œǡ–‘‹‡‹‘ ͳ͹ͷͺ Histoire de la Louisiane, Contenant la Découverte de ce Vaste Pays; sa Déscription Géographique; un Voyage dans les Terres; l’Histoire Naturelle; les Mœurs, Coûtumes & Religion des Naturels, avec leurs Origines.‡—”‡ǡ‡Žƒ‰—‡––‡ǡƬƒ„‡”–ǡƒ”‹•Ǥ

‘˜‡Œ‘›ǡƒ—ŽǤ ͳͻͺ͸ Salt of the Desert Sun: a History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central SudanǤƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡƒ„”‹†‰‡Ǥ

ƒ ‹‘ǡ Ǥ ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ǡƒ†—•ƒǤ‡’‡ • ͳͻͺͻ ”‡Š‹•’ƒ‹ ƒŽ–ƒ‹‰‹‡Ž‹œ‡ǣ‡™˜‹†‡ ‡ǤAmerican Antiquity ͷͶȋ͵ȌǣͳͲͳͳǦͳͲͳ͵Ǥ

ƒ”‰”›ǡ‹‡””‡ ͳͻ͹Ͷ ± ‘—˜‡”–‡•‡–2–ƒ„Ž‹••‡‡–•†‡• ”ƒɑƒ‹•†ƒ•Žǯ‘—‡•–‡–Ž‡•—††‡Žǯ±”“‹—‡‡’–‡–”‹‘ƒŽ‡ (1614-1754)ǤMémoires et Documents Originaux Recueillis et Publiés par Pierre MargryǤ‘Ž ͸Ǥ”‡••ǡ‡™‘”Ǥ”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ͳͺ͹ͷǦͳͺͺ͸Ǥ

 ƒ ‡ǡǤǤ ͳͻ͵͸ ‡†‹ ƒŽ”‘„Ž‡•‹‹‡”ƒŽ‡–ƒ„‘Ž‹•ǣ Ȃš’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ —ƒƒŽ–‡ϐ‹ ‹‡ ›ǤThe Lancetǡ’”‹Žͳͳǡ’’Ǥͺʹ͵Ǧͺ͵Ͳǡ‘†‘Ǥ

 ‹ŽŽ‘’ǡ ‡ƒ–Š‡” ʹͲͲʹ Salt: White Gold of the Ancient MayaǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••‘ˆ Ž‘”‹†ƒǡ ƒ‹‡•˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ

 ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ‹ Š‡„‘—”‰‡Ǥ ͳͻͺͳ Iberville’s Gulf JournalsǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒ„ƒƒ”‡••ǡ—• ƒŽ‘‘•ƒǤ

‡‡–‘ǡ‹‡””‡ǡƒ˜‹‡” ‡—‡ƒ‹–”‡ǡ —‰ŠǤ†‡ƒ”†‡‡”ǡ ”ƒŠƒǤ ”‡‰‘” ʹͲͲͷ ‹•„‡–™‡‡‹‡–ƒ”›ƒŽ– –ƒ‡ǡ‡ƒŽƒŽ– ƒ†Ž‹‰ǡŽ‘‘†”‡••—”‡ǡƒ†  ƒ”†‹‘˜ƒ• —Žƒ”‹•‡ƒ•‡ǤPhysiological Review ͺͷȋʹȌǣ͸͹ͻǦ͹ͳͷǤ

‘”ϐ‹ǡ —ƒǤ ͳͻ͵ͷ History of Texas, 1673-1779ǡ ‘Ž ͳǤ ”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† „› ƒ”Ž‘• Ǥ ƒ•–ƒÓ‡†ƒǤ —‹˜‹”ƒ ‘ ‹‡–› —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡŽ„—“—‡”“—‡Ǥ

‘”‰ƒǡƒ˜‹†Ǥ ͳͻ͹Ͷ ƒŽ–”‘†— –‹‘‹ƒœƒ‹ƒǣƒ•–ƒ†”‡•‡–ǤTanzania Notes and Records͹Ͷǣ͵ͳǦ͵͹Ǥƒ”‡• ƒŽƒƒǤ

‘”‹‘–‘ǡƒ‡–‘•Š‹ǡ ‹”‘•Š‹‘•‡ǡ‹œ‘—‰‹‘–‘ǡƒ‹‘ƒ™ƒ–ƒǡƒ†ƒ†ƒ•Š‹—‘ ͳͻͻ͵ ‘Ž‡‘ˆ‘†‹—ŠŽ‘”‹†‡‹‡Š›†”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘Š‡”ƒŽ‡Š›†”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Seventh Symposium on Saltǡ‘ŽǤʹǡ‡†‹–‡†„› ‹†‡–ƒ‡ƒ‹Šƒƒǡ Ǥ‡‰‹ƒŽ† ƒ”†›ǡ ”Ǥǡƒ‡•Š‹ ‘•Š‹ǡƒ†‡ ‘›‘—”ƒǡ’’Ǥ͵ͺͻǦ͵ͻ͵ǤŽ•‡˜‹‡” ‹‡ ‡—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǤǤǡ•–‡”†ƒǤ

ͳ͸Ͷ • Volume 25, 2015 ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ —ŽŽ‡”ǡ ‘ ͳͻͺͶ ‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ–Ǥ American AntiquityͶͻȋ͵ȌǣͶͺͻȂͷͲ͹Ǥ

—Ž–Šƒ—ˆǡ‘„‡”–Ǥ ͳͻ͹ͺ Neptune’s Gift, a History of Common SaltǤŠ‡ ‘Š ‘’‹•‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡƒŽ–‹‘”‡ƒ† ‘†‘Ǥ

‡“—‹ǡ ƒ “—‡•ǤǤ ͳͻ͸ͳ ƒŽ–ǡƒ–—†›‹ ‘‘‹ ”‡Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘‡•” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ‡ ƒ†‡•‡•͸Ǥ”—‰‰‡ǡ ‡‡’‡ŽǤ

ƒ”•‘•ǡ ‡ˆˆ”‡›Ǥ ʹͲͲͳ The Last Saltmakers of Nexquipayac, Mexico: An Archaeological EthnographyǤ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ’‡”•‘ǤͻʹǤ—•‡—‘ˆ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹ Š‹‰ƒǡ”„‘”Ǥ

Š‹ŽŽ‹’•ǡ˜‘‡ ͳͻ͸ʹ ƒŽ–”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†”ƒ†‡‹‘”–Š‘—‹•‹ƒƒ‡ˆ‘”‡ͳͺ͹ͲǤLouisiana Studies ͳǣʹͺǦͶ͸Ǥ

—‹„›ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ Ǥ ͳͻ͸͸ Indian Culture and European Trade Goods: The Archaeology of the Historic Period in the Western Great Lakes RegionǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹• ‘•‹”‡••ǡƒ†‹•‘ǡ‹Ž™ƒ—‡‡ǡƒ† ‘†‘Ǥ

‘™Žƒ†ǡ—„ƒ”ǡƒ†Ž„‡”–Ǥƒ†‡”• ͳͻʹͻ Mississippi Provincial Archives, 1701-1729Ǥ‹••‹••‹’’‹‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ” Š‹˜‡•ƒ† ‹•–‘”›ǡ ƒ •‘Ǥ

‹„Ž‡›ǡ ‘Š ͳͺͲͷ  ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ƒ†–Š‡‘—–”›†Œƒ ‡–. American State Papers, Indian Affairsǡ ‘ŽǤͶǡ’’ǤͶͻǦ͸ͷǤ

ͳͻʹʹ A Report from Natchitoches in 1807ǡ ‡†‹–‡† „› ‹‡ Ǥ „‡ŽǤ —•‡— ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡”‹ ƒ †‹ƒǡ ‡›‡ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ †‹ƒ‘–‡•ƒ†‘‘‰”ƒ’Š•ǡ‹• ‡ŽŽƒ‡‘—•‡”‹‡•ʹͷǣͷǦͳͲʹǤ

—––‘ǡ ‘ŠǤ Ǥǡƒ††”‡™Ǥ‘„‡”–• ͳͻ͸ͺ ˜‹œƒƒ† –•ƒŽ– †—•–”›ǤAzania͵ǣͶͷǦͺ͸Ǥ

™ƒ–‘ǡ ‘ŠǤ ͳͻͳͳ Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Gulf CoastǤ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ –Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ŽŽ‡–‹‘ǤͶ͵ǡ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ ͳͻʹͺ Aboriginal Culture of the SoutheastǤ —”‡ƒ— ‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ –Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘”–›Ǧ•‡ ‘†—ƒŽ ‡’‘”–ˆ‘”ͳͻʹͶǦͳͻʹͷǡ’’Ǥ͸͹͵Ǧ͹ʹ͸Ǥ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ ͳͻʹͻ Myths and Tales of the Southeastern IndiansǤ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ŽŽ‡–‹‘ǤͺͺǤ ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͳ͸ͷ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ ™ƒ–‘ǡ ‘ŠǤȋ ‘–ǤȌ ͳͻͶʹ ource Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo IndiansǤ —”‡ƒ— ‘ˆ ‡”‹ ƒ –Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ŽŽ‡–‹‘Ǥͳ͵ʹǤ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ ͳͻͶ͸ The Indians of the Southeastern United StatesǤ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ŽŽ‡–‹‘Ǥ ͳ͵͹Ǥ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǡǤǤ

‡ƒ– Šǡ”–Š—”Ǥ ͳͻͲʹ Š‡ƒŽ‹‡•‘ˆ‘”–Š‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤ A Report on the Geology of Louisianaǡ„› ‹Ž„‡”–Ǥ ƒ””‹•ǡ ”–Š—”Ǥ‡ƒ– Šǡƒ† ‘˜ǤǤǤƒ Š‡ ‘ǡ’’ǤͶ͹ǦͳͲͲǤ’‡ ‹ƒŽ‡’‘”–‘ǤʹǤ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ–ƒ–‡ š’‡”‹‡––ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ–‘‘—‰‡Ǥ

‡„„ǡŽƒ”‡ ‡ Ǥǡƒ† ‹”ƒ Ǥ ”‡‰‘”› ͳͻ͹ͺ The Caddo Indians of LouisianaǤ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ƒ†–‹“—‹–‹‡•‘‹••‹‘ –Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ–—†›‘ǤʹǤƒ–‘‘—‰‡Ǥ

‡–‘™•‹ǡ Ž‘”‹ƒ ͳͻ͹Ͳ ƒŽ–ƒ•ƒ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‘”‹–Š‡”‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǤǤǤŠ‡•‹•ǡ ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘”–Šƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡŠƒ’‡Ž ‹ŽŽǤ

Š‹–‡›ǡŽ‡ƒ‘”ǡ˜ƒƒ›Ǥ ƒ‹Ž–‘ǡƒ†Šƒ”‘Ǥ‘Žˆ‡• ͳͻͻͲ Understanding NutritionǤͷ–Š†‹–‹‘Ǥ‡•–—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘’ƒ›ǡ–Ǥƒ—ŽǤ

‘‘Ž™‘”–ŠǡŽƒǤ  ͳͻ͹ͷ ‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”–‹ˆƒ –•‡ ‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡—‡–‹ ‘Ǧ—’‡”‹‘”†‡”™ƒ–‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š ”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ Voices from the Rapids: An Underwater Search for Fur Trade Artifacts 1960-1973ǡ ‡†‹–‡†„›‘„‡”–ǤŠ‡‡Ž‡”ǡƒŽ–‡”Ǥ‡›‘ǡŽƒǤ‘‘Ž•™‘”–Šǡƒ†‘—‰Žƒ•Ǥ‹”ǡ ’’ǤͷͷǦͻ͵Ǥ‹‡•‘–ƒ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›”‡••ǡ–Ǥƒ—ŽǤ

ͳ͸͸ • Volume 25, 2015