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Biodiversity Conservation and Habitat Management

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Biodiversity Conservation and Habitat Management CONTENTS BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND HABITAT MANAGEMENT Biodiversity Conservation and Habitat Management - Volume 1 No. of Pages: 458 ISBN: 978-1-905839-20-9 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-920-0 (Print Volume) Biodiversity Conservation and Habitat Management - Volume 2 No. of Pages: 428 ISBN: 978-1-905839-21-6 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-921-7 (Print Volume) For more information of e-book and Print Volume(s) order, please click here Or contact : [email protected] ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND HABITAT MANAGEMENT CONTENTS Preface xv VOLUME I Biodiversity Conservation and Habitat Management : An Overview 1 Francesca Gherardi, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e Genetica, Università di Firenze, Italy Claudia Corti, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco CA, U.S.A. Manuela Gualtieri, Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze, Italy 1. Introduction: the amount of biological diversity 2. Diversity in ecosystems 2.1. African wildlife systems 2.2. Australian arid grazing systems 3. Measures of biodiversity 3.1. Species richness 3.2. Shortcuts to monitoring biodiversity: indicators, umbrellas, flagships, keystones, and functional groups 4. Biodiversity loss: the great extinction spasm 5. Causes of biodiversity loss: the “evil quartet” 5.1. Over-harvesting by humans 5.2. Habitat destruction and fragmentation 5.3. Impacts of introduced species 5.4. Chains of extinction 6. Why conserve biodiversity? 7. Conservation biology: the science of scarcity 8. Evaluating the status of a species: extinct until proven extant 9. What is to be done? Conservation options 9.1. Increasing our knowledge 9.2. Restore habitats and manage them 9.3. Establish reserves 9.4. Supplement populations 9.5. Legally protect indigenous species 9.6. Prevent non-native species invasion and eradicate pests 9.7. Contribute to education and public awareness 9.8. Combine conservation and economic development 10. Perspectives History of Biodiversity Conservation, Protected Areas and The Conservation Movement 60 Naill E. Doran, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Tasmania, Australia Alastair M.M. Richardson, University of Tasmania, Australia 1. Global Overview 2. History of Biodiversity Conservation and Protected Areas 2.1. Biodiversity Conservation 2.1.1. Biodiversity 2.1.2. Biodiversity Problems 2.1.3. Biodiversity Conservation 2.2. Protected Areas 2.2.1. Origins of Protected Areas 2.2.2. Time Scales 2.3. Priorities 2.3.1. Biodiversity 2.3.2. Geodiversity ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) i BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND HABITAT MANAGEMENT 2.3.3. Marine Protected Areas 3. A Global Approach 3.1. Preservation versus Collaborative Management 4. Putting a Financial Value on Conservation 5. History of the Conservation Movement 5.1. Early History 5.2. Wise Use versus Protectionism 5.3. Postwar Developments 5.4. Animal Welfare 5.5. Zero Population Growth 5.6. Green Political Parties 5.7. Professional Scientists and Environmentalism 5.8. Tactics 5.9. Nongovernment Organizations 6. The Future Selection, Categorization, Size and Zoning in the World's Protected Areas 93 Franco Andreone, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy 1. Introduction 2. Selection Process 2.1. Methods to Select a Protected Area 2.2. Case Studies of Ugandan Reserves and South African Coastal Fishes 3. Categorization and Denomination of Protected Areas 3.1. IUCN Categories 3.2. International Important Sites 3.3. Other Kinds of Protected Areas 3.4. Multiple Classifications 4. Size of Protected Areas 4.1. How Big Should Reserves Be? 4.2. Species Number, Area, and Distance 4.3. Population Size and Protected Areas 4.4. Habitat Shape and Size, and Species Number 4.5. Species Loss in Protected Areas 5. Zoning and Differential Use in the Protected Areas 5.1. International Zoning Classifications 5.2. Zoning in "Man and the Biosphere" Reserves 6. A Case Study: the Protected Areas Network in Madagascar 6.1. Biodiversity of Madagascar 6.2. Protected Areas in Madagascar 6.3. National Plan of Environmental Action 6.4. Ecoregional Approach 6.5. Intervention Within the Protected Areas 6.6. Strategic Value of the Protected Areas Network 6.7. Future Steps for the Valorization of Protected Areas in Madagascar Protected Areas and Endemic Species 118 Marco Masseti, Universita di Firenze, Italy 1. Introduction 2. Endemic Species and Ecological Islands 3. Protected Areas and Nature Reserves 4. Case Studies 4.1. The Archipelago of Komodo 4.2. The Galapagos Islands 4.3. The Mediterranean Islands ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) ii BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND HABITAT MANAGEMENT 5. Perspectives Research, Management, and Monitoring in Protected Areas 128 Sabine Stab, Information Centre of the ‘Saxonian Switzerland’ National Park, Germany Klaus Henle, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Conservation Biology, Germany 1. Introduction 2. Research in protected areas 2.1. Research not related to the conservation of protected areas 2.2. Research addressing conservation issues within protected areas 3. Natural ecology 4. Human ecology 5. Integrating human and natural ecology 6. Management of protected areas 6.1. Fields of action in the management of protected areas 7. Monitoring in protected areas 7.1. Design and implementation of monitoring programmes for protected areas 8. Conclusion Management (for Biodiversity) of Forests and other Wooded Habitats 153 Luca M. Luiselli, Center of Studi Ambientali Demetra, Rome, Italy 1. Before Biodiversity Management: A Short Historical Background 2. Forest Habitats and Biodiversity 3. The Rain Forests of Southern Nigeria: A Case Study 4. Managing Well-Known Forest Sites 4.1. Temperate Forests 4.2. Tropical Forests 4.3. People's Dependence on Forest Resources and Institutional Alternatives for Sustainable Management of the Tropical Forests 4.4. Assessing Conservation Priorities in Tropical Forest Sites 4.5. Conservation and Sustainable Management of Tropical Forests: A Concise Definition of the Points 4.6. Plantation as a Biodiversity Restoration Strategy for Degraded Forests 4.7. What to do in the Years to Come Retention of Old Forest Stands and Individual old Trees 176 Rafaello Giannini, University of Florence, Italy Giovanni G. Vendramin, National Research Council, IGV Florence, Italy Federico Sebastiani, University of Florence, Italy Giovanni Emiliani, University of Florence, Italy Ladislav Paule, Technical University, Zvolen, Slovakia 1. A Perspective on Forest Tree Biodiversity Conservation 2. Old Forest Stands 3. Individual Old Trees Temporal and Spatial Continuity in Forest Ecosystems 185 Luca M. Luiselli, Center of Environmental Studies Demetra, Rome, Italy 1. Introduction 2. The Concept of Forest Succession 3. Stability of Forests ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) iii BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND HABITAT MANAGEMENT Maintenance of Diversity in Forest Habitats 197 Luca M. Luiselli, Center of Environmental Studies Demetra, Rome, Italy 1. Beyond the Forest Biodiversity Crisis: The Influence of Humankind in Forests 2. Deforestation Rates Monitoring 3. What to Do? Natural Regeneration in Woodland Management 208 Marco Borghetti, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy Rafaello Giannini, University of Firenze, Italy 1. Introduction 2. Importance and Potential of Natural Regeneration 3. Planning and Implementing Natural Regeneration 3.1. Regeneration Systems 4. Requirements and Constraints to Natural Regeneration 4.1. Seed Trees 4.2. Seed Production, Dispersal, and Predation 4.3. Seed Germination and Seedling Growth 4.4. Herbivore Grazing Influence and Management of Herbivores in Forests 219 Godfrey C. Akani, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria 1. Introduction to the Problems: the Tropical Forests 2. The Deciduous Forests of the Temperate Regions 3. The Coniferous Forests 4. Wildlife Management in Tropical Forests 5. Deer and Forestry in Great Britain 6. The Regeneration of Tree Species under Browsing Pressure of Ungulates 7. Conservation of Herbivores via Predators Management (for Biodiversity) of Savannahs and Other Open Habitats 229 Godfrey C. Akani, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria 1. Introduction to the Problems 2. Management and Problems of the African Savannahs 3. Savannah and Grazing, and the Problem of Seasonal Fires Rangeland Management 236 Andrea Pardini, University of Florence, Italy 1. Introduction 2. Rangeland Utilization and Degradation 2.1. Effects On Productivity 2.2. Effects On Biodiversity 3. Management Solutions 3.1. The Utility of Resource Diversification 3.2. The Integration of Pastoralism within the Global Economy 4. The Pastoral Systems: Some Examples Discussed in Detail 4.1. Mediterranean Pastures of Central Italy 4.2. Mediterranean Pastures in Southwestern Australia 4.3. Arid Rangelands of the Southern Sultanate Of Oman 4.4. Arid Rangeland in Northern Somalia ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) iv BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND HABITAT MANAGEMENT 4.5. Arid Rangeland in Coastal Peru 4.6. Pastures in the Seasonal Rainfall Areas of Bolivia 4.7. Rangelands in the Republic of São Tomé and Principe Grazing and Cutting Regimes for Old Grassland in Temperate Zones 261 Josef Settele, Umweltforschungszentrum (UFZ), Leipzig-Halle, Germany Klaus Henle, Umweltforschungszentrum (UFZ), Leipzig-Halle, Germany 1. Grasslands in the Temperate Zone: Distribution and History 2. Characteristics of Old Temperate Grassland Ecosystems 2.1. Grazing and Cutting Regimes
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