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Shock Connectivity and the Late Cycle 24 Solar Energetic Particle Events in July and September 2017
Shock Connectivity and the Late Cycle 24 Solar Energetic Particle Events in July and September 2017 J.G. Luhmann1, M.L. Mays2, Yan Li1, C.O. Lee1, H. Bain3, D. Odstrcil4, R.A. Mewaldt5, C.M.S. Cohen5, D. Larson1, Gordon Petrie6 1Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. 2CCMC, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 3NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center. 4George Mason University. 5California Institute of Technology. 6NSO. Corresponding author: Janet Luhmann ([email protected]) Key Points: Observer shock connectivity explains the SEP observations during the July and September 2017 events. The July and September 2017 solar and SEP events had similar characteristics due to similar source region and eruptions. The July and September 2017 events seemed to arise in conjunction with the appearance of a pseudostreamer, a possible alternate ICME source. This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1029/2018SW001860 © 2018 American Geophysical Union. All rights reserved. Abstract As solar activity steadily declined toward the cycle 24 minimum in the early months of 2017, the expectation for major Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events diminished with the sunspot number. It was thus surprising (though not unprecedented) when a new, potentially significant active region rotated around the East limb in early July that by mid-month was producing a series of coronal eruptions, reaching a crescendo around July 23. This series, apparently associated with the birth of a growing pseudostreamer, produced the largest SEP event(s) seen since the solar maximum years. -
Arxiv:2006.00776V1 [Physics.Space-Ph] 1 Jun 2020
manuscript submitted to Geophysical Research Letters Dust impact voltage signatures on Parker Solar Probe: influence of spacecraft floating potential S. D. Bale1,2, K. Goetz3, J. W. Bonnell1, A. W. Case4, C. H. K. Chen5,T. Dudok de Wit6, L. C. Gasque1,2, P. R. Harvey1, J. C. Kasper 7,4, P. J. Kellogg3, R. J. MacDowall8, M. Maksimovic9, D. M. Malaspina10, B. F. Page1,2, M. Pulupa1, M. L. Stevens4, J. R. Szalay11, A. Zaslavsky9 1Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA 2Physics Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300, USA 3School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA 4Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA 5School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK 6LPC2E, CNRS and University of Orleans,´ Orleans,´ France 7Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA 8Solar System Exploration Division, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771 9LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Universit PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit, Universit de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France 10Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA 11Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA Key Points: • The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) FIELDS instrument measures millisecond volt- ages impulses associated with dust impacts • The sign of the largest monopole voltage response is a function of the spacecraft floating potential • These measurements are consistent with models of dynamic charge balance following dust impacts Submitted : June 2, 2020 arXiv:2006.00776v1 [physics.space-ph] 1 Jun 2020 Corresponding author: Stuart D. -
The Solar Cruiser Mission: Demonstrating Large Solar Sails for Deep Space Missions
The Solar Cruiser Mission: Demonstrating Large Solar Sails for Deep Space Missions Les Johnson*, Frank M. Curran**, Richard W. Dissly***, and Andrew F. Heaton* * NASA Marshall Space Flight Center ** MZBlue Aerospace NASA Image *** Ball Aerospace Solar Sails Derive Propulsion By Reflecting Photons Solar sails use photon “pressure” or force on thin, lightweight, reflective sheets to produce thrust. NASA Image 2 Solar Sail Missions Flown (as of October 2019) NanoSail-D (2010) IKAROS (2010) LightSail-1 (2015) CanX-7 (2016) InflateSail (2017) NASA JAXA The Planetary Society Canada EU/Univ. of Surrey Earth Orbit Interplanetary Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Deployment Only Full Flight Deployment Only Deployment Only Deployment Only 3U CubeSat 315 kg Smallsat 3U CubeSat 3U CubeSat 3U CubeSat 10 m2 196 m2 32 m2 <10 m2 10 m2 3 Current and Planned Solar Sail Missions CU Aerospace (2018) LightSail-2 (2019) Near Earth Asteroid Solar Cruiser (2024) Univ. Illinois / NASA The Planetary Society Scout (2020) NASA NASA Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Interplanetary L-1 Full Flight Full Flight Full Flight Full Flight In Orbit; Not yet In Orbit; Successful deployed 6U CubeSat 90 Kg Spacecraft 3U CubeSat 86 m2 >1200 m2 3U CubeSat 32 m2 20 m2 4 Near Earth Asteroid Scout The Near Earth Asteroid Scout Will • Image/characterize a NEA during a slow flyby • Demonstrate a low cost asteroid reconnaissance capability Key Spacecraft & Mission Parameters • 6U cubesat (20cm X 10cm X 30 cm) • ~86 m2 solar sail propulsion system • Manifested for launch on the Space Launch System (Artemis 1 / 2020) • 1 AU maximum distance from Earth Leverages: combined experiences of MSFC and JPL Close Proximity Imaging Local scale morphology, with support from GSFC, JSC, & LaRC terrain properties, landing site survey Target Reconnaissance with medium field imaging Shape, spin, and local environment NEA Scout Full Scale EDU Sail Deployment 6 Solar Cruiser Mission Concept Mission Profile Solar Cruiser may launch as a secondary payload on the NASA IMAP mission in October, 2024. -
Solar Sail Propulsion for Deep Space Exploration
Solar Sail Propulsion for Deep Space Exploration Les Johnson NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA Image We tend to think of space as being big and empty… NASA Image Space Is NOT Empty. We can use the environments of space to our advantage NASA Image Solar Sails Derive Propulsion By Reflecting Photons Solar sails use photon “pressure” or force on thin, lightweight, reflective sheets to produce thrust. 4 NASA Image Real Solar Sails Are Not “Ideal” Billowed Quadrant Diffuse Reflection 4 Thrust Vector Components 4 Solar Sail Trajectory Control Solar Radiation Pressure allows inward or outward Spiral Original orbit Sail Force Force Sail Shrinking orbit Expanding orbit Solar Sails Experience VERY Small Forces NASA Image 8 Solar Sail Missions Flown Image courtesy of Univ. Surrey NASA Image Image courtesy of JAXA Image courtesy of The Planetary Society NanoSail-D (2010) IKAROS (2010) LightSail-1 & 2 CanX-7 (2016) InflateSail (2017) NASA JAXA (2015/2019) Canada EU/Univ. of Surrey The Planetary Society Earth Orbit Interplanetary Earth Orbit Earth Orbit Deployment Only Full Flight Earth Orbit Deployment Only Deployment Only Deployment / Flight 3U CubeSat 315 kg Smallsat 3U CubeSat 3U CubeSat 10 m2 196 m2 3U CubeSat <10 m2 10 m2 32 m2 9 Planned Solar Sail Missions NASA Image NASA Image NASA Image Near Earth Asteroid Scout Advanced Composite Solar Solar Cruiser (2025) NASA (2021) NASA Sail System (TBD) NASA Interplanetary Interplanetary Earth Orbit Full Flight Full Flight Full Flight 100 kg spacecraft 6U CubeSat 12U CubeSat 1653 m2 86 -
THE PROPER TREATMENT of CORONAL MASS EJECTION BRIGHTNESS: a NEW METHODOLOGY and IMPLICATIONS for OBSERVATIONS Angelos Vourlidas and Russell A
The Astrophysical Journal, 642:1216–1221, 2006 May 10 A # 2006. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. THE PROPER TREATMENT OF CORONAL MASS EJECTION BRIGHTNESS: A NEW METHODOLOGY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR OBSERVATIONS Angelos Vourlidas and Russell A. Howard Code 7663, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375; [email protected] Received 2005 November 10; accepted 2005 December 30 ABSTRACT With the complement of coronagraphs and imagers in the SECCHI suite, we will follow a coronal mass ejection (CME) continuously from the Sun to Earth for the first time. The comparison, however, of the CME emission among the various instruments is not as easy as one might think. This is because the telescopes record the Thomson-scattered emission from the CME plasma, which has a rather sensitive dependence on the geometry between the observer and the scattering material. Here we describe the proper treatment of the Thomson-scattered emission, compare the CME brightness over a large range of elongation angles, and discuss the implications for existing and future white-light coronagraph observations. Subject headinggs: scattering — Sun: corona — Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) Online material: color figures 1. INTRODUCTION some important implications resulting from dropping this as- It is long been established that white-light emission of the co- sumption. We conclude in x 4. rona originates by Thomson scattering of the photospheric light by coronal electrons (e.g., Minnaert 1930). Coronal mass ejec- 2. THOMSON SCATTERING GEOMETRY tions (CMEs) comprise a spectacular example of this process and The theory behind Thomson scattering is well understood are regularly recorded by ground-based and space-based corona- (Jackson 1997). -
The Van Allen Probes' Contribution to the Space Weather System
L. J. Zanetti et al. The Van Allen Probes’ Contribution to the Space Weather System Lawrence J. Zanetti, Ramona L. Kessel, Barry H. Mauk, Aleksandr Y. Ukhorskiy, Nicola J. Fox, Robin J. Barnes, Michele Weiss, Thomas S. Sotirelis, and NourEddine Raouafi ABSTRACT The Van Allen Probes mission, formerly the Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission, was renamed soon after launch to honor the late James Van Allen, who discovered Earth’s radiation belts at the beginning of the space age. While most of the science data are telemetered to the ground using a store-and-then-dump schedule, some of the space weather data are broadcast continu- ously when the Probes are not sending down the science data (approximately 90% of the time). This space weather data set is captured by contributed ground stations around the world (pres- ently Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Republic), automatically sent to the ground facility at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Phys- ics Laboratory, converted to scientific units, and published online in the form of digital data and plots—all within less than 15 minutes from the time that the data are accumulated onboard the Probes. The real-time Van Allen Probes space weather information is publicly accessible via the Van Allen Probes Gateway web interface. INTRODUCTION The overarching goal of the study of space weather ing radiation, were the impetus for implementing a space is to understand and address the issues caused by solar weather broadcast capability on NASA’s Van Allen disturbances and the effects of those issues on humans Probes’ twin pair of satellites, which were launched in and technological systems. -
Science: Planetary Science Outyears Are Notional
Science: Planetary Science Outyears are notional ($M) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Planetary Science $2,235 $2,200 $2,181 $2,162 $2,143 Ø Creates a robotic Lunar Discovery and Exploration program, that supports commercial partnerships and innovative approaches to achieving human and science exploration goals. Ø Continues development of Mars 2020 and Europa Clipper. Ø Establishes a Planetary Defense program, including the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) and Near-Earth Object Observations. Ø Studies a potential Mars Sample Return mission incorporating commercial partnerships. Ø Formulates the Lucy and Psyche missions. Ø Selects the next New Frontiers mission. Ø Invests in CubeSats/SmallSats that can achieve entirely new science at lower cost. Ø Operates 10 Planetary missions. § OSIRIS-REx will map asteroid Bennu. § New Horizons will fly by its Kuiper belt target. Dawn Image of Ceres on January 13, 2015 20 Science: Astrophysics Outyears are notional ($M) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Astrophysics $1,185 $1,185 $1,185 $1,185 $1,185 Ø Launches the James Webb Space Telescope. Ø Moves Webb into the Cosmic Origins Program within the Astrophysics Account. Ø Terminates WFIRST due to its significant cost and higher priorities elsewhere within NASA. Increases funding for future competed missions and research. Ø Supports the TESS exoplanet mission following launch by June 2018. Ø Formulates or develops, IXPE, GUSTO, XARM, Euclid, and a new MIDEX mission to be selected in FY 2019. Ø Operates ten missions and the balloon project. Ø Invests in CubeSats/SmallSats that can achieve entirely new science at lower cost. Ø All Astrophysics missions beyond prime operations (including SOFIA) will be subject to senior review in 2019. -
On the Autonomous Detection of Coronal Mass Ejections in Heliospheric Imager Data S
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 117, A05103, doi:10.1029/2011JA017439, 2012 On the autonomous detection of coronal mass ejections in heliospheric imager data S. J. Tappin,1 T. A. Howard,2 M. M. Hampson,1,3 R. N. Thompson,2,4 and C. E. Burns2,5 Received 7 December 2011; revised 3 April 2012; accepted 9 April 2012; published 24 May 2012. [1] We report on the development of an Automatic Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) Detection tool (AICMED) for the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI). CMEs observed with heliospheric imagers are much more difficult to detect than those observed by coronagraphs as they have a lower contrast compared with the background light, have a larger range of intensity variation and are easily confused with other transient activity. CMEs appear in SMEI images as very faint often-fragmented arcs amongst a much brighter and often variable background. AICMED operates along the same lines as Computer Aided CME Tracking (CACTus), using the Hough Transform on elongation-time J-maps to extract straight lines from the data set. We compare AICMED results with manually measured CMEs on almost three years of data from early in SMEI operations. AICMED identified 83 verifiable events. Of these 46 could be matched with manually identified events, the majority of the non-detections can be explained. The remaining 37 AICMED events were newly discovered CMEs. The proportion of false identification was high, at 71% of the autonomously detected events. We find that AICMED is very effective as a region of interest highlighter, and is a promising first step in autonomous heliospheric imager CME detection, but the SMEI data are too noisy for the tool to be completely automated. -
Activity - Sunspot Tracking
JOURNEY TO THE SUN WITH THE NATIONAL SOLAR OBSERVATORY Activity - SunSpot trAcking Adapted by NSO from NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA). https://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/classroom/docs/Spotexerweb.pdf / Retrieved on 01/23/18. Objectives In this activity, students determine the rate of the Sun’s rotation by tracking and analyzing real solar data over a period of 7 days. Materials □ Student activity sheet □ Calculator □ Pen or pencil bacKgrOund In this activity, you’ll observe and track sunspots across the Sun, using real images from the National Solar Observatory’s: Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG). This can also be completed with data students gather using www.helioviewer.org. See lesson 4 for instructions. GONG uses specialized telescope cameras to observe diferent layers of the Sun in diferent wavelengths of light. Each layer has a diferent story to tell. For example, the chromosphere is a layer in the lower solar atmosphere. Scientists observe this layer in H-alpha light (656.28nm) to study features such as flaments and prominences, which are clearly visible in the chromosphere. For the best view of sunspots, GONG looks to the photosphere. The photosphere is the lowest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere. It’s the layer that we consider to be the “surface” of the Sun. It’s the visible portion of the Sun that most people are familiar with. In order to best observe sunspots, scientists use photospheric light with a wavelength of 676.8nm. The images that you will analyze in this activity are of the solar photosphere. The data gathered in this activity will allow you to determine the rate of the Sun’s rotation. -
On Parker Solar Probe, NASA Leaves the Driving to Aerojet Rocketdyne
On Parker Solar Probe, NASA Leaves the Driving to Aerojet Rocketdyne August 12, 2018 KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla., Aug. 12, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- With a big assist from Aerojet Rocketdyne, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe is now on its way to humankind’s closest encounter ever with a star – in this case our solar system’s sun. Parker Solar Probe NASA image Aerojet Rocketdyne provided the full propulsion system on NASA’s Parker Solar Probe, which will venture eight times closer to the Sun than the previous record holderCredit: NASA/Johns Hopkins APL In addition to the RS-68A main engines for the United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy rocket that launched the Parker Probe into space, Aerojet Rocketdyne also supplied the RL10B-2 second stage engine and 12 MR-106 reaction control thrusters on the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage, as well as the full propulsion system on the Parker Solar Probe. The nearly 7-year journey will bring the probe to within 6.2 million kilometers of the Sun’s surface. That’s well within the orbit of the Sun’s nearest planet, Mercury, and eight times closer than the previous record holder, the U.S.-German Helios B probe, which made its closest approach in 1976. “Surviving a years-long journey to the corona of the Sun while operating in autonomous mode requires an incredibly high level of reliability,” said Aerojet Rocketdyne CEO and President Eileen Drake. “Aerojet Rocketdyne propulsion plays a critical role in all aspects of the Parker Solar Probe mission, from launch on the Delta IV, to the probe’s safe cruise through space and approach of the Sun’s atmosphere.” The Parker Solar Probe ultimately will dip into the Sun’s corona, carrying instruments to observe and measure the movement and interaction of phenomena including electric and magnetic fields, energetic particles and solar wind. -
The Active Region Source of a Type III Radio Storm Observed by Parker Solar Probe During Encounter 2 Log-Spaced Chunks, Each of 2.56 Mhz Wide
Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. ISSI_E2_Hinode-final ©ESO 2021 February 10, 2021 The active region source of a type III radio storm observed by Parker Solar Probe during Encounter 2 L. Harra1, 2, D. H. Brooks3, S. D. Bale4, C. H. Mandrini5, 6, K. Barczynski1, 2, R. Sharma7, S. T. Badman4, S. Vargas Domínguez8, and M. Pulupa4 1 PMOD/WRC, Dorfstrasse 33 CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] 2 ETH-Zurich, Hönggerberg campus, HIT building, Zürich, Switzerland 3 College of Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA e-mail: [email protected] 4 Physics Department and Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA. 94720-7450 e-mail: [email protected] 5 Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE), CONICET-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina 6 Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina e-mail: [email protected] 7 Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz (FHNW), Bahnhofstrasse 6, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] 8 Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia e-mail: [email protected] Received September 2020 ABSTRACT Context. To investigate the source of a type III radio burst storm during encounter 2 of NASA’s Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission. Aims. It was observed that in encounter 2 of NASA’s Parker Solar Probe mission there was a large amount of radio activity, and in particular a noise storm of frequent, small type III bursts from 31st March to 6th April 2019. Our aim is to investigate the source of these small and frequent bursts. -
Unser Sonnensystem
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Institut für Planetenforschung UNSER SONNENSYSTEM Kurzer Überblick über die Körper unseres Sonnensystems und deren Erkundung mit Raumsonden zusammengestellt von Susanne Pieth und Ulrich Köhler Regional Planetary Image Facility Direktor: Prof. Dr. Ralf Jaumann Datenmanager: Susanne Pieth 2017, 4., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage INHALT 3 Geleitwort 5 Exploration des Sonnensystems mit Raumsonden 11 Sonnensystem und vergleichende Planetologie 17 Sonne 21 Merkur 25 Venus 29 Erde-Mond-System 41 Mars 47 Asteroiden 55 Jupiter 61 Saturn 69 Uranus 73 Neptun 77 Kuipergürtel und Zwergplaneten 85 Kometen 93 Planetenentstehung und Leben 97 Extrasolare Planeten Anhang 100 Übersicht über die Missionen im Sonnensystem Impressum 119 Wie komme ich an Bilddaten? Herausgeber: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) Institut für Planetenforschung Regional Planetary Image Facility Die Texte entstanden unter Mitwirkung von Dr. Manfred Gaida, Anschrift: Dr. Christian Gritzner, Prof. Dr. Alan Harris, Ernst Hauber, Dr. Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin Jörn Helbert, Prof. Dr. Harald Hiesinger, Dr. Hauke Hußmann, Telefon + 49 (030) 67055-333 Prof. Dr. Ralf Jaumann, Dr. Ekkehard Kührt, Dr. René Laufer, E-Mail [email protected] Dr. Stefano Mottola, Prof. Dr. Jürgen Oberst, Dr. Katharina DLR.de/rpif/ Otto, Dr. Ana-Catalina Plesa, Dr. Frank Sohl, Prof. Dr. Tilman Spohn, Dr. Alexander Stark, Dr. Katrin Stephan, Dr. Daniela Titelbild: DLR (CC-BY 3.0) Tirsch, Dr. Ruth Titz-Weider und Dr. Roland Wagner. Geleitwort GELEITWORT Eine Reise durch das Sonnensystem In der Natur von Forschung liegt es, dass mit jedem gelösten Rätsel neue Fragen aufgeworfen werden. Wie entstand das Leben auf der Im Jahr 1610 richtete Galileo Galilei zum ersten Mal den Blick durch Erde? Kommt es von einem anderen Himmelskörper oder wäre hö- ein Fernrohr auf die Gestirne – und entdeckte wahrlich „Revo- her entwickeltes Leben auf der Erde ohne den großen Mond denn lutionäres“.