Digswell Character Appraisal

Welwyn Hatfield Council

DIGSWELL CHARACTER APPRAISAL

This document developed and written by Richard Guise, Dip Arch RIBA, Dip TP MRTPI. in association with Welwyn Hatfield Council.

Graphic design by Oliver Guise.

This document was approved for consultation by the Council in February 2003.

All maps are based on Ordnance Survey and are produced with permission.

1.0 Introduction 01 2.0 The importance of character appraisal 02

2.1 Context 2.2 What is character? 3.0 Description, location and context 03 4.0 Planning policy context 04 5.0 Evolution 05 6.0 General character 08 7.0 Character sub-areas 13

7.4 A The Core of the ‘new’ Digswell 18 B Harmer Green Lane 19 B1 Recently developed land behind Harmer Green Lane 20 B2 Mid Harmer Green Lane 20 C New Road 21 C1 Mornington 21 D Southern end of Lane and Road 22 EDigswell Water and the eastern gateway 23 E1 Tewinwater valley and estate 24 F The Mimram Valley frontage and the Viaduct 25 F1 The setting of the Viaduct 25 G Interwar development: Woodside Road 26 G1 Interwar development: Lower Station Road 26 HWarren Way 27 I Smaller groups of recent housing 28 J Harmer Green 29 8.0 Design Guidelines 30 9.0 Conclusions and recommendations 37 List of figures

Fig 01 Location map Fig 02 District Plan Review map Fig 03 Digswell in the early 19th century Fig 04 Digswell in 1899 Fig 05 Digswell in 1925 Fig 06 Digswell in 1947 Fig 07 Topographical context Fig 08 Diagrammatic North/South section through Digswell Fig 09 Townscape and landscape appraisal Fig 10 Listed Buildings and buildings of local architectural interest Fig 11 Character sub-areas Fig 12 Analysis of sub-area plots Fig 13 Map of sub-area plots 01 1.0 Introduction

1.1 1.2

This appraisal has been commis- One of the main issues facing Another issue is that of a lack of sioned by Welwyn Hatfield Council Digswell Is the pressure for new tree management in a number of in order to identify the character development. This pressure for locations. A regime of tree surgery of Digswell and thus provide a more residential development has and slow replacement needs to be framework within which to assess manifested itself in the acquisition instigated to prevent the erosion of the appropriateness of proposed of portions of large residential the wooded character of most of development and the design of sites thereby creating "tandem" the settlement and to maintain this development on individual sites development, as has the sale of rich area of wildlife habitat. within the settlement. other large individual houses and replacement with higher density This Appraisal and supporting development. The question arises 1.4 guidelines is intended to is there a maximum capacity for complement, at the neighbourhood the redevelopment of sites? There In order that the positive elements level, the Supplementary Design are virtually no sites which are of the character of Digswell are Guidance document produced undeveloped and therefore Digswell maintained and enhanced, design as part of the Welwyn Hatfield is faced with intensification with the guidelines for new development District Plan Review. It should possibility of the erosion of the very are set out in section 8.0. These be noted that the Hertfordshire character of spacious suburbia to guidelines should serve to inform Structure Plan and the Hertfordshire which so many residents and applicants, elected members and Sustainable Development Guide prospective residents may aspire. planning officers in setting out the 2003 contain policies on design parameters regarding appropriate and the quality of development, density, massing, layout, scale landscape character and visual and materials, related to various amenity. They also stress the need 1.3 character sub-areas. to consider context in achieving good design. Moreover it is not only the plot coverage which is increasing, It has been considered necessary but the multiplication of vehicular 1.5 to produce this appraisal as access points along the roads Digswell is regarded as a desirable and lanes, thus destroying sections This Appraisal was approved as place to live by its residents due of boundary banks, hedges and Supplementary Planning Guidance to its setting and environmental trees. This report raises the issue to the emerging Local Plan in quality. If this quality is to be of the cumulative effect of individual 2003. This approval follows the maintained certain issues need and piecemeal development production of a consultation draft to be addressed. decisions which may require and two public meetings with resi- concerted action to deal with dents in May 2003 and the subse- these matters in a consultative quent receipt of written comments and cooperative manner. from residents, the Parish Council and Hertfordshire County Council. All these contributions are gratefully acknowledged and have been considered in this final revised document. 02 2.0 The importance of character appraisal

2.1 Context 2.2 What is character?

Recent government advice* The concept underpins so Building styles and materials stresses the need for the design much planning policy but is • is there a pattern of of new development to have rarely defined comprehensively. predominant building materials? regard to the character of the • is there a vernacular pattern Character is a multi dimensional context in which it is located. of building? concept, comprising the interaction The objective of this advice is • what is the predominant range of the following aspects which that new development should of architectural styles/periods? are considered when defining the relate to its context in that buildings • is the scale of built form character of Digswell in general and the spaces between them are domestic, civic, grand, and its parts. designed to be site specific and utilitarian etc? sit well in their settings, avoiding • what is the level of Setting the much criticised anonymity ornamentation, texture, colour? • how does the settlement or placelessness of much post relate to its location? Evolution war development. • does the topography • how has the settlement In order that new development govern layout? grown and changed? responds to local character it • what is the form of the • are there significant specific is obvious that local character landscape? property lines, ancient must be identified and evaluated. • does the landscape setting boundaries etc? The Welwyn Hatfield District allow views into and out • is there evidence of former Plan Review and its Supplementary of the settlement? land use which should Design Guidance reinforce and • does the landscape define be conserved? expand on government advice in areas and spaces? Uses, activities and community that they stress the need for an • is there a characteristic pattern • are there mixed small scale understanding of the character of hard landscape? uses or large single uses and and context of the area and that • does the setting and landscape what effect do these activities Design Statements should be foster biodiversity and a sense have on the community? produced for all significant design of tranquillity? proposals and new development. Land ownership Built form and structure • what is the pattern and type of • is the built form compact land ownership and how will this or dispersed? affect building condition? Is the • what is the proportion population transient or fixed? of building footprint to size of plot? Relative connectivity • is the ‘grain’ of plots, buildings • is the settlement well connected and streets fine or coarse: does to existing routes or is it isolated? it have a particular alignment? • can potential pedestrian routes • what is the townscape be identified? character? eg. levels of Image and association enclosure, types of spaces, • what are the views of residents types of street and settlement within the settlement: what frontage, landmarks etc. do they value about the place: what do they wish to change? • what is the image of Digswell to those visiting the settlement *‘By Design’ DETR/CABE 2000 ‘Building in Context’ EH/CABE 2001 or living nearby? 03 3.0 Description, location and context

3.1 3.2

The present day settlement There are a few shops and There is some provision for known as Digswell lies 3km businesses in Digswell, mainly leisure activity as the valley floor north of the centre of Welwyn centred near the station and accommodates a sports field Garden City. It straddles the Woodside Road. These include and pavilion. The village hall is main ‘Great Northern’ railway a public house and a Post located just north of the station, line from London to the North. Office; these are augmented by on Harmer Green Lane. (see figure 01) Digswell is relatively visits from a mobile shop. Given small being about 1.2km north its small, dispersed, car borne to south and 0.75km east to population and the detached west and has a population of nature of the settlement, it about 1,600 people. is unlikely that the shopping provision will expand. Digswell is a compact and yet low density detached suburb, contained by belts of mature trees on most sides, rendering it virtually invisible from most main roads in the area. The settlement lies on the southwest facing slope of Fig 01. Location the valley on the north bank of N the River Mimram and rises 60 metres from the valley floor to the plateau of Harmer Green, at 120 metres above sea level.

Digswell is predominantly a residential suburb, considered by many residents as a village and is HARMER GREEN attractive to commuters, with the WELWYN main line station at the heart of the settlement and good access to the A1(M) 1.5km away to DIGSWELL the west. A bus service links ‘OLD’ DIGSWELL Digswell to Welwyn Garden City RIVER MIMRAM via the station.

WELWYN GARDEN CITY 04 4.0 Planning policy context

4.1 4.2 4.3

The map from the District Plan There are a number of Wildlife The wooded nature of the Review, figure 02, shows Digswell Sites identified in the District settlement is almost wholly surrounded by designated Green Plan located in the Digswell area. within the curtilege of residential Belt, which extends up to the properties, with only three very These are: boundary of its built up area. small pockets designated as WS24 – Digswell Meadows South On the southern side of Digswell Urban Open Land (UOL 13; 14 WS52 – Digswell Lake a narrow band of Green Belt and 15) all in the New Road area. WS27 – Scrub Slope east runs along the Mimram valley, There is a considerable number of Digswell separating the settlement from of Tree Preservation Orders WS16 – Lockleys Wood that of Welwyn Garden City. scheduled in Digswell: these WS6 – Lockleys Woods cover individual trees, groups of It will be noted that the Green Meadow specimen trees and groups of Belt boundary and the boundaries WS15 – Lockleys Chalk Bank, woodland trees. The designation of sub areas B, J and F do not Harmer Green of TPO’s is a continuing process coincide in places. The reasons are WS37 – Pasture north of aimed at maintaining the wooded twofold. Greenbelt boundaries are Lockleys Wood character of the settlement. usually drawn along roads or major WS33 – Harmer Green Pond, property lines for administrative Pennyfathers House convenience. The sub area WS35 – Harmer Green House boundaries are drawn to define 4.4 areas of specific visual character. There are no designated Conservation Areas in Digswell although there are 11 Listed Fig 02. District Plan Review map Buildings. These are the Railway Viaduct, Station, Tunnel Portal, 5 buildings in Digswell Water and three in Harmer Green (see Fig 10). The setting of each of these buildings must be fully considered when development is proposed. In the case of the Viaduct its setting can be taken as the valley landscape that it dominates. 05 5.0 Evolution

5.1 5.2

The settlement of Digswell in There are marked stages in The landscaped parkland of its present location and form the evolution of the northern Tewinwater estate lies on the appears to be relatively recent, settlement now known as north bank, approached over but some of its ancient roots are Digswell (see figs. 3–6). the picturesque Gothick bridge, apparent at its northern and These stages each have their rather hidden and through the southern extremities, Harmer own architectural, spatial and entrance guarded by a lodge. Green being its highest point topographical character sub The eastern extremity of this area and Digswell Water its lowest areas identified in this report. is marked by two short garden respectively. However the original city type terraces set back from Harmer Green is a hamlet also settlement of Digswell is to be the road by a green. of medieval origin. Pennyfathers found 1.5 Km to the south west, House presides over the south around Digswell Church, of Saxon side of the duck pond whilst at origin, lying within Digswell Park the western end there is a range and the bounds of its House. of brick cottages. It appears that This south western part of the the only other significant building two centred Digswell was largely phase was in the early 20th surrounded by the development Century when the creation of the of Welwyn Garden City from New Road stimulated the building the 1920’s. of some architecturally distinctive and spacious houses. One or two recent large houses have been added, whose front boundaries are more ‘urban’ in character.

Digswell Water, originally a medieval settlement is situated at a bridging point on the river Mimram, where the broad valley becomes more enclosed. It was also near this point that the Watermill was established, still surviving with a well designed functional extension dating from the turn of the 19th/20th centuries. The mill ceased to operate soon after this date. A handful of timber framed medieval buildings, heavily restored in the early 20th century can also be seen in this area. 06

Fig 03. Digswell c1800

A conceptual map showing N the area prior to the arrival of the railway. The original Digswell is situated to the west, absorbed in the grounds of Digswell Park. An outlier settlement, Digswell Water, is centred on the watermill and river crossing. ‘New‘ Digswell is known as Coble End at this time.

Fig 04. Digswell 1899

The railway, station and Station Road are well established by this time. There are one or two houses south of the station and a Beehive works is built close to the station to distribute bee-keepers supplies around the country. 07

Fig 05. Digswell 1925

The commuter value of the station is being realised. Spacious new development located well within large plots is being set out along the Edwardian New Road and Adele Avenue. Woodside Road is not shown, but it was being developed by 1926. A small gas works was established near the station, convenient for coal supplies from the railway. The settlement is now referred to as High Welwyn, presumably to distinguish it from the hamlet around Digswell church.

Fig 06. Digswell 1947

A revision of the 1939 OS map. The Hertford Road and Station Road/Woodside Road are fully developed with typical interwar suburban houses. Much of the northern end of New Road is occupied by the extensive grounds of large houses such as Mornington. Harmer Green Lane has very large plots on its eastern side with little development to the west. The Beehive Works and Gasworks still remain. 08 6.0 General character

6.1 6.2

Digswell’s sloping site and The architectural character is Trees dominate most views and enclosed nature form the basis varied, but mainly within an overall enclose the street scene in most of its character. The railway was derivative neo vernacular style places. Trees occur in different virtually the raison d’être of the with later suburban types in well contexts in Digswell. Much of settlement. The straight line of defined pockets. Materials are the periphery of the settlement the track and its level alignment generally brick with groups of is bounded by belts of mature, emphasises the slope by providing houses in white render or natural native, deciduous trees and in the a datum. The railway has had the pebbledash. Predominant roofing north western corner by Lockleys effect of dividing the community, materials are clay plain tiles. Wood. The northern ends of with the eastern side developing Building height is overwhelmingly Harmer Green Lane and New first, rather spaciously along two storey. A few buildings with Road have near continuous trees Harmer Green Lane and New attic storeys in the roof pitch fronting the highways, providing Road. The western side developed add occasional accent. a canopy which creates arcadian from the mid 1920’s onwards tunnels at these points Other Whilst the overall architectural mainly with typical interwar smaller groups of woodland quality is unremarkable there suburban development and exist such as the Dell. Many are some individual buildings then later a large 1960’s chalet fine specimen trees especially of quality. Similarly there are style estate. Subsequent infill Wellingtonia can be seen in few urban spaces or building completes the scene. gardens. In one or two locations groups of special merit; it is trees have been planted in key Unlike Welwyn Garden City the dominance of the wooded locations on lane and road immediately to the south, with its landscape, winding, often frontages to provide accents of consciously formal and informal sunken lanes and roads, the colour contrast with the general urban design of buildings, spaces topographical setting and background of evergreens. Many and roads, Digswell possesses its sense of containment trees have reached full maturity no overall urban plan, but is a or separateness which give and will require management patchwork of many different Digswell its attraction. and eventual replanting. The developments and individually maintenance of this density designed houses. of trees will contribute to the continuation of the biodiversity of this area.The spacious informal leafy character no doubt makes Digswell a much sought after residential location.

6.3

The following maps and diagrams illustrate some aspects of the general character of Digswell. 09

Fig 07. Topographical context

The sloping site between two dry valleys is clearly evident in the pattern of contours.

Fig 08. Diagrammatic North/South section through Digswell

Diagrammatic long section It also explains the situation through Digswell, illustrates the of the station on the level, changes of level from north to where the cutting ends and south and how this has been the embankment commences. resolved through the engineering feats of the viaduct and tunnel. 10

Fig 09. Townscape and landscape appraisal

The townscape and landscape Views, skyline, variety of enclosure appraisal conveys the different and landmarks are important types of spaces in the settlement elements in the townscape and and how and where the trees landscape for maintaining the define and enclose spaces. identity of a place. The map also identifies views and viewpoints and pivotal corners linking one space with another. The winding lanes and roads deflect the view giving interest in the street scene. 11

Key

Significant tree belts defining/enclosing spaces

Tree canopy over lane with banks

Formal avenue trees

Visible ridgeline/crestline

Building skyline impact

Important long/wide view

View to object

Building terminates view

Deflected view

Area of identity

Significant corner

Pinch point

Landmark

Enclosure lost 12

Fig 10. Listed Buildings and buildings of local architectural interest

The Listed Buildings reflect the Listed Building of special formative stages of Digswell’s architectural or historic interest development: the medieval Building of local origins, the feats of railway architectural interest engineering and architecture and a few later examples. The buildings of local architectural interest are selected as good examples of Edwardian domestic architecture and of the vernacular revival characteristic of the Garden Cities. 13 7.0 Character sub-areas

7.1 7.2 7.3

Section 6.0 identifies the aspects The sub-areas are defined using Density is one of the main which contribute to the overall the criteria set out in section 2.2. indicators of character; this character of Digswell. However it Their boundaries are mostly quite is particularly true of Digswell. is clear that whilst the settlement clearly defined although in some Figures 12 and 13 demonstrate has broad overall characteristics, cases one should assume that that each sub area can be that analysis does not fully reflect sub-areas will overlap where there defined by the relative density the detailed nature of Digswell. is a gradual transition from one of dwellings per hectare, plot Consequently, this section identifies area to another. size and the distance between a number of sub areas which the frontage of the plot and the differ from each other in terms of dwelling. Thus, even though the landscape, built form, density, age whole settlement has a density of buildings, levels of openness well below the current suburban or enclosure and nature of roads norm there is considerable or lanes, yet which possess some variation within the settlement; common characteristics. ie between 3 and 18 dwellings per hectare.

7.4

An analysis of each sub-area now follows. This also includes broad design guidelines in critical locations. 14

Fig 11. Character sub-areas 15

Key

A The core of the ‘new’ Digswell Character sub-area

B Harmer Green Lane

Setting of Viaduct B1 Recently developed land behind Harmer Green Lane

Semi commercial/ community frontages B2 Mid Harmer Green Lane

C New Road Nodal/meeting point C1 Mornington

D Southern end of Lane and Road Bus stop E Digswell Water and the eastern gateway Green Belt E1 Tewinwater valley and estate

F The Mimram Valley frontage and the viaduct

F1 The setting of the viaduct

G Interwar development: Woodside Road

G1 Interwar development: Lower Station Road

H Warren Way

I Smaller groups of recent housing

J Harmer Green 16

Fig 12. Analysis of selected sub-area plots

Sub Area Average Average Average Average Density per ha Frontage depth (m) plot width (m) plot depth (m)

A912 (5-20) 15 40

B330 (10-50) 30 90 (45-130)

B1 8 20 2540

C3 20 35 (25-50) 75

C1 8 10 2045

D10172050

E 4.5 4 30 55

F 6.5 30 12 80

G186 10 50

H167 14 60

I18611 30

J315 (10-25) 50 (20-55) 60

Figures in brackets show min-max dimensions, where there is considerable variation from the average. ‘Average’ is taken to be that at May 2003. 17

Fig 13. Map of selected sub-area plots (each rectangle equals 1 hectare)

C1 B

A H D

E F 18 A. The core of the ‘new’ Digswell

This area covers the original buildings of the new settlement, at the point where the railway emerges from the tunnel, and continues as an embankment. This is also the main place where east and west parts are linked through the road bridge. The area is The Station forms the focus The ‘forest track’ leads to the the main nodal point in the of the formally planted Adele Railway Cottages – some of settlement, generating bursts Avenue. Laid out in the the earliest buildings in Digswell, of activity when trains arrive Edwardian era, Adele Avenue following the construction of buses stop and when pub links the station to the new the railway. and shops are open. The area development following the in the immediate vicinity creation of New Road. of the station is subject to brief but high noise levels when trains pass through.

The sub area includes the setting of the listed station ie: the places from which the station can be viewed.

Welwyn North Station Adele Avenue and its associated buildings A late Edwardian Vernacular are the earliest in the ‘New’ Revival house sets the tone for Digswell. It is Italianate in style, so much of the area; an informal, the building with its canopies asymmetrically balanced façade, and bridge staircase is listed. with gables, dominant roof and Its condition and setting there- grouped mullioned windows. fore must be safeguarded. Note also the lush landscape of the garden and boundaries. The entrance to the station from Harmer Green Lane. The setting of this Listed Building is compromised by the domination of parked cars, both on its boundary and against its main façade. The forecourt should be enhanced and enclosed The Cowper Arms somewhat to create an elegant, contemporary with the station, in pedestrian-friendly sense of the same style, has good views place reflecting its nodal position across the south of Digswell from its and focal point at the head of elevated position. The impact of the Adele Avenue. parked car should not be increased. 19 B. Harmer Green Lane

At its northern end this ancient sunken green lane predates the settlement and its canopy of trees and high banks emphasise its rural character.

Harmer Green Lane This winding, narrow semi sunken lane descends towards the station from the plateau of Harmer Green. The overhanging trees form a near continuous canopy. This character is being slowly compromised by the opening up of vehicular access This cottage at the northern end The tranquillity of this quiet green ways for new development. of the lane is framed by the tree lane is an essential characteristic The established character of canopy and both terminates the of this area and should be the large plots (see figs. 12 and 13) view and deflects it to the left. guiding principle in developing is particularly compromised by Note the absence of kerbs sensitive measures in calming this process. or pavement emphasising and limiting vehicular movement. its rural nature. The compact enclosed nature of the lane should not be compromised if limited development is Harmer Green Lane at the considered. Proposals to ‘open junction with the recent up’ frontages or to infill between Sharmans Close. The properties would damage the cumulative effect of junctions essentially arcadian character. to this generous suburban The plot analysis in figs 12 and design standard would erode 13 should provide a guide. the contained, informal rural character of the Lane. The boundary of the Green Belt cuts diagonally across the northern tip of the sub area. The properties within the Belt will therefore enjoy increased protection. The Green Belt boundary continues along the western edge of the sub area (see Fig 02). 20

B1. Land to the west of Harmer Green Lane

Recent houses have been developed here Further plot subdivision with accompanying through the sale and subdivision of large proliferation of access drives and shallow plots. The resulting small plots and suburban frontages, will change the character of this character of the development and road design area in terms of density and dominance by contrasts with the much larger plots facing buildings instead of treescape. the ancient lane.

B2. Mid Harmer Green Lane

Here the lane was realigned to follow the railway and has smaller, narrower plots. The road is relatively straight and is ‘single loaded’ with development on its eastern side. Trees still dominate the street scene

Harmer Green Lane just north of the station. The trees on the left The Village Hall, an important mask the station platform and community focus. fine ex-railway cottages. 21 C. New Road

The road was created prior to Houses along this stretch of World War 1 to improve access the road are only fleetingly and provide development visible behind well screened opportunities. Its northern green boundaries. The deep end is a more spacious, set backs, generous spaces wider, regularised version between houses, (see ‘C’ on of Harmer Green Lane, with fig 13), and varied design on This section of the road frontage its curving form, overhanging derivations of the vernacular has been opened up and some trees, boundary banks style set the pattern for any of the containment of the area and pavements. new development. has been lost.

C1. Mornington

The Mornington Area, Cul de Sac developments of the 60’s and 70’s, replaced original large houses. The development comprises generous detached frontages, virtually continuous, thus preventing views out to the surrounding countryside from the public realm.

Many groups of trees have been retained with houses being built between them. This, plus the open frontages gives a faintly Scandinavian atmosphere. 22 D. Southern end of Lane and Road

The lower sections of New Road and Harmer Green Lane converge in an area that is less enclosed than areas B and C. There are fewer trees and banks and more hedges and fences. The open fields and ridge to the east are glimpsed between the houses. A little further south the roads converge, funnelled by trees. Plots become smaller and more regular in this section, with frontages somewhat closer to the road.

New Road at the junction with Adele Avenue, where glimpses of the enclosing ridge to the east can be seen.

The point where Harmer Green Care needs to be takento ensure Lane joins New Road. It can be that infill development and seen that the trees at this point redevelopment does not erode the define and enclose the junction. character of this area by creating It can also be seen that they need virtually continuous frontages and some sensitive management and new openings in the hedge banks. perhaps some replacement planting. 23 E. Digswell Water and the Eastern Gateway

This small hamlet along the river forms the approach to Digswell from the east, its bridge and historic buildings are earlier than the main settlement. This area is perceived locally as experiencing pressure from increasing traffic movement The Lodge and cars setting down and A vernacular revival building – picking up. Any consequential forms a pivotal corner as one traffic calming measures turns north to enter New Road should have regard to the and Harmer Green Lane. The The elegant neo ‘gothick’ bridge sensitivity of the landscape Lodge also guards the entrance at the eastern entrance to and should not result in to Tewinwater Park behind it Digswell – an early piece of further loss of enclosure. on the right. estate enhancement and management – is hardly noticeable. Perhaps a more sympathetic alignment and design of the footbridge on the left could aid the apprecia- tion of this structure.

Digswellwater Farm The Water Mill (Maran House) for grinding corn lies within One of the earliest buildings in the old settlement of Digswell the area, predating the railway Water. This interesting building settlement by some 400 years. deflects the road and creates a small ‘place’ where driveway and road meet. The oriel window reinforces the termination of the view. Perhaps this alignment might be a model for new built form. 24

E1. Tewinwater

This linear area is a valley landscape enclosed by a ridge to the north. Some development fronting the roadside has the potential for refurbishment. There is little hint of the Digswell settlement at this point, although the viaduct terminates the view to the west as one approaches Digswell Water. Some short terraces of Garden City-type cottages are set back from the road on the southern side and emphasise the linear character of this sub area.

A basic traffic calming measure has been installed to slow traffic where there are multiple access parts to the main road. A more permanent, sensitive solution needs to be developed. Modest enhancement opportunities exist along this road, especially on the right hand side. 25 F. The Mimram valley frontage and the Viaduct

The river valley widens The gables and hipped roofs of along this frontage and is mainly inter war houses can be semi wild in places. When the glimpsed between the trees on this trees are in leaf the southern green southern edge of the settle- and western edges of the ment. The buildings are low and set settlement are scarcely visible. well back in their long plots thus minimising their impact on the valley.

The Viaduct from the East. The The approach to Digswell from The secretive western entrance southern edge of Digswell lies to the north west. The western to Digswell is framed by trees. the right. The piers pinch and edge of the settlement is The bucolic nature of the frame the converging roads at screened by a fine range of Mimram valley reinforces the this point The car park is well mature trees. separation of Digswell from used but could be enhanced. Welwyn Garden City, off to the right. The Welwyn Viaduct terminates the view to the east.

F1. The setting of the Viaduct

As the viaduct is a Listed Building its setting has to be protected from the impact of development. The area on the map (fig.11) outlines the main extent of views and the dominance of the viaduct.

The Welwyn Viaduct The majestic arches (40 of them) stride across the Mimram valley. This structure has formed a major skyline and gateway feature of Digswell since 1850. Here it glows in the sunset. 26 G. Interwar development: Woodside Road

Woodside Road, a creation of the mid 1920’s. Many of the original buildings line the road, including this informal terrace of shops with accommodation over. The terrace is a late version of the vernacular revival style, characteristic of Letchworth and parts of Welwyn Garden City.

View of the opposite side of the Mimram valley from the upper end of Woodside Road. Note the predominance of white render in this small area.

One of the mid 1920’s houses in Woodside Road. Its character is retained in original window frames (with stained glass toplights). The door and elevational materials have also been retained.

G1. Interwar Development: lower Station Road

Similar in character and These boundaries and the appearance to Woodside hedges on the eastern side are Road, with more semi- the unifying components of the detached plus some post war character of this road. The road infill. The west side of the road becomes very busy as it is a has no pavement, with drives, link between the station and hedges and trees fronting the main road. directly onto the carriageway. 27 H. Warren Way

Unlike so much of Digswell, this area was developed consistently within a relatively short period in the 1960’s The detached, mostly ‘chalet’ type houses present a near continuous frontage along the road, denying views of the open countryside to the west from the public realm.

The highest point of the development is marked by a horseshoe green surrounded by bungalows. This welcome device perhaps needs some more height and enclosure to give it an increased sense of The consistent style, footprint and place. Possibly taller trees form of the housing is apparent planted formally to follow the here. The road is suburban in horseshoe might help. character with few street trees and open plan frontages creating a spacious feeling.

The ‘Horseshoe Green’ Looking south across the at the head of Warren Way. Mimram valley from the upper part of Warren Way. 28 I. Smaller groups of recent housing

This area comprises linked pockets of infill development dating from the 1970’s to 1990’s. Few of the developments have major frontages but are situated in plots either side of the railway embankment which is high at this point. The housing is One of the more recent higher generally of slightly higher density developments with density than much in Digswell. “mews-type” vehicular access. There is little agreement on style, materials and form of the houses, but this gives each estate its own personality. The most recent developments are built on the sites of the Beehive Works and Recent development Gasworks respectively. terminating the view from the station forecourt

1970’s split gable and monopitch houses, typical of the period. Note the tighter layout. 29 J. Harmer Green

Harmer Green an archetypal hamlet with duckpond, green, cottages and farmhouse. Strictly, Harmer Green is a separate settlement from Digswell, but it is directly linked to it and the focus of the northern ends of Harmer Green Lane and New Road.

Long established boundaries and drives are in ‘soft’ materials such as hedges and gravel, with occasional brick gate piers. ‘Hard’ materials such as railings, brick walls and fences over 1m high or paved drives, are less appropriate to this informal hamlet.

This composition of cottages and Facing Harmer Green this house later cottage style buildings is a significant example of the enhances the village character of Vernacular Revival or Arts and Harmer Green through a coherent Crafts style of domestic architecture relationship to each other and the prevalent in ‘progressive’ circles green frontage. at the advent of the 20th century. The simple assymetrical design, The boundary of the Green Belt horizontal, irregular bands of runs along the lane here; the mullioned windows, interspersed Green and the cottages on the by oriels, tall chimneys, buttresses right lie within the Green Belt and and gables, gathered under a are therefore afforded greater sweeping roof, are characteristic protection (see fig 02). of this influential style. 30 8.0 Design Guidelines

8.1 Objectives

1. The guidelines set out below 3. These design guidelines have been drafted to provide should be regarded as a applicants, elected members framework of local parameters and planning officers with within which a range of design criteria with which to assess the solutions can be developed, appropriateness of development within the general context of proposals. The criteria have national policy. The guidelines been developed to ensure are intended as a springboard that the positive elements for good, sensitive design; of the character of each sub they are as prescriptive only area and Digswell as a whole, as necessary to achieve a as identified in this Appraisal, reasonable response to the are maintained and enhanced. character of the area

2. National policy set out in 4. These guidelines refer to ‘By Design’ ‘Better Places Digswell as a whole and to Live By Design’ ‘Building each of the sub areas, in in Context’ and ‘Places particular, those that are Streets and Movement’ have a under the greatest pressure common theme in that good for infilling or redevelopment. design should be achieved throughout the built environ- ment, not just in conservation areas; it should have regard to the character, context or setting in which it is located and that provision for the vehicle should not dominate the aim of making good places. 31

8.2 Process

1. In determining any development 2. Design Statement proposals, whether they be for Applicants are required to new building on undeveloped submit a design statement to or previously developed sites, accompany their application alterations or extensions to exist- drawings. The statement ing buildings, proposed work to should comprise: boundaries or to the public • a statement demonstrating realm, it is advisable to follow the how the design responds sequence below: to the character of Digswell • note the character appraisal and the sub area in which it of Digswell overall (section 6) is located, as described in then the sub area in which this appraisal the site is located • how the design of the • note the opportunities, application responds to constraints and issues the opportunities and to be addressed (eg. site constraints of the site characteristics loss of • the statement should be boundary hedgerows, supported by a site plan intensification of sites) showing surrounding • consider the design guidelines development related to the sub areas

In particular consider the relative densities and plot layouts as set out in Figures 12 and 13. 32

8.3 Guidelines for sub-area A: The core of the ‘new’ Digswell

1. This area is dominated by 3. The station building requires a the railway and the station. sensitive intensification of use For many it is the gateway in order that the vacant and to Digswell; however its under-used accommodation character is being eroded is utilised. by the domination of the motor 4. It is suggested that an vehicle and the poor condition enhancement plan is drawn up of the Listed Station building. to address the car parks, their 2. Whilst one or two small pockets frontages and the forecourt of of land might have development the station. The plan should potential, the noise and vibration aim to increase the sense of impact of fast through trains enclosure, ensure improved makes this possibility less access for pedestrians and attractive. Should development disabled people and improve be proposed this location is and coordinate signage. probably suitable for small scale, two storey mixed development 5. Pedestrian safety and traffic eg. live-work units, subject to calming may need attention access and good neighbour in the area of the bridge. considerations. Attention to the design of frontages and the setting of the Listed Station will be material considerations. 33

8.4 Guidelines for sub-areas B: Harmer Green Lane and C: New Road

1. The analysis of these two areas 2. It has been recognised that b) No further new driveways (see section7) shows that their all of these elements have will be created involving the essential characteristics are been compromised and removal of front hedgerow variations on the theme of very eroded in recent years and banks. Vehicular access to low density development that if the character of these any new dwelling shall be by exemplified by: two areas is to be maintained extending and adapting the and enhanced, then the following existing driveway, rather than • large plots guidelines will influence the creating a new driveway at • detached houses set in the consideration of any application the site entrance. centre of the plots for planning permission regarding c) The removal of banks, extensions, replacement, or • houses set well back behind hedgerows and trees on front new development. the front boundaries boundaries will be resisted. a) There will be a presumption The replacement of any dead or • ‘soft’ front boundaries of banks against the intensification decaying trees will be required, with hedgerows and/or trees of plots through “tandem one for one, by semi-mature veiling any views of the houses. development”. Tandem species characteristic of the Moreover this arcadian Development occurs where area. Applications proposing character is reinforced by: one or more dwellings are hard boundaries such as brick developed in the rear of a walls, fences, railings or hard • informal vehicular entrances property or back garden of a surfaces with extensive areas which are merely occasional plot, of an existing dwelling. of brick paviors or tarmac opening gaps in the banks This process has the effect driveways will be resisted. • soft materials for drive surfaces of increasing the density of Regarding boundaries, an and green boundaries the plot by at least 100% Article IV Direction, removing and perhaps up to 500%. permitted development rights • informal asymmetrical house Exceptions will normally be covering boundaries is being design in footprint and confined to above average considered at present. In elevation with pitched, sized plots in the sub area the meantime, planning often hipped roofs concerned (see figs 12 conditions will be attached and 13). to any permission granted in order to safeguard the green front boundaries. 34

d) The layout and location of e) House designs should Architects and designers are any new dwellings should reflect the variation in house encouraged to create inventive be consistent with the type which is a notable solutions within this palette. following principles: characteristic of these sub Architecture which incorporates areas. In particular where “green” building techniques • the house will normally be set two or more dwellings are will be welcome; such as the out with its long axis across the proposed on an existing plot, inclusion of turf or similar green site (virtually parallel with the house designs should not be roofs, timber cladding, timber front boundary) identical. However architecture framed conservatory structures • the front façade of the building should have regard to the for passive solar gain, photo- (excluding minor projections broad established pattern that voltaic cell panels (if the effect such as porches and bay win- includes the following principles of reflection is not deemed dows) should be set back from which are most common unduly intrusive). the front edge of the property throughout these sub areas: Eclectic styles such as neo- by the same dimension as its • irregular/informal footprint georgian or Mediterranean adjacent neighbours or the types are regarded as being average set back of the houses • pitched roofs (usually 40-50 alien to the broad character built along the side of the road degrees) with hips and gables of the settlement. on which the site is situated, • chimneys (or brick vents/flues) (relating to buildings built prior to 1950), whichever is the • ranges of windows with greater. It is likely that the mullions and the use of dimension will be around 30m brick (red/brown) and /or render materials • any new building shall have its long axis (including garage) measuring a maximum of half the front boundary width, with a minimum gap of 5m from the side boundaries 35

Guidelines for sub-area B1: Guidelines for sub-area B2: Land to the West of Harmer Mid Harmer Green Lane Green Lane This sub area has an intimate The appraisal indicates that this scale due to the sense of area has been subdivided and enclosure on its western side redeveloped quite recently. and the narrowness and shallow Very few opportunities for depth of plots. Consequently redevelopment still exist. it is not considered that plots could be subdivided. • a sense of spaciousness along the street must be maintained

• many plots back onto the Lockleys Wood. Attention to the consideration and design of the boundaries facing this high quality landscape is essential. Perhaps hedges should be associated with any fences. Brick or railings would be inappropriate

• privacy between living rooms must be a key consideration, which can be achieved through design and layout as well as key dimensions 36

8.5 Guidelines for sub-area C1: Mornington

1. The analysis of this area (see 4. There are few opportunities for Page 21) indicates that it has infill and no immediate pressure homogeneity arising from its for redevelopment. Should being planned and designed these situations arise it would as a coherent whole. be essential to maintain the existing building line and the 2. The inclusion of landscape as existing average plot coverage. greens, open frontages and the Development which would retention of trees especially the result in the loss of mature pines and birch which contribute trees in good condition should to the areas ‘Scandinavian’ be resisted. Built form which character, should be recognised ‘threads its way’ through the as an essential element of this trees with glazed walls and housing cluster, to be maintained ‘green’ roofs could be an and enhanced when considering appropriately modest response development proposals. to this arcadian setting.

3. The built form, whilst low density, 5. Extensions and alterations presents an undulating semi which would result in a virtually continuous street frontage and is terraced effect, by visually linking characterised by housing types adjacent houses will be resisted. of characteristic 1960’s and 70’s Side and rear extensions should style and use of materials. be subservient to the main building, usually by being slightly set back from front corners and walls and by setting any roof ridge lower than the main building. Dormers should be set well back from verges. 37

8.6 Guidelines for sub-area D: Southern end of Lane and Road

1. The analysis of this area (see 3. There are very limited opportu- section 7) indicates that the nities for subdivision of sites character is similar to that of and generally this will be resis- areas B and C, but the plots ted if subdivision results in sites are shallower, it is less being less than the average enclosed by mature trees, plot size for the sub area. and that the fields and ridge to the east are glimpsed through 4. It is essential that the gaps trees. Moreover hedgebanks between buildings are retained. and boundary trees are less On the east side of New Road prevalent and hedges and building frontages should be no fences more apparent. As the more than 60% of the width of plots are shallower, the building the site and on the west side line of the houses is closer to 80%. Existing building lines and their front boundaries. The setbacks must be adhered to. range of style is common to Digswell as a whole although 5. Where subdivision of plots is they are slightly more recent. approved, it will normally be a condition that vehicular access 2. The issues are that new to two properties should be development could threaten to shared, in order to maintain erode the established positive the continuity and integrity character by creating minimal of boundaries. spacing between buildings, eroding boundaries by creating 6. All front boundaries should frequent vehicular openings be hedges or hedgerow and generally “opening up” banks depending on location. frontages. Many trees are likely Replacement tree planting to be lost due to neglect and may be required in order full maturity. to ensure the continuity of enclosure which would be lost with the decay and removal of existing trees. 38

8.7 Guidelines for sub-areas E and E1

Design guidelines for Sub Design Guidelines for area E: Digswell Water and Sub area E1: Tewinwater the Eastern Gateway This ‘approach’ zone running As identified this is one of the along the Tewinwater valley is two historic centres at the edges dominated by the landscape of Digswell. It has the greatest elements of a ridge to the north, concentration of listed buildings the valley floor and the rising land in the settlement. The historic on the south. Green Belt policy walls are an important element covering this area means that in the streetscape. This area only replacement development owes its character partly to the will be allowed. concentration of routes and is an entrance to Digswell. It is • any proposed traffic calming considered that development measures should use signage, opportunities do not exist in street furniture and painted road this area. surfaces with restraint in order to respond to this rural setting • as this area possesses some of the qualities which might make it eligible for designation as a conservation area, a ‘preservation and enhancement’ approach should be adopted in all decisions regarding (a) the alteration and extension of existing buildings and (b) any measures to manage and calm the flow of traffic 39

8.8 Guidelines for sub-areas F and F1

Design guidelines for 3. Here again adherence to the Design Guidelines for Sub area F: The Mimram building line is required and a Sub area F1: The Setting Valley Frontage hedgerow front boundary of the Viaduct should be maintained. 1. The analysis of this area 1. This sub area overlaps with that (see section 7) indicates 4. Low profile built form of one of F and is identified purely to that the character is of a and a half storey type, with establish the setting of the frontage to the settlement accommodation in the roof- Listed Viaduct, which dominates along the Hertford Road, space would be appropriate. the Mimram valley. As the valley on rising ground overlooking The use of white or any lies largely within the Green the Mimram valley. There are other assertive colour on Belt and as it contains flood generally regular narrow plots bargeboards or gable end plain and nature conservation of some considerable depth boarding or similar area above designations it is protected with correspondingly deep the ground floor would be from possible development. set backs of approximately inappropriate as this would The frontages along the Hertford 15-30m. The hedgerow on have an undue impact when road are addressed in the the south side of the Hertford viewed across the valley. guidelines relating to sub area F. Road contributes to the screening of the development 2. The car park at the foot as well as do the boundary of the Viaduct and related hedges themselves. structures and signage should be considered as potentially 2. Generally the built form is affecting the setting of the of a low profile and consists Viaduct and therefore any of hipped roof forms, dating works of maintenance and from the inter war and post enhancement should have war eras. There is some regard to the visual sensitivity response to the ‘gateway’ at of the site. the junction with Station Road where houses are oriented to ‘turn the corner’ somewhat. The narrowness of the plots means that there is only limited distance between each house and its side boundary. Few opportunities for subdivision exist, but perhaps some sites could be redeveloped. 40

8.9 Guidelines for sub-areas G and G1

Design Guidelines for Sub Design Guidelines for Sub area area G: Interwar Development: G1: Interwar Development: Woodside Road Lower Station Road

The sub area is characterised This area possesses many of the by a predominance of buildings same characteristics as sub area designed in the 1920’s in typical G. Additionally it has remnants of vernacular revival and suburban a substantial hedge bank. The styles. Whilst few development road is subject to short periods of sites exist, it is important that in the relatively high vehicle movement repair, alteration and extension of throughout the day. existing buildings, original design features, details, materials and • the soft landscape of the rooflines are maintained in order to bank should be maintained enhance the character of the area. in any highway works and It is perhaps worth reiterating that further erosion of the bank buildings which retain as much as will be resisted possible of their original features tend to retain their value. • the comments in the guidelines to sub area G regarding • it is noted that the limited alterations and extensions retail uses in this area have are relevant to this area. It declined recently. However due should also be noted that to its location and established there is a concentration character, the continuation of of white painted rendered some mixed uses would be a buildings in the area and desirable objective to ensure that the perpetuation and some diversity possible extension of this would add to the identity of the area 41

8.10 Guidelines for sub-area H: Warren Way

The analysis of this area (see • wherever possible, any garage page 27) reveals that there is a extension should extend to the pattern of virtually continuous rear of the property and not frontage development of a broadly project further forward than the consistent form and style. The front door. This is advocated in absence of hedgerow boundaries order to minimise the impact of adds to the difference in character the parked car evident in this area. • dormer windows should be set • few opportunities for infill exist back from any verge or edge to as there are only narrow gaps a flank wall on a pitched roof in between buildings and the order that continuous lines of relatively recent building age and dormer windows giving a strong small building plots suggest that horizontal emphasis are avoided redevelopment is less likely to take place in the short term • whilst the general pattern of materials for walls and roofs • where opportunities for should be respected, proposed redevelopment of plots alteration or development at is identified, development key positions in the streetscape should respect/maintain the eg. significant corners or focal continuity of the building line, points could be accentuated house style and open frontages architecturally, (within the parameters of average height, • there is the possibility however, massing and scale of openings) that alterations and extensions could take place. In this case • where opportunities for and in the case of possible redevelopment of plots are new development, it is essential identified, development should that the building line and open maintain the chracter of the frontages are retained. The area, specifically the building terracing effect of wide side lines, style and open frontages extensions virtually joining previously detached or semi detached properties will be resisted 42

8.11 Guidelines for sub-area I: Smaller Groups of recent Housing

The appraisal for this area suggests a varied and eclectic mix of styles and materials in this a most recently developed of the sub areas. As these are mainly infill plots and as they are developed to a relatively high density related to Digswell as a whole, virtually no opportunity exists for development.

• if development does occur however, imaginative solutions will have to be found to make the best use of small, often inward looking sloping sites. Given the size of sites the use of shared surfaces would be acceptable. The ‘accidental’ impact of views of new development from the south should be avoided 43

8.12 Guidelines for sub-area J: Harmer Green

1. The analysis of this area 4. It should be remembered that confirms its ‘village green’ there are three Listed Buildings character on the plateau at in this area and that their the highest point of Digswell. setting must be considered The focus of the area is when applications are made framed by woodland and in their vicinity. Additionally smaller groups of trees. The three other building groups Green Belt boundary cuts have been identified as being across the village green area, of local architectural interest as most landscape is on the (see figure 10). north side if the lane. However as the Green and its enclosing 5. Further replacement of buildings are perceived as a frontage boundaries with whole, they are considered as above eye-level walls or fences such in this sub area. will be resisted as being out of character with the area. 2. The built form is quite varied, ranging from a domestic scale 6. Subdivision of plots would short terrace of vernacular be inappropriate except perhaps cottages, to historic farmhouses on the largest of plots within and one or two expansive the excluded settlement, subject houses of the Edwardian era. to sensitive siting of units to There are also some large minimise visual impact from houses of more recent origin. a) the Green, b) adjacent Listed Due to the ancient and informal Buildings and c) the open nature of this settlement, plots countryside. The very low are more varied in size and density and low plot coverage shape than most of Digswell (see figure 12) would have to be maintained. As this area (with 3. The issues facing this area sub-area E) contains the greatest are the replacement of mainly concentration of buildings of soft boundaries by lengths of architectural interest it will be above eye-level wall and fencing, expected that any proposal reducing the soft informal would reflect and contribute nature of the area. Few to this established quality. opportunities exist to intensify frontage development through new building although there may be eventual pressure for replacement and tandem development on larger sites. 44 9.0 Conclusions and recommendations

9.1 9.4 9.5

This report has set out the factors Applications for new houses Harmer Green (sub-area K) and which contribute to the character should be considered against Digswell Water (sub-area E) might of Digswell. Whilst that character the sub area guidelines in this be considered of appropriate has evolved over a century or document. If any new houses quality for designation as so, the resulting low density tree- are proposed their design should Conservation Areas in order dominated arcadian informal have regard to the character of that alterations, extensions, suburban character should not be the sub-areas in which they are infill development, boundary lost through significant demands situated. Modern designs which proposals or work to the for new development. The large are predominantly horizontally public realm might receive residential plots have not been proportioned, incorporating detailed consideration. built upon and there are virtually energy efficient design (perhaps no brownfield sites remaining to including ‘green’ roofs may develop in order to raise density. be acceptable. 9.6

The neo Georgian style has little Digswell has long benefited to do with the established pattern from its inheritance of woodland 9.2 in Digswell: more asymmetrical, and tree planting. However roof dominated architecture this inheritance is reaching its Plot subdivision can have signifi- derived from the vernacular maturity and residents and the cant effects on the increase in revival would be a more positive local authority might consider density and the proliferation of contribution. In particular, front developing a detailed landscape access drives which break into boundaries should be ‘soft’ ie assessment and management the laneside banks in sub-areas avoiding brick walls or railings plan considering areas under B and C. If this trend were to as these are essentially urban threat, trees that need statutory continue the essential character features. Instead banks, open protection and areas that need would be eroded. vertical fences below eye level replanting. In undertaking and hedges (not laurel or fir) this plan Digswell will not only would be appropriate. continue the sensitivity and 9.3 foresightedness of the English Landscape Tradition founded The effect of increased traffic in the 18th Century but will be resulting from commuting to and contributing to its sustainable from the station and from any sig- development through the nificant increase in development maintenance and increase in is already making Station Road biodiversity and clean air supply. and the lower reaches of Harmer Green Lane quite busy at peak times. It is recommended that the road network in Digswell be monitored to assess capacity. 45 46