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Change, Continuity, and Context in Nebraska History, 1940-1960

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Change, Continuity, and Context in Nebraska History, 1940-1960 Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Change, Continuity, and Context in Nebraska History, 1940-1960 Full Citation: William C Pratt, “Change, Continuity, and Context in Nebraska History, 1940-1960,” Nebraska History 77 (1996): 45-54 URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1996Change.pdf Date: 4/12/2013 Article Summary: The years 1940-1960 brought modern life to Nebraska. That era marked by political conservatism and anti-Communism saw important changes including increased home construction, greater educational opportunity, and interstate highways. Cataloging Information: Names: George Norris, Frank Morrison, Carl Curtis, Val Peterson, Joseph McCarthy, Mabel Gillespie, Hazel Abel Keywords: George Norris, Frank Morrison, union shop ban, Farmers Union, Farm Bureau, Val Peterson, loyalty oaths, Joseph McCarthy, Communism, packinghouse workers, Offutt Air Force Base, GI Bill, interstate highways, Rural Electrification Administration (REA), DePorres Club, Mabel Gillespie, Hazel Abel, television Photographs / Images: Nebraska‟s all-Republican congressional delegation meeting Boy Scouts visiting Washington, July 10, 1951: Rep Carl T Curtis, Rep Howard Buffet, Sen Kenneth Wherry, Rep A L Miller, Rep Karl Stefan, Sen Hugh Butler; inset Nebraska State Federation of Labor flyer, “Labor Speaks, Why You Should NOT Sign the „Right to Work Petition‟ ”; Sen Joseph McCarthy broadcasting over KFAB radio, August 24, 1951; new homes in a Lincoln suburb built by Strauss Brothers Lumber Company; inset flyer, “GI Bill of Rights Helps You . .”; Theodore Sorensen; Consumers Public Power District advertisement in Nebraska Electric Farmer, September 1948; Hazel H Abel By William C Pratt Recent Nebraska history is relatively un­ voke others to do a better job on those this conservative trend. Norris himself explored territory. A quick look at back and other subjects. was an anomaly in Nebraska and na­ issues of this journal will confirm this Many observers have commented on tional politics. His following at home observation. Like the history of many the conservative nature of Nebraska probably should not be interpreted as other states, our recent past has at­ politics since the defeat of Senator general support for some of the posi­ tracted little scholarly attention. And George Norris. There is, of course, no tions he assumed in Washington. Per­ this is true whether we are talking about quarreling with that generalization. The haps many Nebraskans supported him political, economic, or social develop­ eighty-one-year-old Norris was turned because of their perception he was a ments. To be sure there are exceptions, out of office in 1942, defeated in a three­ nuisance in the distant national capitol.4 one of the most noteworthy being way race by Kenneth Wherry.2 From that He had great prestige, even managing to Frederick Luebke's 1990 article on the point on, conservative RepUblicans get a popular President of the United Tiemann administration. l But as a prac­ dominated state government and the States to campaign for him in 1936, but tical matter, when approaching the last Nebraska congressional delegation to it should be remembered that Norris, half century of Nebraska history, the Washington. And with one exception, running as an independent, won in a prevailing tendency is to rely upon per­ the 1948 election of Omaha's Eugene three-way contest that year with less sonal recollections, journalistic ac­ O'Sullivan in the Second District, that than a majority of the vote, and he had counts, or generalizations drawn from was the story of Nebraska politics until the backing of many Democrats over national treatments. Such sources can 1958, when Democrat Ralph Brooks the party's official nominee, Terry be very helpful; at the same time, they won the governor's mansion and his Carpenter.s are not an adequate substitute for schol­ party took two congressional seats. Evidence of political conservatism arly research in recent state history. Even then, the Democratic gains that predated Norris's 1942 defeat can In this essay, I look at three themes, proved temporary. Following Brooks's be seen in the 1934 defeat of Congress­ change, continuity, and context, which death in 1960, Democrat Frank Morrison man Edgar Howard, not to mention are the stock in trade of historians every­ was elected to three two-year terms as Charley Bryan's two terms as governor where, though I will be exploring them governor, and his party managed to win in the 1930s, or perhaps Democratic U.S. within the relatively narrow confines of another congressional race in the 1964 Senator Edward Burke's move to the two decades, the 1940s and 1950s. Goldwater debacle, when Democrats right after having been elected in 1934 There is no compelling logic in this carried the state in a presidential con­ as a New Deal supporter. FOR carried conceptualization. I am simply taking test for the first (and still the only) time Nebraska in 1932 and 1936, but never this opportunity to look at some facets since 1936. Nebraska was a conservative again. New Deal governor Roy Cochran of Nebraska's recent past and, in so do­ stronghold from the 1940s well into the thwarted Burke's bid for a second term ing, to touch upon political, social, eco­ 1960s, as Republican domination of in the U.S. Senate in the 1940 primary, nomic, and cultural trends in a regional state government and the election and but Cochran himself was defeated by context. This piece is really a call for fur­ reelection of Congressmen and U.S. Hugh Butler in the general election.6 ther research and, if I exaggerate a Senators such as Karl Stefan, Howard Nebraska mayor may not have been point, neglect a topic, misread a trend, Buffett, Kenneth Wherry, Hugh Butler, "the most conservative state in the or (perish the thought) malign a states­ Carl Curtis and Roman Hruska testify. union" as former U.S. Senator Carl Curtis man, perhaps such derelictions will pro- Even Frank Morrison's three terms as has claimed, but it is situated in the governor support this assertion; at least heart of what was generally a politically William C. Pratt is professor ofhistory at the in that era, Morrison was a cautious and conservative region.? That is, Nebraska University ofNebraska at Omaha, and a conservative Democrat.3 voters were not uniquely tilted in a con­ member ofthe Nebraska State Historical Society Board of Trustees. But too much can be made of servative direction in the 1940s and Norris's 1942 defeat as the beginning of 1950s. Leaving North Dakota aside as a 45 Nebraska History - Spring 1996 Nebraska's all-Republican congressional delegation meets Boy Scouts visiting Washington: July 10, 1951. (From left), Carl T. Curtis, first congressional district; Howard Buffett, second district; Senator Kenneth Wherry; A. l. Miller, fourth district (at rear); Karl Stefan, third district; and Senator Hugh Butler. Stefan died October 2,1951, and Wherry died November 29,1951. NSHS-PC0355-7608-248 special case, Nebraska's neighbors also way in explaining the region's political Bureau, and that was the difference. tended to opt for conservative politi­ conservatism in this era: Organized la­ The Nebraska Farmers Union, how­ cians. Democratic governors, Congress­ bor was relatively weak in each of these ever, was much more conservative than men, and U.S. Senators also were rare in states and was unable to upset the right­ its counterparts.in the Dakotas or Iowa. Iowa, Kansas, and the Dakotas. The to-work drive. That also meant that the Its president was a Republican, and he story is a bit more complicated in North labor vote normally was insufficient to was out of step with the organization's Dakota due to the pres~nce of the lib­ put more liberal or Democratic candi­ national leadership. The Farm Bureau's eral Nonpartisan League within the dates over the top in state-wide or con­ membership grew in Nebraska during ranks of the Republican Party in that gressional elections. the 1940s and 1950s as well. Organized state, but even there one had to be a Organized agriculture was a more im­ agriculture in the Cornhusker State had conservative to be elected as governor portant political force than organized la­ a distinctively conservative bent in the in these years.s bor in these states. In the Dakotas, the post-World War II years, which helped A clear sign of a conservative politi­ Farmers Union played a key role in rally­ insure the Republican ascendancy of cal tilt in this region was the passage of ing what liberal strength there was. that era. II In neighboring Iowa, the right-to-work measures in Nebraska, Much of the time there, it was able to Farmers Union had left-wing leadership, Iowa, and the Dakotas in 1946-47. In all persuade Republican senators to back but was a small organization. The Farm four states this anti-union effort tri­ farm legislation. Karl Mundt of South Bureau, on the other hand, had a large umphed prior to the passage of the 1947 Dakota and Milton Young of North Da­ membership and was quite influential Taft-Hartley Act nationally. And in South kota, right-wing Republicans, often politically. Dakota and Nebraska, the union shop voted the right way on farm issues as far A much studied national political ban was added to the state constitution as the Farmers Union was concerned.1O topic of the post-World War II years is as well as to the statute book.9 The ex­ In the Dakotas the Farmers Union was anti-Communism or McCarthyism.
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