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Raman Spectroscopy of Layered Cultural Heritage Materials

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Raman Spectroscopy of Layered Cultural Heritage Materials Department of Chemistry Raman Spectroscopy Reasearch Group Raman Spectroscopy of Layered Cultural Heritage Materials Anastasia Rousaki Student number: 01312792 Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Luc Moens, Prof. Dr. Peter Vandenabeele, Dr. Jana Sanyova A dissertation submitted to Ghent University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science: Chemistry Academic year: 2017 - 2018 ii Acknowledgements After more than four years my journey comes to an end. During this journey I have lived in a country completely different from my home, worked in one of the best groups worldwide on Raman spectroscopy and have met some wonderful and inspiring people whom I would like to thank. First of all, I would like to thank my promoter, Prof. dr. Peter Vandenabeele. There are no words to describe how grateful I am for working with him, alongside him and for him. Thanks are due for his introducing and teaching me Raman spectroscopy, for supporting me without a second thought, for listening to my craziest ideas, for giving me all the right lessons and for giving me all the right reasons to love my job and the group. Thanks for the (first!) long list that was made during our first trip to Argentina and for all the discussions we have had these past four years. Thanks to my promoter, Prof. dr. Luc Moens, who has been one of the most inspiring and caring people I have met. Thanks for the endless support to me and to every new project, for the new ideas, for the long talks and the amazing, even longer working hours when we were measuring spectra in Patagonia, Argentina. Thanks for listening to me and caring about my scientific and personal problems. Thanks to Dr. Jana Sanyova (KIK-IRPA, Brussels, Belgium) for welcoming me in KIK-IRPA for the first months of my research, for sharing her expertise with our group and for working together on the project “Archaeometrical Study of the Ghent Altarpiece". I would like to acknowledge Ghent University for its financial support through the concerted research action "Archaeometrical Study of the Ghent Altarpiece”. Through this project, I was able to study one of the world’s most magnificent paintings, the Ghent Altarpiece of the Van Eyck brothers, which also helped me complete my PhD research. Furthermore, I would like to thank iii FWO for granting me a short stay abroad (project: K204416N) for analyzing, in situ, rock art paintings with portable Raman instrumentation in Patagonia, Argentina. Thanks to dr. Claudia Conti (Istituto per la Conservazione e la Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali, Milan, Italy) and Prof. dr. Pavel Matousek (Central Laser Facility, CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK) for all the help, the support, their fruitful collaboration and their new ideas on the development of the new micro-SORS techniques. Thanks to Prof. dr. Maximiliaan Martens, for his advice during the research campaign of the Ghent Altarpiece and for his collaboration and help during the measuring time on the cork masterpiece of the Pantheon of Rome made by Antonio Chichi. Thanks to Prof. dr. Jan Jehlička (Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic) for his scientific advice on mineral-related questions, for his collaboration on the Patagonian rock art paintings and for some beautiful discussions during the last RAA (2017) conference. Thanks to Prof. Dr. Laszlo Vincze, to dr. Bart Vekemans and Brecht Laforce for having shared with me their valuable expertise with X-rays. Thanks for the collaboration and measurements on beads from the Kongo King project and on samples from rock art paintings from Chubut province, Patagonia, Argentina. Thanks to dr. Dimitri Vandenberghe for sharing his ideas on dating rock art with luminescence techniques and giving me new insights on characterizing iron oxides. Thanks to Prof. dr. Danilo Bersani (University of Parma, Parma, Italy) for his advice concerning green earths and for his input on the analysis of ceramics from Ecuador. iv Thanks to Prof. dr. Howell G. M. Edwards for upgrading and taking care of my PhD text and for the wonderful scientific conversation we had during the inArt (2016) conference in Ghent, Belgium. Thanks to Prof. dr. Karel Strijckmans for all his support and organization since I first arrived in S12. I would like to acknowledge dr. Eleni Kouloumpi (National Gallery-Alexandros Soutzos Museum, Athens, Greece) for being the first person to introduce me to archaeometry. Thanks for being my mentor and also one of my dearest friends. Thanks for all the support and all those endless nights we spent in discussions during my Bachelor and Master thesis work. But most of all, thanks for being there in one of my most troubled times in my life and for giving me unconditionally all the help I needed without a second thought. Thanks for inspiring me and for having you by my side. Without you, I wouldn’t have gone so far. Thanks to the Raman spectroscopy research group for welcoming me in the laboratory and to Ghent. Thanks to Alessia, Debbie and Mafalda for all the hours that we spent together working on projects and in the office. Special thanks to Jolien and Sylvia, two of my dearest people and my closest friends and colleagues. Thank you girls for making the working hours full of joy, for all the support and help, for all the problems that we solved together, for being there during my ups and downs but most of all thank you for really sharing your life with me the past four years. We had an amazing journey together and we shared a “notorious” office. Thanks to Possum for the support, the wonderful time we spent during her visits to S12 and for the great girls’ night out we organized. Thanks to our amazing Argentinian colleagues Emmanuel Vargas, Cristina Vázquez, Verónica Aldazábal, Cristina Bellelli, Mariana Carballido Calatayud, Adam Hajduk, Oscar Palacios, Emilio Eugenio, Lisandro Lopez and Graciella Custo for their support and trust on the characterization of Patagonian rock art paintings in situ and in vitro. Without their valuable expertise and commitment v none of the projects we carried out together would have been possible. I am really grateful for their hospitality and their big smiles during our first and second visits to Argentina. Thanks to Prof. dr. Koen Bostoen, dr. Karlis Karklins and dr. Bernard Clist for their fruitful cooperation and valuable information on the glass beads from Democratic Republic of the Congo. I would like to acknowledge the KongoKing/BantUGent research groups for collaborating with us on the glass bead project that led to numerous publications. Thanks to all the colleagues from University of Évora (Department of Chemistry, Hercules laboratory) for all the support during our common projects and for the analysis and detailed research on the glass beads. Thanks to Prof. dr. Theodoros Ganetsos for all his help and for engaging me as a keynote speaker at the 2nd Pan-Hellenic Conference on Digital Cultural Heritage-EuroMed (2017). Thanks to the colleagues from the laboratory of physicochemical analysis and research of National Gallery-Alexandros Soutzos Museum, Athens, Greece for their hospitality, help and knowledge provided to me during my training in 2009. Special thanks are due to dr. dr. Michail Doulgeridis, dr. Eleni Kouloumpi, dr. Anna P. Moutsatsou and Agni V. Terlixi. Thanks to all the colleagues from my former research group in the Physics Department of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Thanks to Prof. dr. Konstantinos M. Paraskevopoulos for sharing his knowledge, supporting and trusting me during my Bachelor and Master’s years and to dr. Triantafyllia Zorba for being one of the greatest teachers in FTIR spectroscopy and for her friendship and support. I would like to thank all the conservators from KIK-IRPA for their hospitality and help during the portable measurements made of the Ghent Altarpiece, in MSK. vi Thanks to all the colleagues from S12 for the wonderful time we spent during the past four years and during Christmas lunches, barbeques and team-building exercises. Thanks to Sylvia and Kris for organizing all the common activities. Thanks to all the Bachelor and Master students who worked with our group and for their dedication to the projects. Thanks to my closest and dearest friends I met in Thessaloniki who became my family forever. Thanks to Aliki, Kleopatra, Anna, Renia, Nikos and Athina for sharing all these years together. You were the only ones that truly understood me and the only ones that supported me in every step I made (or still am making), stupid or not. Sorry for leaving you behind in 2014, sorry for breaking your heart some times, but thank you for all the love you still are giving me and I wish at some point to meet with you again all together in one place and be like we were at our 18th. There are no words to describe how grateful I am for meeting you and for sharing my life with you. Thanks to Dimosthenes for being there all my life, for giving me his friendship and help during the most difficult periods of my life and for being my biggest supporter. Thanks for all the summers we spent together around Greece and thanks for being one of my closest friends and family. Thanks to my friends from Thessaloniki, that I met during my Bachelor and Master’s years. Thanks to Filitsa, Andy and Menti for their friendship and support and for all those countless days and nights we spent together. Thanks to Ilias, my eternal physics couple and my friend for everything he has done for me. Thanks to Thodoris, Nikos and Nikoleta for all the joyful moments we spent together.
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