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Still Another Hidden Hand Presidency?: the Presidential Bridgewater Review Volume 14 | Issue 2 Article 5 Dec-1995 Still Another Hidden Hand Presidency?: The Presidential Leadership Style of Abraham Lincoln and Dwight Eisenhower Thomas Turner Bridgewater State College, [email protected] Recommended Citation Turner, Thomas (1995). Still Another Hidden Hand Presidency?: The rP esidential Leadership Style of Abraham Lincoln and Dwight Eisenhower. Bridgewater Review, 14(2), 3-6. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/br_rev/vol14/iss2/5 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. --------------------' ---------------- Admittedly, an attemptto rank or com­ ner William Herndon, and his good friend pare presidents is often perceived as a pre­ Judge David Davis, would all have agreed carious undertaking. Thus political sci­ of Lincoln that he was "one of the most entist Douglas Kynerd writes, "It should incomprehensible personages we have be abundantly clear that the 'game' of ever known." Even his wife, Mary, once ranking or rating Presidents has no sys­ said of her husband, "He was not a de­ tematic, objective, or scientific base." And monstrative man, when he felt most STILL a letter written to Robert Murray, who has deeply, he expressed the least." In conducted recent polling at Penn State Eisenhower's case, speech writer Emmet ANOTHER University put the matter even more sim­ Hughes summing up the contradictions ply, "Regarding your list of Presidents. in the man, including his tendency to HIDDEN HAND Pfft!" work behind the scenes, wrote, "He was not, then, exactly a simple man." PRESIDENCY?: Utilizing this mask of secrecy, both men exuded a folksy and rather humble The Presidential image which hid some of their truly out­ standing talents. Lincoln has become a Leadership Style figure ofsuch mythical proportions, with tales of his humble beginnings, that he of Abraham serves the role ofthe typical common man in American history. Writing to his friend Lincoln and and fellow Illinois politician, Jesse Fell, in 1859, in a letter which Fell had requested, Dwight Lincoln said: "There is not much of it, for the reason I suppose, that there is not Eisenhower much of me." On another occasion ad­ dressing the 166th Ohio Regiment, he said thathis rise to the presidency showed that Thomas R. Turner any mother's son might aspire to that of­ Plaque of Lincoln to commemorate fice. He also claimed that his policy was to have no policy and that he did not di­ t first glance there may not appear his visit to Boston in 1848. rect events as much as events carried him to be many valid comparisons be­ along. The president created the impres­ tween the presidential leadership A However, a closer analysis of the two sion that he drifted with the tide and that styles of Dwight Eisenhower and Abraham men reveals that there are similarities in his career was due to chance and fortu­ Lincoln. The two men held power almost the manner in which they approached the itous circumstances. one hundred years apart, Lincoln during office. Their solution to dealing with one of the greatest crises that the United people and problems is what Fred In reality, while he may have begun life States has ever witnessed and Eisenhower, Greenstein labeled in his classic study of humbly, as most people did on the fron­ although presiding at the height of the Eisenhower "The Hidden Hand Presi­ tier, by the time of his presidency Lincoln Cold War, in a period of relative peace and dency." Greenstein argues that had distanced himself from many of his prosperity. In addition, Eisenhower had Eisenhower preferred to workbehind the fellow citizens of Springfield. He was a gained worldwide fame as a victorious gen­ scenes, relying on his Cabinet members well known lawyer and a man of substan­ eral in World War II, which almost inevita­ for front-line decisions, while he set broad tial wealth who also possessed major lit­ bly caused the public to perceive him as a policy. An analysis of Lincoln's approach erary talent which might have propelled potential president while Lincoln, who was to the process of governing reveals some him into a writing career if he had been hardly an unknown in the Republican basic similarities, both in personality char­ born under different circumstances. Lin­ party, nonetheless received the nomina­ acteristics, as well as in methods of lead­ coln, who is the American public's ideal tion as very much of a "dark horse" candi­ ership, which also led to a secretive lead­ of the common man, was anything but date. Finally, the world itself has changed ership style. common even ifhe strove mightily to con­ so much in the twentieth century and the ceal the fact. Lincoln and Eisenhower were both by powers of the president have expanded to nature reticent and secretive often mak­ Eisenhowerwas also portrayed as com­ such a degree, that one might suspect that ing them an enigma to those who knew ing from humble beginnings. As biogra­ the two had very little in common. them well. Fellow lawyers, his law part- pher Stephen Ambrose writes, "If 3 _______________-----.J _ Eisenhower was not born in a log cabin, Lincoln's procedure: "He always main­ Sherman Adams and John Foster Dulles the shack in Dennison, Texas, was close tained that the proper duty ofeach Secre­ while Lincoln had Edwin Stanton and enough; if his family was not poverty­ tary was to direct the details of everything Salmon Chase. stricken, it was poor enough." Ambrose done within his own department, and to When the record is examined it be­ further notes that until United States en­ tender such suggestion, information, and comes apparent that both Adams and try into World War II in 1941, Ike's career advice to the President, as he might so­ Dulles subordinated themselves to had been extremely ordinary. In fact, "Had licit at his hands. But the duty and re­ Eisenhower. In his memoirs the president he died in 1941, on the verge of retire­ sponsibility of deciding what line of policy wrote of his dealings with the Secretary ment on his fifty-first birthday, he would should be pursued, or what steps should of State, "He would not deliver an impor­ not today be even a footnote in history." be taken in any specific case, in his tant speech or statement until I had read, Similar to Lincoln, Eisenhower's smile judgment belonged exclusively to the edited, and approved it; he guarded con­ and folksy manner concealed much deeper President; and he was always willing and stantly against the possibility that any mis­ intellectual abilities. His staff secretary, ready to assume. it." understanding could arise between us." Andrew Goodpaster, recounted how on Both presidents had learned the les­ Similarly, Chief of Staff Sherman one occasion Eisenhower listened to sev­ son that the head of a vast bureaucracy Adams verified that the legend of his send­ eral hours of presentations by foreign such as the U. S. government will soon ing important decision papers to the presi­ policy experts and then, himself, summa­ lose his effectiveness and his administra­ dentwith the initials "OK S1\' was not true. rized the discussions in a forty-five minute tion will come to a screeching halt if he He explained the role which the president discourse. George Kennan, noted diplo­ becomes immersed in the details of every had given him in the following manner: mat, scholar, and architect of the post department. It was only when the cabi­ "Eisenhower simply expected me to man­ World War II containment policy, who was net member could not handle the job that age a staff that would simplify and expe­ one of those present, later told Goodpaster intervention occurred, as in the case of dite the urgent business that had to be that "in doing so Eisenhower showed his Lincoln's War Secretary Simon Cameron brought to his personal attention and to intellectual ascendancy over every man in or Eisenhower's Defense Secretary keep as much work of secondary impor­ the room." Charles Wilson. tance as possible off his desk." The pa­ While Lincoln did not have the formal Lincoln and Eisenhower apparently pers thatAdams did initial usually involved executive experience which Eisenhower saw their advisors as sounding boards to minor patronage positions with which the did, Lincoln's caution caused him to op­ get all points of view before coming to a president had no desire to be involved and erate in a similar manner. He, too, liked decision. Andrew Goodpaster delighted in which he approved in a routine manner. to solicit advice from various corners, in repeating Eisenhower's quote about the With Adams making the patronage deci­ some cases even after he had made his use of his cabinet: "You know I get the sions, the president realized that the dis­ decision. Lincoln once addressed this ten­ best advisors I can get. I get the most appointed office seeker would vent his dency in himself with the declaration "I brilliant people I can assemble. I listen to anger at the Chief of Staff. am a slow walker but I never walk back." their advice and I even take their advice. Eisenhower also used his Press Secre­ Numerous Eisenhower advisors have But goddammit, I don't have to like it." tary Jim Hagerty as a lightning rod as re­ verified his desire to set broad policy goals Once again, the portrait drawn by Lin­ counted humorously by Hagerty, himself: and make big decisions while he avoided coln friend and newspaperman Noah President Eisenhower would say, "Do it becoming bogged down in the minutiae Brooks is striking: It was a peculiar trait this way." Iwould say, "If! go to that press of details.
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