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10°W 5°W 0° 5°E 10°E 15°E 20°E 25°E 30°E 35°E 70°N 40°E 25°W 20°W Source of information ENTSO-E members and European Network of Transmission observer members System Operators for Electricity Russia System Operators of the UPS of Russia 15°W MJO 25°W Ukraine UKRENERGO National Power Company Varangerbotn 70°N Hammerfest 10°W Adamselv 65°N GED Kirkenes HNJ Bakki Borisoglebskaya HPP-8 LAV LV2 Utsjoki Serebryanskaya HPP-15 GLE VAR 150 BLA Nikel THR Skogfoss RAN Interconnected network Vykhodnoy HRU KRA Alta Kvænangsbotn 40°E VAT of Northern Europe Kaitakoski HPP-4 Guolasjakka BRE GEH KOR Olenegorsk FI2 FIT RAU OLD ICELAND EYV NES 2019 Skibotn HF1 Ivalo Balsfjord HAM SOG REY SVA Monchegorsk KOL SUL HRA FLJ HRY Bardufoss HEL ESK Kol'skaya NPP SU2 HR1 As of 31/12/2018 SI3 HR1 SI2VF1 VAF Straumsmo BUR SIG Titan 65°N Innset TEH Narvik HOL PRE Tornehamn Sildvik Vajukoski Kuolajärvi Skomen Ofoten Knyazhegubskaya 20°W 15°W Isoniemi Kokkosniva Ritsem Vietas Kilometers Kobbelv 0 50 100 200 300 400 Loukhi Siso Salten Seitakorva EA Porjus Scale: 1 : 3 000 000 S Vanttauskoski AN Lomi Seitevare Harsprånget I 65°N WEG Valajaskoski NOR Messaure Pirttikoski Ligga Petäjäskoski Akkats Svartisen Ossauskoski Lines and cables Power plants Letsi Kostomuksha Putkinskaya HPP-9 Symbols for under operation and Different voltages (colours) Taivalkoski 750 kV transmission line under construction Krivoporozhskaya HPP-14 Porsi Keminmaa 500 kV transmission line Biogas Djuptjärn 380-400 kV transmission line Biomass Sellee Kemi 300-330 kV transmission line Brown coal/Lignite Rana 220-275 kV transmission line Coal derived gas Isohaara Simo Laxede Kalix 110-150 kV transmission line Fossil fuel Nedre Røssåga Veitsiluoto DC-line Fossil gas Svartbyn Myllykangas Fossil oil Different lines (for all voltages) under operation Fossil peat Raasakka 1 circuit Geothermal Isokangas Double circuit Hard coal 65°N Double circuit with 1 circuit mounted Hydro marine Kivivaara Peuravaara Ondskaya HPP-4 >= 3 circuits Hydro mixed pump storage Bastusel Pikkarala Pyhänselkä Hydro pure pump storage Ajaure Trofors Gejmån Råbäcken Toppila Pälli Additional information for all lines and voltages Hydro pure storage Gardikfors Seitenoikea Segezha Gallejaur Utanen Under construction (dashed) Hydro run of river and pondage Juktan Nuottasaari Underground (for onshore lines and cables) Mixed fuels Blaiken Pyhäkoski 220 Currently used voltage Nuclear Nuojua Jylhämä (220) Temporary voltage Oil shale Kolsvik Vagfors 15 Numeral as explained below Other fossil fuel Sarvankangas Other (not listed) Stalon Grundfors Other elements Solar Högnäs Connection line Solar photovoltaic Namskogan Vuolijoki RUSSIA Tohkoja Substation Solar thermic Linnvasselv Kvistforsen Medvezh'egorsk Phase shifter Waste Storbäck Jylkkä Converter station Waste (non renewable) Blåsjön Mustilankangas Converter station back-to-back Waste (renewable) Tunnsjødal Haapavesi Wind farm Junsterforsen Tuggen Uusnivala Substation(s) & Power plant(s) Korsselbränna The map is a comprehensive illustration of the interconnected networks, it shows existing elements and those under construc- Gäddede tion: power plants, converters, substations and high-voltage cables/lines with towers designed for voltages of a) 220 kV and Stenkullafors higher b) 110 kV to 150 kV in the areas of Cyprus, Denmark, Iceland, Israel/PA and Norway and c) 110 kV to 150 kV if these lines cross national frontiers and are operated by TSOs. If the operation voltage differs from that indicated by the colour, this Bågede Harrsele voltage is given alongside the line. Lines with more than 2 circuits bear a numeral that is explained below. The first number Åsele indicates the number of circuits and the voltage at the final stage of construction (depending on the design of towers); the Hirvisuo numerals in brackets indicate the number of circuits and the voltage at the present stage of construction. FINLAND Uimaharju Alholmen Kondopoga 35°E Bessakerfjellet Trattberget Stornorrfors Kondopoga (16) Alapitkä 1 1x380 + 2x220 11 2x380 + 2x220 (1x220) 21 4x380 (1x220) 31 4x380 (2x380 + 2x220) Wisaforest 2 2x380 + 2x220 12 2x380 + 2x220 (2x220) 22 4x380 (2x220) 32 4x380 (3x380 + 1x220) Havsnäs Hällby 3 3x380 13 2x380 + 2x220 (3x220) 23 4x380 (3x220) 33 4x380 + 2x220 (2x380 + 1x220) Gulsele 4 4x380 14 2x380 + 2x220 (4x220) 24 4x380 (1x380) 34 4x380 + 2x220 (3x380 + 2x220) Stensjön Pamilo 5 4x380 + 2x220 15 2x380 + 2x220 (1x380 + 1x220) 25 4x380 (2x380) 35 4x380 + 2x220 (2x380) 6 2x380 + 1x220 16 2x380 + 2x220 (1x380 + 2x220) 26 4x380 (3x380) 36 3x220 Degerforsen 7 2x380 + 4x220 17 2x380 + 2x220 (1x380 + 3x220) 27 4x380 (1x380 + 1x220) 37 4x220 (1x220) Olden Suoyarvi Petrozavodskmash 8 2x380 + 2x220 (1x380) 18 2x380 + 2x220 (2x380 + 1x220) 28 4x380 (1x380 + 2x220) 38 4x220 (2x220) Juveln Lasele Långbjörn Joensuu 9 2x380 + 2x220 (2x380) 19 1x380 + 2x220 (1x380 + 1x220) 29 4x380 (1x380 + 3x220) 39 4x220 (3x220) Åfjord Betåsen 10 2x380 + 4x220 (4x220) 20 1x380 + 2x220 (1x220) 30 4x380 (2x380 + 1x220 40 4x220 Storfinnforsen Alajärvi Petrozavodsk Drevlyanka Nämforsen Moliden NGC threshold in MW Hitra RamseleKilforsen Moforsen Tuovila Järpströmmen Kattstrupeforsen Forsmo All existing power plants and those under construction with NGC (Net Generating Capacity) equal or higher than the values Strinda Högåsen Gammalänge Torkkola indicated in the following table are displayed on the map even if they are not connected to the high-voltage network. CHP Snilldal Stugun Lyaskelya Smøla Hjälta Vaskiluoto Äänekoski (Combined Heat & Power) classification (coal, natural gas, biomass ...) is based on main fuel. The third column of the table Orkdal below indicates the visibility of CHP by country. Mörsil Huutokoski Sällsjö Seinäjoki Midskog Forsse Vihtavuori Country Non renew- Renew- CHPs Country Non renew- Renew- CHPs Trollheim Klæbu able able included able able included Näverede SurnaBrattsberg Krångede Stadsforsen Albania 100 20 n.a. Iceland 10 10 no Santavuori Austria 100 50 yes Svarthålsforsen Sortavalskaya Ireland 100 50 n.a. Grana Hölleforsen Belgium 100 100 yes Italy 100 50 n.a. Nea Bräcke Petäjävesi Keljonlahti Bosnia & Herzegovina 100 50 no Latvia 100 40 no Järkvissle Bulgaria 75 60 yes Lithuania 100 30 yes Trångfors Croatia 100 40 yes Luxembourg 100 50 yes Brattset Mörttjärnberget Bergeforsen (220) 100 Cyprus 30 n.a. Montenegro 100 50 no Torpshammar Nysäter Nizhne-Svirskaya HPP-9 Czech Republic 150 30 yes The Netherlands 100 50 no Sunndalsøra Kristiina Denmark 100 100 yes Norway 50 50 no Aura Litjfossen Rätan Ånge Jämsä Estonia 100 50 yes Poland 200 50 no Bandsjö 100 Ørskog Finland 50 yes Portugal 100 50 yes Ulset Kristinestad France 150 80 yes Romania 100 50 yes Driva Långå Vaple Toivila Visulahti FYROM 100 50 yes Russia 80 45 yes Grytten Järnvägsforsen Hällsjö Kaukopää GB (England & Wales) 100 100 yes Serbia 100 50 yes Turinge Metsälä GB (Northern Ireland) 100 50 yes Slovak Republic 100 100 yes Pursiala Imatra GB (Scotland South) 30 30 yes Slovenia 80 10 yes Lielahti Svetogorskaya HPP-11 GB (Scotland North) 10 10 yes Spain 65 50 no Tafjord Nordiåsen Tainionkoski 5°W Germany 200 100 yes Sweden 100 100 n.a. Ørsta Greece 100 50 yes Switzerland 100 100 no Peittoo Naistenlahti Kangasala Hungary 50 50 yes Turkey* 100 50 n.a. Tahkoluoto Joutseno NORWAY Kaukas Sveg Power systems Ulvila Melo Kuusaanniemi Vyborgskaya Kamennogorskaya Syas Ljusdal Meri-Pori Lavianvuori Yllikkälä Framruste Vågåmo Laforsen Rendalen Krokströmmen Kaanaa Kuusankoski 60°N Åskara Ålfoten Mertaniemi Harjavalta Huittinen Koria Zelenogorskaya Nedre Vinstra Kymijärvi 420 Jostedal Hikiä Kymi Harpefossen Dönje Olkiluoto Anjala ENTSO-E Other power Moskog Skagen-Fortun members* systems Leirdøla SWEDEN Metsä-Rauma Rauma Mussalo Severo-Zapadnaya CHPP Tyin Trängslet Forssa Øvre Vinstra Söderala Anttila *TEIAŞ is an ENTSO-E observer member Årøy Hunderfossen Fenno-Skan 1 400 kV Nurmijärvi Loviisa Saint-Petersburg Lutufallet Fenno-Skan 2 (500kV) Leningradskaya NPP Høyanger Fardal in Sogn Neste Porvoo Hove Lomen Torpa Tammisto Borgund Åbjøra Ockelbo Martinlaakso Länsisalmi Refsdal Koporskaya Lieto Vuosaari Kirishskaya TPP Aurland Fenno-Skan 1 400 kV Salo Kopula Hanasaari Mongstad Bagn Höljes Valbo Älvkarleby Fenno-Skan 2 (500kV) Naantali Espoo Estlink 2 Lindås Steinsland Heimsil 1 Gatchinskaya Leningradskaya Kirkniemi Salmisaari Ängsberg Dannebo ÅL-Link (80 kV) Heimsil 2 Kellosaari Ust'-Luga Stackbo 60°N Dale Evanger Suomenoja Estlink 2 Finnböle Forsmark (Estlink) k 150 Chudovo Sima Hofors ÅL-Link (80 kV) Inkoo Kingiseppskaya Samnanger Nes Bäsna Untra Balti EJ Nygard Repbäcken Horndal Eidfjord Ådal Gråska Hallstavik Tingsbacka Püssi Bergen Kaggefoss 150 k (Estlink) k 150 Eesti EJ Oksla Uvdal Tuna Iru Novgorodskaya Bredåker Aruküla Rakvere Mauranger Nore Ringerike Harku Luzhskaya Tysso Senneby Auvere EJ Eidskog Morgårdshammar Oslo Uppsala Malsta Paldiski Kvanndal Vemork Såheim Sylling L543 Novgorodskaya CHPP Røldal Novle Plenninge Kiisa Yugo-Zapadnaya KjelaSonga Rånåfossen Starfors Kiisa Emergency PP Blåfalli HamraBoländerna Odensala Sauda Follo Charlottenberg Finnslätten Aulepa Paide Hjartdøla Kykkelsrud Vallentuna Ulla-Førre Vinje Flesaker Himmeta Starorusskaya Hylen Holen Tokke Vamma Lindbacka Arosverket Stockholm Värtaverket Liastølen Kvilldal Sundsbarm Saurdal Tegneby Åbyverket Karstø Hasle Åker Ekudden Tartu Baillie & Bernaheig MeyGen Rød Borgvik Kolbotten ESTONIA Roskrepp Hallsberg Solberga Tveiten 275kV 275 kV Brokke Halden Hall Thurso South Duge Fjone Hedenlunda Sindi Stavanger Grenland Porsgrund Östansjö Causeymire Spittal Tjodan Kvinen
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    Socio-economic situation and trends in the operational environment of the Green Belt of Fennoscandia Matti Fritsch Dmitry Zimin Petri Kahila Table of Contents Background ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Spatial Structure ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Transport and Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................. 9 Demographic Development ............................................................................................................................ 12 Economic Performance and Structure ............................................................................................................ 18 Cross-border interaction ................................................................................................................................. 25 Tourism ............................................................................................................................................................ 27 Cross-border co-operation (CBC) .................................................................................................................... 29 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................................................
  • Soviet Karelia in the Letters & Memoirs Of

    Soviet Karelia in the Letters & Memoirs Of

    LIFE MOVING FORWARD: SOVIET KARELIA IN THE LETTERS & MEMOIRS OF FINNISH NORTH AMERICANS SAMIRA S. SARAMO A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, CANADA SEPTEMBER 2014 © SAMIRA SARAMO, 2014 Abstract In the first years of the 1930s, some 6500 Finnish Canadians and Finnish Americans moved to Soviet Karelia, motivated by the economic depression and the dream of participating in the building of a Finnish-led workers’ society, with employment, education, and healthcare for all. Their recruitment as “foreign specialists” who would modernize the Karelian economy secured for them preferential access to food, housing, and work postings, but life in Karelia was very different than what the immigrants had previously known. Despite difficulties and a heavy return migration, those who stayed threw themselves into the building of socialism. However, by 1936, the Stalinist regime viewed ethnic minorities and foreigners as threats to the Soviet order, and the Finnish leadership in Karelia was ousted and a violent attack on ethnic Finns and Finnish culture took over the region, shattering the dream of the ‘Red Finn Haven.’ This dissertation examines letters written by Finnish North Americans in Karelia to friends and family remaining in Canada and the United States, as well as memoirs and retrospective letter collections that look back on life in Karelia in the 1930s. These sources, brought together under the umbrella of life writing, are analysed in two ways. They are used to construct a history of the immigrants’ everyday life, with chapters exploring topics such as travel and first impressions, housing, food, health and hygiene, clothing, children’s experiences, formal labour, political participation, celebrations, popular culture, sociability, and repression.