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Empire Redux the Falklands and the End of Greater Britain Mercau, Ezequiel

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Empire Redux the Falklands and the End of Greater Britain Mercau, Ezequiel Empire Redux The Falklands and the End of Greater Britain Mercau, Ezequiel Publication date: 2016 Document license: Unspecified Citation for published version (APA): Mercau, E. (2016). Empire Redux: The Falklands and the End of Greater Britain. Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 Empire Redux The Falklands and the End of Greater Britain Ezequiel Mercau The thesis is submitted to the University of Copenhagen in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English, Germanic and Romance Studies Jørn Boisen, Head of Department Sune Auken, Head of PhD School Prof. Stuart Ward, Principal Supervisor September 2015 Abstract The Falklands War was shrouded in symbolism and permeated with imperial rhetoric, imagery and memories, bringing to the fore divergent conceptions of Britishness, kinship and belonging. The current dispute, moreover, is frequently framed in terms of national identity, and accusations of imperialism and neo- colonialism persist. Thus in dealing with the conflict, historians and commentators alike have often made references to imperial legacies, yet this has rarely been afforded much careful analysis. Views on this matter continue to be entrenched, either presenting the war as a throwback to nineteenth-century imperialism or as almost entirely devoid of imperial significance. This thesis proposes a way out of this stalemate, by looking at the conflict through the transnational lens of Greater Britain. The evidence suggests that neither the dispute, nor the war—nor, indeed, its aftermath—can be entirely divorced from the legacies of empire. Taking decolonisation as a starting point, this thesis demonstrates how the idea of a ‘British world’ gained a new lease of life vis-à-vis the Falklands, as the Islanders adopted the rhetorical mantle of ‘abandoned Britons’. Yet this new momentum was partial and fractured, as evinced by the developments triggered by the Argentine invasion in 1982. Despite the apparent firmness of the British government’s commitment to the Islands, cracks and fissures over the meaning of Britishness were simultaneously magnified. The perceived temporal dislocation of defending loyal Britons from a remote colony was later joined by the memory of ‘dominating imperialism’, associated with gunboats, military exploits and bellicose rhetoric. The divisions caused by these latent imperial factors not only affected Britons in the UK (at a time of emergent devolutionary pressures in the ‘Celtic nations’), but also in the Falklands and Argentina. This thesis thus not only sheds new light on the Falklands War itself, but also the lingering purchase of the idea of Greater Britain into the post-imperial era, replete with its multiple contradictions. iii Imperiet genoplivet: Falklandsøerne og ophøret af Greater Britain Falklandskrigen var indhyllet i og gennemsyret af imperial retorik, symbolisme, billedsprog og erindringer, som frembragte modstridende opfattelser af britiskhed, slægtskab og tilhørsforhold. Den offentlige debat omkring øernes tilhør er ofte præget af nationale identitetsspørgsmål, mens beskyldninger om imperialisme og nykolonialisme synes at vare ved. Både historikere og kommentatorer benytter sig ofte af referencer til den imperiale arv, når de beskæftiger sig med konflikten. Men dette udgangspunkt har kun sjældent været udsat for omhyggelig analyse. Holdninger til de ovennævnte spørgsmål fremstår fastlåste, idet krigen enten præsenteres som et tilbageslag til det nittende århundredes imperialisme, eller modsat, som noget der er blottet for imperial betydning. Denne afhandling skitserer et alternativ til disse fastlåste positioner ved at betragte konflikten gennem en transnational linse, med særligt fokus på idéen om Greater Britain. Der argumenteres for, at hverken diskussionen om krigens årsager, selve krigen, eller for den sags skyld, dens eftervirkninger, kan afkobles helt fra spørgsmålet om imperiets efterdønninger. Med sit afsæt i efterkrigstidens afkolonisering, demonstrerer afhandlingen hvordan idéen om en særlig britisk verden fik nyt liv gennem spørgsmålet om Falklandsøernes status, og som en følge af at de lokale øboere iscenesatte sig selv som forladte briter. Men begivenhederne som fulgte i kølvandet på den argentinske invasion i 1982 viser også, at denne tendens var ufuldstændig, samt at krigen skabte nye brudflader. På trods af den britiske regerings faste beslutning om at komme øerne til undsætning, så opstod der sprækker og revner i den fælles forståelse af hvad britisk identitet betød. For eksempel hævdede en række kritikere, at det var anakronistisk at fortsætte med at forsvare trofaste briter fra en fjern koloni. Senere fik denne kritik næring af erindringen om en herredømme-orienteret imperialisme, associeret med kanonbåde, militære bedrifter og krigslysten retorik. Denne splittelse påvirkede ikke kun briterne i Det Forenede Kongerige (på et tidspunkt hvor kravene om større grad af selvstændighed i de ”keltiske” nationer blev mere højlydte), men også i Falklandsøerne og Argentina. Afhandlingen kaster dermed ikke blot nyt lys på selve Falklandskrigen, men tilmed hvordan idéen om Greater Britain fungerede som holdepunkt i den post-imperiale tidsalder, og på trods af dens mange indbyggede modsætninger, var den altså mere sejlivet end vi hidtil har troet. iv Contents Abbreviations vi Acknowledgements viii Note on terminology x Introduction: the Falklands and the legacies of empire 1 1 Adrift in the South Atlantic: the Falklands amid the turmoil of decolonisation 43 2 ‘Dream island’: the long prelude to war 69 3 ‘Goodbye and the best of British…’: echoes of Greater Britain at the onset of war 102 4 ‘The ghost of Imperial Britain’: militarisation and the memory of empire 140 5 War of the British worlds: the Anglo-Argentines and the Falklands 172 6 ‘Beyond the quieting of the guns’: the Falklands factor and the after-effects of war 208 Conclusion: the legacies of Greater Britain 242 Bibliography 250 v Abbreviations ABCC Argentine-British Community Council ARA Armada de la República Argentina ASLEF Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BCC British Community Council BCCA British Chamber of Commerce in the Argentine Republic BISBA British Interests Section (Buenos Aires) BR British Rail CINCFLEET Commander-in-Chief, Fleet CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain ECM European Common Market EEC European Economic Community ExCo Falkland Islands Executive Council FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office FIA Falkland Islands Association FIC Falkland Islands Company FIEC Falkland Islands Emergency Committee FIG Falkland Islands Government FIO Falkland Islands Office FO Foreign Office HMG Her Majesty’s Government HMS Her Majesty’s Ship LAD Latin American Department (FCO) LADE Líneas Aéreas del Estado LegCo Falkland Islands Legislative Council LFIC Local Falkland Islands Committee MLA Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands vi MP Member of Parliament NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NEC National Executive Committee NUR National Railway Union OD(SA) Defence and Oversea Policy Committee, South Atlantic and Falkland Islands Sub-Committee PM Prime Minister SAmD South America Department (FCO) SDP Social Democratic Party SNP Scottish National Party TEZ Total Exclusion Zone UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence UKE BA United Kingdom Embassy in Argentina (Buenos Aires) UKFIC United Kingdom Falkland Islands Committee UN United Nations US United States of America UUP Ulster Unionist Party YPF Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales vii Acknowledgements This is the first systematic and in-depth study of the Falklands conflict from the transnational perspective of the British world. It has been a very challenging project, but also a highly rewarding endeavour. Countless people have contributed to making the past three years a very satisfying and intellectually stimulating time. In the first place, I am indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Stuart Ward, who has been patient, encouraging and demanding in equal measure. It has been a great privilege to participate in the ‘Embers of Empire’ research project, which has proven to be an extremely productive, enjoyable and inspiring research environment. I extend my thanks to the other members of the team—Prof. Peter Harder, Astrid Rasch, Christian Damm Pedersen (to whom I am particularly grateful for the translation of the abstract into Danish), Kalathmika Natarajan and Jimmi Østergaard Nielsen: it has been a pleasure to work with them. Through the various ‘Embers’ events, we have had the honour of rubbing shoulders with many eminent scholars from around the globe. In particular, I would like to thank Stephen Howe for his invaluable advice and interest in my work, as well as Andrew Thompson, Bill Schwarz, Sarah Stockwell and Simon Potter—all of whom challenged and encouraged me in many ways. Special thanks go to the Shackleton Scholarship Fund for their generous assistance before, during and after my field trip to the South Atlantic in 2013. In particular, I am indebted to David Tatham, who was exceedingly helpful at the planning stages. I would also like to thank Graham Bound for his assistance. I am also grateful to those who extended such a warm welcome to me on arrival in the Falklands, facilitating my research in every possible way: Tansy Newman, Leona Roberts, Stacy Bragger, John Fowler, Tim Blake and Celia Stewart—to mention some. I will always treasure my visit
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