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Digital Radio and TV Systems Part 1 V Digital Radio and TV Systems Part 1 V. 2 Course at FH Technikum Wien DI Peter Knorr How it all began 1924 first radio transmission in Austria 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 2 How it all began 1955 first television transmission in Austria 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 3 How it all began 1972 colour television in Austria 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 4 How we developed digital TV 2006 – 2011 analog switch off – start of digital terrestrial television DVB-T in Austria 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 5 Next generation of digital television 2013 start of second generation of digital terrestrial television DVB-T2 in Austria 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 6 Digitalization of Broadcast in 2014 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 7 Definitions is a point to multipoint system Broadcast 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 8 Definitions is a point to point system Mobile Communication 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 9 Analog TV (Do you remember ?) Ghosting Weak signal Electrical Transmitter (Multi path) Interference Interference Source: www.rsm.govt.nz 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 10 Technical requirements for a new terrestrial digital TV system: . Bandwidth (use of existing TV channels in VHF and UHF) . Simulcast with analog signals without interference . Robustness against multipath reception . Single frequency network . Portable and fixed reception 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 11 Technical requirements for a new terrestrial digital radio system: . Bandwidth (use of existing channels in VHF) . Robustness against multipath reception (also in mobile situations) . Single frequency network . Mobile, portable and fixed reception 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 12 Developing of a digital broadcasting system But 1966 no processor power was available to realize this system 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 13 Developing of a digital broadcasting system Video compression formats Audio compression formats .1991 MPEG 1 .MPEG 1 Layer 1,2,3 (1989-1992) .1994 MPEG 2 .AAC (1997), HE-AAC, .2001 MPEG 4 (H.264) .Extended HE-AAC (2013) .2013 H265 .Dolby Digital Audio AC-3 (1990) MPEG = Moving Pictures Expert Group .Dolby Digital Plus (E-AC-3) AAC = Advanced Audio Codec 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 14 Why is data reduction (compression) of digital signals necessary ? . A digital standard definition video signal (SDTV) has a data rate of 270 Mbit/s (SDI format = CCIR 601)) . A digital HDTV signal has a data rate > 1 Gbit/s (HD-SDI format) . An uncompressed digital audio signal has a data rate of approx. 1.5 Mbit/s (Audio-CD) This high bit rates can be transported between cameras and studios only on short distances or via fibre optic (dark fibre technology). A transport via broadcasting or mobile systems is only possible if the signals are data reduced. 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 15 Data reduction (compression) of digital video signals Source: uncompressed video signal SD = 270 Mbit/s (CCIR 601) Compression to MPEG2 / 4 Video Elementary stream 2-15 Mbit Source: uncompressed HD video signal HD-SDI = 1.485 Gbit/s Compression to MPEG2 (~ 2o Mbit) or MPEG4 (~ 10 Mbit) Video elementary stream 1.5 …7 (15) Mbit/s 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 16 Data reduction (compression) of digital video signals MPEG Video Compression (Encoding): Analysis of moving parts and fix parts of pictures Group of picture (GOP) I, B and P frames GOP (Group of Pictures) An I frame indicates the beginning of a GOP. The I frames contain the full image and do not require any additional information to reconstruct it. P and B frames contains Forward Prediction I-Frame B-Frame B-Frame P-Frame I-Frame motion-compensated difference Intra Bidirectional Bidirectional Predicted Intra Frame Predicted Predicted Picture Frame Backward Prediction Coded Picture Picture Coded information relative to previously Picture Picture decoded pictures 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 17 Data reduction (compression = Encoding) of digital audio signals Source: uncompressed audio signal form studio AES/EBU= 2 Mbit/s or Audio-CD ~ 1.5 Mbit/s Encoded audio bit rates: MPEG, AAC: 16,32,64,128,160,192,256,384 kbit/s Dolby Digital AC3: 448 kbit/s 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 18 Data reduction (compression) of digital audio signals MPEG-2 Audio compression (Encoding): Audio compression by using Psycho Acoustic Model of Human Ear. Perceptual Coding = Irrelevancy Reduction + Redundancy Reduction It is found that the ear has a certain threshold of hearing. Below this the signals are inaudible. Source: Wikipedia 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 19 Data reduction (compression) of digital audio signals MPEG-2 Audio Compression (Encoding): Frequency Masking: If a strong sound is present on one frequency (Masker) then weaker sounds close to it may not be heard because the threshold of hearing is modified Source: Wikipedia 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 20 Multiplexing of Video, Audio and Data 270 Mbit/s SDI VIDEO 5 Mbit/s ENCODER 2 Mbit/s AUDIO AES/EBU 192 kbit/s 5,5 Mbit/s ENCODER MPEG2-TS MULTIPLEXER Data (Teletext …) 300 kbit/s 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 21 Multiplexing of more MPEG-TS Video 1 Audio 1 Data 1 Encoder PID=Packet Identifier 100 100 200 300 400 500 600 x x x x x x x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = Video 2 = = = = = = PID PID PID PID PID PID PID - Audio 2 2 MPEG2-TS Transport Stream Multiplex Data 2 Encoder MPEG Multiplexer Video 3 Audio 3 Data 3 Encoder 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 22 MPEG2-TS structure Byte Byte bit bit 1 1 1 bit 1 bit = = = = 13 13 Reed Solomon Error Protection Packet Identifier PID Packet Packet Identifier PID Packet Sync Byte Sync Byte Transport Error Indicator Sync Byte Sync Byte Transport Error Indicator RS (204,188) Payload = 184 Byte Payload = 184 Byte Header Header 4 Byte 4 Byte 188 Byte 188 Byte 204 Byte Transport stream specifies a container format encapsulating packetized elementary streams, with error correction and stream synchronization features for maintaining transmission integrity when the signal is degraded. 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 23 Synchronization problem PCR interval all < 40 ms MPEG2 MPEG2 Video, Audio Encoder Decoder Video, Audio PCR PCR MPEG 2 - TS 42 bit Counter Counter STC – 27Mc STC = System Time Clock Numerically 27 Mc Controlled Oscillator PCR, or Program Clock Reference, is fundamental to the timing recovery mechanism for MPEG2 transport streams. PCR values are embedded into the adaptation field within the transport packets of defined PIDs. 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 24 Additional Data in the MPEG-TS MPEG-2 Program Specific Information . PAT Program Association Table (list of all programs in the TS) . PMT Program Map Table (contain information about programs) . CAT Conditional Access Table DVB SI Service Information . NIT Network Information Table (info about name, RF parameter) . SDT Service Descriptor Table . BAT Bouquet Association Table (info about all services) . EIT Event Information Table (Event info, EPG - program guide) . TDT Time & Date Table (current time and date in UTC) . TOT Time Offset Table (local time offset) . RST Running Status Table (running status, delays ..) . ST Stuffing Table 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 25 DVB Project The DVB Project is an Alliance of about 200 companies, originally of European origin but now worldwide. Its objective is to agree specifications for digital media delivery systems, including broadcasting. It is an open, private sector initiative with an annual membership fee, governed by a Memorandum of understanding (MoU). The Members of the DVB project develop and agree specifications which are then passed to the European standards body for media systems, the EBU / CENELEC / ETSI Joint Technical Committee, for approval. The specifications are then formally standardised by either CENELEC or, in the majority of cases, ETSI. Source: DVB Project 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 26 DVB Project developed a transport systems for digital broadcasting www.dvb.org Source: DVB Project 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 27 DVB and other digital television systems www.dvb.org 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 28 At the end we need a standard 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 29 DVB Workflow Integrated Circuit technology Mathematical theory Coding ETSI Prototype theory Standard test work Digital processing techniques University and DVB Project RF technology End production 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 30 Basics of digital signal processing Why broadcast needs digital transmission: . Solve problems with multipath reception and other interference . Better signal (picture and audio) quality and more robustness . More information capacity (more TV or Radio programs over one channel) . Band width . Power consumption (really ? – discussion), RF power, rack space . Higher data security (encryption systems easier to integrate) . User friendly (EPG, Scan, Data Services, Recording PVR, OTA Update) 25.07.2014 Digital Radio and TV Systems Part I Seite 31 Basics of Coding Encode source information, by adding additional information, sometimes referred to as redundancy, that can be used to detect, and perhaps correct errors in transmission.
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