Index

Note: Page numbers denoted in italics indicate figures and those in bold indicate tables.

Acadian Orogeny 143 definition 103–115 accretion 3, 28, 143, 150–151 detrital zircons 151 accretionary wedge, Chu–Ili terrane 47 drift history 109, 144 acritarchs 182, 197 Early Palaeozoic 141–155 assemblages 86 East Avalonian terranes 141, 143 Leiosphaerid distribution 197 extensional regime 146 Adamastor Ocean 173 faunal evidence 141, 145 Adelaide Fold Belt 173 geological history 151 Adelaide Rift system 173 Gondwanan faunal affinity 148 Afghan terrane 11, 14, 17 identity and unity 143–144 assemblage 9 independent terrane 146 Africa 1, 11, 14, 17 key faunas 143 Aisha–Bibi seamount Laurentia relationship 144 Karatau–Naryn terrane 54 margins 142–143 palaeogeographical significance 50–53 Menevian faunas 148 Akzhal Formation microcontinent or plate 108–109 deposition 30–32 Ordovician 141, 144, 145, 146 geological map 31 palaeobiogeographical evidence 108–109 radiolarians 31 palaeogeographical reconstruction 108, 145, 147 Ala Shan terrane 10 palaeolatitude 146, 147, 149 Alakul see Lake Alakul palaeomagnetic data 109, 145, 151 Albarracin Creek 243–245, 244 Precambrian 150–151 facies 243 rift history 109, 141, 151 geology 243 Silurian 144 specimen comparisons 244–245 Sm–Nd isotopic signatures 151 specimen description 243–244 split from Gondwana 141, 151–152 Alborz terrane 9, 11, 14, 17 stromatolites 151 faunal successions 266–267 terminology 142 algae 194–196, 197 terrane history 151–152, 151 alpha diversification 163 trilobites 147–149, 148, 149 Anderken Regional Stage 37 Avalonia–Baltica, accretion to Laurentia 144 Annamia terrane 5, 12, 13 Antarctica 1 Bachongo Farm 239–243 Antrim Plateau Volcanics 16 facies 241 Arabia 1 geology 239–241 Arabian–Nubiamn Shield 173 specimen comparisons 241–243 archaeocyathids specimen description 241 Avalonia 149 sporangium 242–243 Cambrian distribution 150 Balgozha Formation 35, 37 Argentina Baltica 5, 8, 65, 107, 141, 142, 263–264, 266, 271 Devonian 233–255 assemblage signature 214 high latitude vegetation 233–255 Cambrian 54, 261–262 plant assemblages 235–247 endemics 164–165 Armorica terrane 18, 65–66, 112, 112, 142 faunas 214 assemblage 66, 110, 111 Ordovician 58–59 definition 103–115, 109–110 palaeocontinent 103 palaeomagnetic data 65, 110 palaeogeographical reconstruction 108 Ashchisu Formation 32 palaeomagnetic data 58–59 Australasia 1, 3, 13 basin evolution, Avalonia 109 Avalonia 65–66, 112, 112, 141–155, 143, 257, 264 bathyurid fauna, biofacies 201, 213 accretion of island arcs 143 Bentong–Raub Suture Zone 13 archaeocyathids 149 beta diversification 161, 163 Avalonia 141–155 biogeographical terminology 103 basement 141, 150 biogeographical units, hierarchy 105–106 basin evolution 109 biomes 105–106 biofacies 147–148 bioturbation 181 brachiopods 147 bivalves 203, 210–212, 211, 217, 219, 224 Cambrian 146–149 Central Andean Basin 201 deep water fauna 148 endemism 224 280 INDEX bivalves (Continued) Calymenacea–Dalmanitacea trilobite province 16 Katian–Hirnantian 221 Cambrian Ordovician 212 archaeocyathid distribution 150 radiation 222 Avalonia 146–149 Sandbian 219, 220–221 Baltica 261–262 black shales 129 biofacies distribution 147, 148 deglacial 262–263 biogeography 56, 201–232 deposition 270 biostratigraphy 144–149 Boda event 82–85, 95, 133, 161, 257, 265, 269 climate 149 clastic sediment supply 263 cooling events 260 facies change 263 evaporites 15 Perunica 89–91 extensional regime 146 Bohemian Massif faunal radiations 15 tectonic map 68–69 Gondwana 6 Tepla´ –Barrandian region 67–75 mid–late Cambrian 207 terranes 68–69 northeastern peri-Gondwanan margin 11 Bolivia ophiolite obduction 16 coalified material 180, 186–187, 189, 191, 192–193, palaeogeography 3, 7, 15–16, 92, 146–149, 258–259 194–197 Perunica fauna 95 Cochabama Province 178–181 sediment deposition 146 graptolites 180 terrane diagnostic faunas 147 locality map 178 trilobites 56, 143, 149, 207, 222 Silurian 177–200 Zhalair–Naiman fault zone lithostratigraphy 29 Bolshoi Karatau see also Early Cambrian faunal affinities 56–57 Caparo Formation 203 Ordovician faunas 56–57 Cape Fold Belt 174 Bouma cycle 33, 42 carbon Kogashik Formation 36 burial 263, 265 brachiopods 17, 80–81, 91, 160–163, 203, 205, 206, cycle 269 211, 217, 219, 224 sink 263, 269 Avalonia 147 carbon dioxide 257, 262, 263, 269 Central Andean Basin 201, 207–208, 208 carbon sequestration, Silurian 197–198 Dapingian–Darriwilian 214–218, 214, 216, 223 carbonate productivity 125 brachiopods 205, 206 carbonates database 205 cool water 257, 258–259, 260, 261, 262, early Cambrian 205, 206 263–264, 270 Furongian–early Tremadocian 207–208, 208 deposition 257 Katian–Hirnantian 221 mounds 269 late Tremadocian–Floian 209–210, 210, 211 productivity 125 linguate fauna 43, 54–56, 81, 82–85 shelf model 271 middle latitudes 157–170 Carmelitas facies 178–179 middle–late Cambrian 207 water depth 197 multivariate analysis 158 Carolina terrane 143 Ordovician 45–47, 157–170 Caspian Sea 8 orthids 217 Caucasus terrane 8 Perunica 81–85, 86–87, 89, 90 Celtic province Precordillera 201, 209–210, 210 assemblage signature 214, 215 protorthide brachiopods 43 biogeographical entity 157–159 rhynchonelliform brachiopods 81, 82–85, 87, 160, brachiopods 167, 222 162, 214, 215, 223, 224 diversity dynamics 162–163 Sandbian 216, 218–220, 219, 220 faunas 157, 162 Skryje–Tyrovice Basin 75 Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event 163 spatial cluster analysis 161 integrity of 160 Yangzteella 16 Ordovician 157–170 Brasiliano–Pan–African orogenies 172–173, 173 pre-drift positions 159 bryozoan–pelmatozoan meadows 117, 133, 135 taxa 214 floatstones 125, 128 temporal context 160–162 Burubaital Formation 33 trilobites 158–159, 166, 167 radiolarian chert 35, 36 Central Andean Basin 201, 203, 216 Burultas tectonofacies zone 32–42, 58 bivalves 201, 210, 211 conodont biozones 33–34 brachiopods 201, 207–208, 208, 209, 211, 218–219 radiolarian cherts 33–34 trilobites 201, 208–209, 212, 224 Central Asia, Early Palaeozoic faunal signatures 23–64 Cadomian terrane 18, 66, 142 Central Europe, Variscan orogeny 65–102 Caledonide orogeny 141, 143, 144 China see North China; South China INDEX 281

Chu–Ili terrane 23, 24–49, 25, 27 cyanobacterial 187 accretionary wedge 28,47 Cyclopygid active margin 47 Biofacies 82–85 benthic faunas 43–47, 45 Perunica 89 biogeographical signatures 43–47 Cystoid Limestone 118, 133, 135 brachiopods 46 Czech Republic Cambrian sedimentary cover 47 Cambrian fossils 70 characteristic brachiopod genera 44 Devonian fossils 70 conodont biostratigraphy 57 depositional history 40, 41 Dapingian–Darriwilian 214–218, 215 Early Palaeozoic geological history 47–49 Darriwilian, benthic faunas 43–45, 47 equatorial peri-Gondwanan links 45 Delamerian orogen 13, 16 island arc volcanism 47–49 Delamerian terrane 18 Ordovician 41, 42, 43, 46,57 depositional environments 177 Palaeozoic lithostratigraphy 28 facies studies 247 rifting 27 hydrodynamic conditions 117 rotation 47 low energy 182 Silurian 41, 42, 42 oxygen levels 181 subduction–accretion complex 28 palaeoecology 181–182 subsidence history 40, 41 processes 129, 247 tectonic deformation 39 shallow shelf 247 trilobites 46 storm events 247 Chulaktau Formation 50–52, 54 subtidal coastal deposits 247 climate changes trace fossil assemblages 247 Hirnantian 91–93 water depth 181–182 see also cooling events detrital zircons, Avalonia 151 climatic barriers 88 Devonian cluster analysis 161, 162, 205, 215 Argentina 233–255 coalified material 177 circulation and precipitation patterns 251–252 Bolivia 180 environmental conditions 251–252 circular to elliptical structures 192–193, 193, 194 fish faunas 10 cylindrical lobed structures 187–189, 188, 189 palaeopole 251 descriptions 182–197 plate positions 251 rectangular segmented structures 189–192, 190, 191 South America palaeogeography 249 specimen techniques 181 diamictites 117, 125, 133, 136, 221, 258–259, sphaeromorphs 190, 193–197, 196, 196 259, 261, 263 threads and ribbons 183–187, 184, 185, 186 disrupted 128–129 Cochabama Province massive stratified 128 facies 178–181 rhythmic 128–129 stratigraphy 178–181, 179 sediment gravity flows 137 coeval assemblages 247–250 dice similarity index 212, 214, 215, 220 conodonts 86, 203 Dikelokephalinid trilobite province 16 alteration indices 50 dispersal 222 Burultas tectonofacies zone 33–34 barriers 81, 268 Chu–Ili terrane biostratigraphy 57 see also climatic barriers; geographical barriers; extinction events 266, 269, 270 migration; radiation Perunica 89 diversification 157–170, 161, 163, 248, 251 Contaya Formation 203 diversity curves 160, 162 cooling events see also beta diversification; gamma diversification, bathymetry 257 alpha diversification cyclicity 259, 270 dolostones 123–125 Early Palaeozoic 257–278 dropstones 117, 136, 258–259 facies evidence 257, 259–268, 260, 262 density 136 faunas 257 rain out 128, 136, 137 geomorphological evidence 259–268 striated 261 orbital controls 257, 262, 270 Dulankara Formation 38, 39, 41 palaeobiogeography 257 Dzhambul Formation 24–27, 27 stable isotope excursions 257, 260, 262 dating 26 Cordillera Oriental 203–204, 207, 209 geological map 31 Cambo–Ordovician succession 204 siliciclastic turbidites 30 trilobites 212–213 Cristalina Formation 203 East African–Antarctic orogen 171 Ctenocystoids, Cambrian palaeogeographical eccentricity cycles 259, 265, 268, 271 distribution 91 echinoderms 74–75, 91 Cuyania terrane see Precordillera ctenocystid 95 282 INDEX echinoderms (Continued) positions 7 Prı´bram–Jince Basin 73–75 present day 6 Skryje–Tyrovice Basin 75–76 reconstruction relative to South Africa 12 El Hı´gado Formation 203 Gondwana 1, 107, 264 endemism 105–106, 213 accreted terranes 201–232 bivalves 224 archaeocyathid distribution 150 Central Andean Basin 224 and Avalonia 144, 147, 151 degree of 147–148, 162 core 6, 7, 12, 141 trilobites 166–167 cratons 172–173 Europe 107 Devonian 251 Palaeozoic geodynamic history 103 Devonian assemblages 250 peri-Gondwana 107–108 diversification pattern 222 see also Central Europe fold belt system 174 evaporites 15 formation of 171–173 extinction events 157–170, 257, 262 high latitude marine productivity 177–200 conodonts 269 ice cap 258–259 mass extinctions 257, 267 island arc accretion 151 Lower Palaeozoic 6, 172–173 faecal pellets 182–183, 189, 198 margin transform movements 141 Famatina 210, 211 Ordovician 107 basin 208, 214 palaeocontinent 103, 233 bivalves 210, 217 palaeogeographical reconstruction 107, 108, brachiopods 217 233, 251 rostroconchs 217 palaeolatitude 147 stratigraphy 204 polar wander 261 trilobites 212, 217 rotation 94 volcanic belt 201 signature 224 Farah terrane 9 South American margin 201–232 faunal provinces 10–12 superterrane 6, 142 faunal signatures see also core Gondwana; north–eastern Gondwanan Bolshoi Karatau 56–57 margin; northern Gondwana; south–west distribution 10, 12, 268 Gondwana; southern Gondwanan margin faunas 10, 12 graptolites 177 tectonic implications 23–64 Bolivia 180 terrane diagnostic 10 extinction event 267 Foliomena fauna 89–91 water depth 181–182 fossil island complexes 157 Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, Celtic fossilization province 163 cyanobacterial sheath 187 Grenville Belt 171 eggs 197 Gurvanshayan terrane 10 Franconian Forest 79 Furongian–early Tremadocian 207–209 Helmand terrane 9 brachiopods 207–208, 208 Hesperian Chain/Platform trilobites 208–209, 208 active extensional tectonics 135–136 carbonate productivity 135 gamma diversification 157, 163, 167 carbonate productivity 137 geodynamics depositional pathways 132–136 and palaeontology 106–107 facies associations 121–131, 124 terminology 103 geological setting 118–121, 119 geographical barriers 81, 87–88 geometry 117–118 glacigenic deposits 117–139, 136, 137, 257, 258–259, Ordovician sedimentary architecture 132 259–261, 260, 262, 269 Ordovician–Silurian 120 see also dropstones palaeocurrents 136 glacioeustatic palaeogeographical features 132–136 global event 136, 267 slope failure 137 rebound 137 stratigraphy 118–121, 120, 121, 122, 136 regression 117, 135, 269 Himalaya 10 shallowing 263 Hirnantia Brachiopod Fauna 16 global eustacy 136, 265, 267 Hirnantian 137, 221 global warming 133 biostratigraphically significant fossils 132 Gondwana 141 climate changes 91–93 Cambrian 6 diamictite 221 Early Palaeozoic 6 fauna 16, 92, 95 Ordovician 6 glaciation 8, 16, 221, 257, 259 INDEX 283

glacioeustatic transgression 117 Cambrian lithostratigraphy 53 sedimentation record 117 carbonate deposition 50, 53 horsts 135 deformation history 50 hot shales 257, 260, 262, 263, 270 geological map 51, 52 Hun superterrane 3, 5, 16, 18 linguliformean brachiopods 54–56 Ordovician deposits 55 Iapetus Ocean 5, 108, 141, 146, 166, 201 Palaeozoic geological history 54–56 island faunas 166–167 position 54 islands 158 sedimentology 54–56 palaeogeographical reconstruction 159 and South China 57 suture 65 trilobites 54–56 volcanic arcs 224 karstification 117, 126, 135, 263, 270 Iberian Chain Katian–Hirnantian 221 facies associations 121–131 Kazakh terranes 4,5,8–9 geological setting 118–121, 119 Kazakhstan Ordovician–Silurian 120, 136 Cambrian trilobites 56 stratigraphy 118–121, 120, 121, 136 Early Palaeozoic faunal signatures 23–64 tectonostratigraphical units 119 Ordovician trilobites 56 Iberian platform 117 Palaeozoic palaeomagnetic data 23 carbonate productivity 133, 137 Palaeozoic tectonic units 26 coastal plain strata 133–135 Kazakhstanian orogen 23, 57–59 depositional pathways 132–136 biogeographical signatures 59 geometry 117–118 Cambrian ophiolites 58 intra-shelf ramp 133–135 depositional history 57 Ordovician sedimentary architecture 132 Early Palaeozoic biogeography 57–59 palaeogeographical features 132–136 evolution 59 quiescent tectonics 133–135 faunal affinities 58 ice rafting 117, 259, 261 geochemical signatures 59 see also dropstones; sea ice cover; shore ice magmatism 57 ice wedge clasts 261 Ordovician brachiopod affinities 58 iceberg drift lanes 117, 133, 136, 137 Ordovician ophiolites 58 India 1 Ordovician trilobites 58 Indochina see Annamia terrane Palaeozoic faunas 57 insolation, orbitally controlled 262 Palaeozoic tectonic units 25 inter-provincial diversity see gamma diversity plate tectonic history 57–59 intra-shelf ramp 118, 133–135 radiolarian cherts 58 Iranian terranes 9 sedimentological signatures 59 island arc accretion 3, 143, 150–151 volcanic arc polarity 57 island arc volcanism 49 Kirusillas Formation 177, 198 Chu–Ili terrane 47–49 Kodymirus Association 69, 73 Ordovician 47–49 Kogashik Formation, Bouma cycle 36 polarity 57 Kokchetav microplate, faunal assemblages 58 islands Kopetdag terrane see Mangyshlak terrane assemblage linkage 163 Kunlun terrane 10 biotic separation 157 Kypchak Arc model 49, 57 fossil complexes 157 Kyrshabakty Formation 50, 54 isostatic rebound 136 isotopes see oxygen isotopes; Sm–Nd isotopic Lachlan orogen 13, 16, 18, 173 signatures; stable isotope excursions Lake Alakul 35 depositional history 40 Jaccard Index, coefficients of similarity 163, 205 geological map 37, 38 Jince Formation 69–75, 74–75, 77 Ordovician 39 Cambrian fossils 78 subsidence history 40 fossil assemblages 71–75 Larapintine Sea 16 Las Carmelitas facies 177, 180 Karakamys Formation, dating 41 coalified material 184, 185, 188, 190, 193, 196 Karakorum terrane 9–10 Laurentia 65, 107, 142, 214, 264 Karakum terrane 9 affinities 217, 224 Karatal Formation 27–29, 27 assemblage signature 214 Karatau fault system 49 Avalonia–Baltica accretion 144 Karatau–Naryn terrane 23, 25,49–57 endemic taxa 165–166 biogeographical affinities 54–56 faunas 222 Cambrian biostratigraphy 53 palaeocontinent 103 Cambrian deposits 55 palaeogeographical reconstruction 108 284 INDEX

Laurussia 144 terranes 4,15–18 Lhasa terrane 10 Northern Gondwana 117 Libya, assemblages 250 Early Palaeozoic location 107 limestone Silurian 262 reddish shale couplets 125 zebra 264 obliquity cycles 263, 270 Lingulella Biofacies 71–73, 74–75 ocean currents 133 linguliformean brachiopods 43, 54–56, 81, 82–85 ocean terminology 5 Lochkovian salinity stratification 263 diversification 248 Oisaksaul Formation 35, 37 migration 248 Ojos Negros Formation 118 plants 247–250 facies associations 123–125, 124, 126 Los Puertos Formation 118, 121, 133–135, 137 iron ore precipitation 135 amalgamated channels 130 karst 126 facies assemblages 129–130, 131 tectonic slides 135 heterolithic breccia 130 olenellids 222 karst 126 Olenid Fauna 201 lenticular sandstones 130 Ollantaytambo Formation 204 Lut terrane 9 ooids 123, 135 lycophytes 244, 244, 246, 250 ophiolites obduction 16 Madagascar 11, 14, 17 Zhalair–Naiman fault zone 32 Maikul Formation 33 orbital forcing 262, 268, 271 Maine, Shin Brook Formation 165–166 Ordovician 259 Makran terrane 9 Avalonia 141, 144, 146 Mangyshlak terrane 8 biogeography 45–47, 201–232 Meguma terrane 143 biostratigraphy 144, 146 me´lange 34 bivalves 212 meltwater, stratification of water column 263 brachiopods 16, 45–47, 80–81, 160, 162 Menderas Taurus terrane 8 carbonate productivity 117–139, 222 Mendoza province 234 Celtic province 157–170 stratigraphy 235 Chu–Ili terrane 43, 44 microbial mats 187 cooling 257 microcontinents and plates 103–115 core Gondwana 6 migration 87, 157–170, 248 diversification diachroneity 163, 167 free 201 extinction events 45–47 sea level histories 267 faunal diversity 144, 146 mobile magmatic fronts 24 glaciomarine record 117–139 Moesia terrane 8 Hirnantian glaciation 8 Mozambique Belt 171 island arc volcanism 47–49 Mucronaspis Fauna 91 Kazakhstan 56 mud-mound complexes 117, 133, 135, 271 Lake Alakul 39 multivariate analysis 205, 215 northeastern peri-Gondwanan margin 14 brachiopods 158 palaeogeographical reconstruction 3, 7, 16, 44, 93, 94, Mynaral–South Dzhungaria terrane 32–42 108, 112, 144, 258–259 Perunica 80–81, 87 Neotethys Ocean 5 radiolarian chert 33 New England fold belt 173 stages 66 New Zealand 11, 13, 14, 17 successions 266, 271 Lower Palaeozoic palaeogeographical evolution 3–21 Tepla´ –Barrandian region fauna 66 Newfoundland, Summerford Group 165 trilobites 56, 81, 87 North Borneo 13 Zhalair–Naiman fault zone lithostratigraphy 29 North China 5, 10 Ordovician Radiation 157, 167 North Tien Shan microplate, peri-Gondwanan origin 57 Orea Formation 117, 118, 119–121, 136 northeastern Gondwanan margin depositional sequences 133 geological history 15–18 facies associations 125–129, 127 palaeogeographical reconstruction 15 glaciomarine sedimentary structures 134 northeastern peri-Gondwanan margin Hirnantian 137 Cambrian 11 tectonics 135–136 Early Palaeozoic palaeogeographical evolution 3–21 orogenic belts 171 Ordovician 14 dating 171 palaeogeography 11, 14, 17 terminology 5–6 Silurian 17 Ortan Formation 34, 41 tectonic activity 3 siliciclastic turbidites 42 INDEX 285

Orumbai Formation, dating 41 Pinjarra orogen 171 Oslo region faunas 164–165 plant assemblages ostracodes 43 Argentina 235–247 Silurian 143 preservation see also vegetation 233 Otta trilobite fauna 164–165 Polymeroid Trilobite Biofacies 71–73, 74–75, 75, 77 oxygen isotopes, temperature and salinity 265 Pontides terrane 6–8, 144 Prague Basin 71, 79, 80, 82–85, 111 palaeogeographical reconstruction Baltic affinity 82–85 Cambrian 15–16 Gondwanan affinity 82–85 evolution 3–21 Ordovician 80, 82–85 kinematic continuity 144 Silurian 82–85 Lower Palaeozoic 15 trilobite associations 80, 82–85 Ordovician 16 Precordillera basin, carbonates 204–205, 224 Peri-Gondwana 107–108 Precordillera terrane 174, 213, 214 Silurian 16, 18 accretion 202–203, 224 terminology 103, 103–115, 104–105 Agmatan 205–206 palaeomagnetic data 3, 7, 15 Argentine 233 apparent polar wander paths 143 assemblages 251 Armorica 65, 110 bivalves 210 Avalonia 109, 151 brachiopods 201, 205, 206, 208, 209–210, 210, Baltica 58–59 216, 218–219 Gondwana 171 Cambrian 203 Perunica 66 Gondwanan affinity 221–224, 252 terrane related faunas 144 Laurentian affinity 203, 221–224 palaeoplates, and provinces 106 palaeogeographical interpretation 221 palaeopole, Devonian 251 palaeolatitude 251 palaeotemperatures 17, 251 rift–drift 205, 222 Palaeotethys Ocean 3 rostroconchs 216 rifting initiation 5 trilobites 203, 206–207, 206, 208, 221 sea-floor spreading rate 18 Prı´bram–Jince Basin 69, 71, 73, 78 Palaeozoic Evolutionary Fauna 23, 43–45 Cambrian stratigraphy 72 Pampean orogeny 173, 205 echinoderm associations 73–75 Pan-African orogeny 171, 172–173, 173 facies 71 pandemic distribution 105 faunal associations 74–75 Pangaea, formation 103 peri-Gondwanan origin 73 Panthalassic Ocean 5 proto-Andean margin 201 Paseky Shale Member, fossil assemblage 69, 73 proto-Atlantic 157 Peri-Avalonian microterranes 143 Prototethys Ocean 5 periodic cooling 257 Puna region 204, 207, 208, 213, 215 peri-Siberia terrane 10 volcanic belt 201 periglacial geomorphology 258–259, 260, Punta Negra Formation 233, 235, 239, 242–243 261–262, 262 lycophyte stems 244 Perunica 65–102, 93, 95, 112, 112 plant debris 240–241 acritarchs 86 sedimentary logs 236–237 Baltic affinity 85–86 Boda event 89–91 Qaidam 5 brachiopods 80–81, 81–85, 86–87, 89, 90,94 Qiantang terrane 10, 11, 14, 17 Cambrian 94, 95 carbonates 95 radiolarian chert conodonts 86, 89 Burubaital Formation 36 definition 66–67, 103–115 Burultas tectonofacies zone 33–34 depth related faunas 89–91, 95 Kazakhstanian terranes 58 drift history 111 Ordovician 33 echinoderms 94 radiolarians, Akzhal Formation 31 endemicity of fauna 111 rain out facies see dropstones Gondwanan affinity 81 Ran Ocean 5, 8 Hirnantian climate changes 91–93 Rheic Ocean 5, 141, 146 Ordovician 80–81, 87, 88, 94, 95 closure 109 Ordovician faunas 79–89 initial rift–drift 151 palaeobiogeographical province 110–112 opening 109, 151–152 palaeolatitudes 86, 94–95 suture 66 palaeomagnetic data 66, 111 Rhodope terrane 8 trilobites 87, 88, 89, 94 rhynchonelliform brachiopods 43, 81, 82–85, 87, 160, warming event 89–91 162, 214, 215, 223, 224 286 INDEX

Rı´o San Juan 240–241, 242–243, 244, 245–246, South America 1 246–247 benthic faunal affinities 203 Rodinia 1 Cambrian–Ordovician basins 203–205 break up 171 Devonian 249 configuration of 171 Early Palaeozoic 201–232 rostroconchs 217 geological units 201, 202 Dapingian–Sandbian 216 Laurentian affinities 201 Famatina 217 Ordovician volcanoes 224 palaeogeography 223, 249 San Juan Province 233, 234, 235–239, 239–243, palaeolatitude 213 243–245, 245–246 proto-Andean margin 223, 224 stratigraphy 235 South America 201–232 see also Bachongo Farm; Talacasto Creek South China 5, 10–12 San Marcos Formation 118 palaeomagnetic data 12, 15 facies associations 121–123, 124 South West Gondwana, plant assemblages 233–255 Sanand terrane 11, 14, 17 South-eastern Australia 13 Sandbian 218–221 island arc accretion 3 Sarytuma Fault Zone 32–42 southern Gondwanan margin magmatism 39 accretionary events 173 sedimentary history 35 development 173–174 subsidence history 35 Early Palaeozoic 171–176 Saxony, assemblage affinities 79 tectonic context 171–176 Saxothuringia–Lusatia, assemblage southern Gondwanan margin 171–176 affinities 79 Spain, extensional tectonics 117–139 Scythian terranes 8 spatial cluster analysis 161, 205, 215 sea ice cover 136, 259 spore zonations, correlation 248 sea level changes 15, 86, 136, 181 stable isotope excursions 260, 262, 263, 265–267 cyclic 267 cooling events 257 see also glacioeustatic; global eustacy GICE 264, 265 sea level curves 257, 260, 262, 266, 271 SPICE 258–259, 262, 267 distributions 267 stromatactis 264–265, 269 evidence 271 stromatolites, Avalonia 151 Serindia terrane 18 subduction 49 Shabakty Group 52, 54 subduction–accretion complex, Chu–Ili terrane 28 shale see black shales; hot shales Sulusai Formation 32 Shan–Thai terrane see Sibumasu terrane Summerford Group, Newfoundland 165 Shin Brook Formation, Maine 165–166 supercontinent, terminology 104–105 shore ice 117 superterrane 3 Siberia 65 Sweden, collapse structures 262 palaeogeographical reconstruction 108 Sibumasu terrane 5, 12–13 Takaka terrane 13 Sierra de Famatina see Famatina Talacasto Creek 240–241 Silurian facies 235, 239 Avalonia 144–146 fossil comparisons 239 biostratigraphy 144–146 geology 235, 239 Bolivia 177–200 Talacasto Formation 233, 235–239 carbon sequestration 197–198 specimens 238 cooling events 257, 260, 262 taphonomy 247 isotope excursions 267 Tarim terrane 5, 10 northeastern peri-Gondwanan margin 8 Tasman Orogenic Belt 13 ostracodes 143 Taurides terrane 8, 11, 14, 17 palaeogeography 3, 7, 16–18, 48, 94, 144, taxa 258–259 adaptations 251–252 sea productivity 197–198 cradles 162 sinkholes 135 museums 162 Skryje–Tyrovice Basin 78 temporal cluster analysis 162 brachiopods 75 Tepla´ –Barrandian region Cambrian fauna 75–78, 76 Bohemian Massif 67–75 echinoderm faunas 75–76, 77 Cambrian 67–75, 71 faunal associations 77 Devonian 71 stratigraphy 75–78, 76 geology 67–75, 71 Sm–Nd isotopic signatures, Avalonia 151 geotectonic regime 67 South Africa 12 Ordovician 66, 71 palaeomagnetic South Poles 15 Terenkul Formation 34, 39 INDEX 287

Terra Australis orogen 171, 224 shallow water 148 accretion 173 trilobites 206–207, 206 cause of 174 Turkey, Lower Palaeozoic palaeogeographical Tibetan terranes 10 evolution 3–21 Toquima–Table Head 214 Tuzoia 91,95 faunas 158, 162 province 160, 162 unconformities 132–136 Tornquist Ocean 5, 108, 141 suture 66 Variscan orogeny 65, 109–111 Tourmakeady Limestone 166 Central Europe 65–102 Trans–European Suture Zone 66 metamorphism 67 Tremadocian 207–209 vegetation Tremadocian–Floian 209–214 diversity 233 bivalves 210–212, 211 global latitudinal gradient 233 trilobites 210, 211, 212–214 high latitude 233–255, 252 trilobites 163–167, 203, 206, 206–207, 216, 217, 219 plant life cycles 252 agnostids 147–148 see also coalified material; plant assemblages; Annamitella 166 plant axes Avalonia 147–148, 148, 149 vicariance events 222 biogeographical signal 167 volcanic arc 47–49 Cambrian 143, 149, 207, 222 Kazakhstanian terranes 57 Central Andean Basin 201, 208–209 polarity 57 conocoryphid biofacies 148–149 Dapingian–Darriwilian 216, 218 West Avalonia 141, 143 Early Cambrian 206–207, 206 West Gondwana, palaeogeographical reconstruction endemic taxa 166–167, 224 172–173 Furongian–early Tremadocian 208–209, 208 Western Taurides terrane 8 Gondwana affinity 224 Wilson cycle 157–158 Karatau–Naryn terrane 54–56 Wiwaxia 95 Katian–Hirnantian 221 Cambrian palaeogeographical distribution 91 miomeroid Biofacies 73, 74–75,75 olenids 148 Yangtze terrane see South China terrane Ordovician 81 Ordovician middle latitudes 157–170 zebra limestone 264 palaeogeographical affinities 164 Zelezne´ hory area 78–79 Perunica 87, 88,89 Zhalair–Naiman basin, evolutionary model 32, 47–49 polymeroid Biofacies 71–73, 74–75, 75, 77 Zhalair–Naiman fault zone 24–32, 27 Precordillera terrane 206–207, 206 Zhalgyz Formation 34 Sandbian 216, 219, 221 zircon see detrital zircons