Mumbai Human Development Report 2009
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Mumbai Human Development Report 2009 Mumbai Human Development Report 2009 1 1 YMCA Library Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110 001 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in India by Oxford University Press, New Delhi © Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai 2010 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2010 The opinions expressed in the thematic base papers do not reflect the opinions of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies of the All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Oxford University Press. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Report prepared by Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies, All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai (under guidance of Hon’ble Executive President, State Planning Board, Government of Maharashtra and Chairman Steering Committee constituted by Government of Maharashtra, dt-12-12-2007) for preparation of Mumbai Human Development Report. The report preparation has been supported under the National Strategy for Urban Poor Project, a joint project of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). Images on front and back cover courtesy AIILSG and MCGM. ISBN-13: 978-0-19-806624-8 ISBN-10: 0-19-806624-4 Typeset by Sai Graphic Design, New Delhi 110 055 Printed in India at De Unique, New Delhi 110 018 Published by Oxford University Press YMCA Library Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110 001 Contents List of Tables, Charts, Graphs, Maps, and Boxes xviii Steering Committee xxiv List of Contributors of Base Papers xxv Research Team xxvii Acknowledgements xxviii List of Abbreviations xxix Dedication xxxii 1. Introduction 1 2. Population Trend 13 3. Economy, Equity, and Livelihoods 37 4. Slums: The Face of Inequity 55 5. Elementary Education: Government and Private 79 6. Health: Quality is an Issue 107 7. Gender 133 8. Quality of Life: For People, Few Choices 153 9. The Way Ahead: Future Tense 177 Human Development Measure for Wards of Mumbai City 189 Human Development across Wards in Mumbai: A Radar Profile 199 Annexures 209 References 229 List of Tables Table 2.1: Population and Sex Ratio of Mumbai, 1901–2001 13 Table 2.2: Average Annual Rate of Growth by Gender, 1901–2001 14 Table 2.3: Crude Birth and Death Rates, Infant and Maternal Mortality 15 in Mumbai, 1996-2006 Table 2.4: Maternal and Infant Mortality Rate, 2001–06 15 Table 2.5: Place of Birth of Migrants to Greater Mumbai: 1961–2001 20 Table 2.6: Inter-District In and Out Migration in Greater 21 Mumbai: 1961–2001 Table 2.7: Percentage of Migrants from Rural and Urban Areas to 22 Greater Mumbai Table 2.8: Per capita Incomes of Select Districts, 2005–06 & 2006–07 25 (Current Prices) Table 2.9: Percentage Reasons for Migration (All Durations of 26 Residence, 2001) Table 2.10: Ward-wise Population of Mumbai: 1961–2001 29 Table 2.11: Sex Ratio (Female per Thousand Males) of Migrants and 30 Non-Migrants, Mumbai: 1961–2001 Table 2.12: Ward-wise Sex Ratio (Female per Thousand Males) Mumbai: 31 1961-2001 Table 2.13: Ward-wise Population Density, per sq km in Greater 32 Mumbai: 1951–2001 Table 3.1: Population, Net District Domestic Product and Per Capita 39 Income of Mumbai: 1991-2001 Table 3.2: Economic Growth in Top 10 City Regions based on Total 42 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Table 3.3: Income–1993–94 to 2005–06 at Current Prices 42 Table 3.4: Real Per Capita NDDP at 1993–94 Prices for the Period 43 1993–94 to 2005–06 Table 3.5: Percent Expenditure on Food and Non-Food Items by Various 44 Expenditure Classes Table 3.6: Time Series NDDP (at Current Price)–Mumbai 46 Table 3.7: Growth of Different Categories of Workers, 1961–2001 47 Table 3.8: Growth of Different Categories of Workers (Percent), 47 1961-2001 Table 3.9: Dependency Ratio, 1961–2001 48 Table 3.10: Per Thousand Distribution of Persons by Principal Usual 50 Activity Category Table 3.11: Formal Employment by Sector, Mumbai, 1981–2007 51 Table 4.1: Land Ownership of Slums in Mumbai 2001 59 Table 4.2: Number of Households and Total Population of Slum, Greater 61 Mumbai 2001 Table 4.3: Number of Households and Residential Houses, 1961-2001 63 Table 4.4: Number of Houseless Households and their Population 63 Table 4.5: Number of Institutional Households and their Population 64 Table 4.6: Ward-wise Slum and Non-slum Population, 2001 66 Table 4.7: Ward-wise Percentage of Slum and Non-slum Population, 2001 68 Table 4.8: Percentage Population of Slum and Non-slum Area of Mumbai, 69 2001 Table 4.9: Access to Water in Slums 71 Table 4.10: Status of Sanitation Services in Mumbai Slums 74 Table 4.11: Existing Status of Slum Sanitation in Mumbai 74 Table 4.12: Stage-wise Existing Status of Slum Sanitation in Mumbai 75 Table 5.1: Learning Levels of 3rd and 4th Standards from Municipal Schools 83 Table 5.2: Anganwadis and Balwadis in Mumbai (2003–04 and 2007–08) 85 Table 5.3: Schools in Mumbai (2003–04 and 2007–08) 86 Table 5.4: Ward-wise Schools by Type, Teacher and Student Strength in 87 2007 Table 5.5: Municipal Schools and Student Strength 88 Table 5.6: Categories of Primary Schools, Teacher, Student Strength 89 (2007) Table 5.7: Ward-wise view of Enrolment versus Student Strength of 90 Municipal Primary Schools Table 5.8: Private (Unaided) Primary Schools 90 Table 5.9: Out-of-School Children (2007 and 2008) 95 Table 5.10: MCGM Pre-School Coverage in the City of Mumbai 96 Table 5.11: Number of Schools, Pupils, and Teachers Ratio 97 Table 5.12: Data of Children with Disability in Slums of Mumbai 99 Table 5.13: Special Schools run by MCGM for Specially Challenged 99 Children List of Tables, Charts, Graphs, Maps, and Boxes xix Table 6.1: A Picture of Healthcare Providers in Mumbai 111 Table 6.2: Live Births by Age of the Mother and Birth Order for Year 113 2006 Table 6.3: Death by Age and Gender for Year 2007 115 Table 6.4: Killer Diseases in Mumbai 115 Table 6.5: Still Births by Age of Mother and Gender for Year 2006 116 Table 6.6: Infant Death by Age and Gender for Year 2006 116 Table 6.7: Institutional Birth and Birth Weight in Year 2006 117 Table 6.8: Nutritional Status of Children in Mumbai and Maharashtra 118 Table 6.9: Comparative Nutritional Status of Mumbai’s Population 119 Table 6.10: Healthcare Institutions in Mumbai 120 Table 6.11: Hospital Beds and Number of People Per Bed in Mumbai 122 Table 6.12: Vital Statistics on Public Healthcare Institutions 123 Table 6.13: Choice of Healthcare Provider by Income and the Reason for 124 Choice Table 6.14: Performance Indicators of the FWMCH Programme 125 Table 6.15: Activities Undertaken under the School Health Programme 126 Table 6.16: Performance of the Mobile Health Unit 126 Table 6.17: HIV Sentinel Surveillance Report for Mumbai 127 Table 6.18: Performance of the RNTCP 128 Table 6.19: Programme Statistics related to Malaria Control 129 Table 7.1: Percentage of Pregnant Women who used Ultrasonography in 137 Mumbai Table 7.2: Literacy Rates for Greater Mumbai 137 Table 7.3: Causes of Death by Sex for Year 2000 and 2005 139 Table 7.4: Important Health Indicators for Women in Mumbai 140 Table 7.5: Feeding Practices of Children in Mumbai 142 Table 7.6: Status of ICDS (Anganwadis) in Mumbai (November, 2008) 142 Table 7.7: Coverage of Children Under ICDS, Mumbai, November 2008 143 Table 7.8: Women Attending Antenatal Clinics Linked to Mumbai 143 District AIDS Control Society (MDACS) (from January– December 2006) Table 7.9: Registered Crimes Against Women from 2000–06 in Mumbai 151 Table 8.1: Main Modes of Travel to Work 157 Table 8.2: Water Requirement and Average Supply 158 xx List of Tables, Charts, Graphs, Maps, and Boxes Table 8.3: Pollution Levels in Terms of Exceedence Factor (EF) of 159 Major Cites in Maharashtra: 1997–2004 Table 8.4: Air Quality Levels Monitored at Various Traffic Junctions 161 using Mobile Monitoring Van Table 8.5: Range of Noise Level Alongwith the Standards (2000–2008) 161 Table 8.6: Average of Refuse, Silt, Debris Per Day (Municipal and 163 Private Vehicles) Table 8.7: Area Coverage by Underground Sewerage Network 166 in Mumbai Table 8.8: Recreation Facilities in Mumbai 168 Table 8.9: Gardens, Recreation Grounds, Playgrounds, Open Spaces 169