UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS DOUTORADO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS ÁREA DE CONCENTRAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA DAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS DO BRASIL

MARIANA ALVES DA CUNHA KALIL

THINKING PAST THE LATIN AMERICAN HYBRID Rationalism in Exile – A Brazilian Contribution to the Theory of International Relations

BRASÍLIA 2017

MARIANA ALVES DA CUNHA KALIL

THINKING PAST THE LATIN AMERICAN HYBRID Rationalism in Exile – A Brazilian Contribution to the Theory of International Relations

Trabalho de Conclusão apresentado à Universidade de Brasília como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Doutora em Relações Internacionais Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Flávio Sombra Saraiva

BRASÍLIA 2017

MARIANA ALVES DA CUNHA KALIL

THINKING PAST THE LATIN AMERICAN HYBRID Rationalism in Exile – A Brazilian Contribution to the Theory of International Relations

Relatório final, apresentado à Universidade de Brasília como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Relações Internacionais [Final Report Presented to the University of Brasília for the Obtention of the Author’s PhD title]

Brasília, 21 de Novembro de 2017 [Brasília, November 21st 2017]

______Supervisor: Prof. José Flávio Sombra Saraiva, PhD

Membros da Banca [Committee Members]

______Membro [Committee Member]: Prof. Emeritus Amado Luiz Cervo, PhD

______Membro [Committee Member]: Prof. Rafael Villa, PhD

______Membro [Committee Member]: Prof. Danielly Becard, PhD

______Membro [Committee Member] – Substituta [Sub]: Prof. Eiiti Sato, PhD

For Marcos Lins da Cunha (in memoriam)

Acknowledgements

I always read books' acknowledgements. I find them most helpful when they tell you the story behind the work, since you end up learning yourself how to become a better scholar. Kissinger's 'On China' is among the best ones I've read. I could not then refrain from writing my acknowledgements in the form I'd wish to read. How have I become the person who wrote this Dissertation? My major challenge has always been to stick to a routine. When I seem to get the hang of things, there goes my attention span. I have to be extremely stimulated to actually sit down and read or write for long periods of times -I do not mean hours, but days, weeks, months, years! Sir Arthur Conan Doyle puts it quite appropriately, "my mind rebels at stagnation". A lengthy work is clearly far from my perfect suit. However, throughout the process of writing this PhD, I could rely on quite seasoned friends who were rather successful in similar endeavors. Ernest Hemingway, in his "A Moveable Feast", taught me how to keep myself defied, always finishing my workday while I still had juice. With the deepest of all understandings regarding the restless nature of my mind, he knew the hardest part, besides taming my pursuit, would be living life, going through the rest of the day until it was time to work again. He had the horses and the cafés, I had to find what made me happy without destroying my finances or my health. Mason Currey came to the rescue. With his book ‘Daily Rituals: How Artists Work’, I could take a peek into how Hobbes, Kafka, Sartre, another odd-160 scientists, writers, painters, musicians, and her, Simone de Beauvoir, lived their lives. It could only have been a woman, and this woman. Simone taught me how to live my life until the other dawn, when I'd start working at 5:30am, after 30 minutes of me time -exactly when I wrote these acknowledgements, for instance. My partner would wake up around 7am, when I'd have a proper breakfast with him, while taking a short break eating and watching the news on CNN -and quickly realizing they must stop jeopardizing the US democracy; there is holding a President accountable, then there is, yes, a witch hunt. He'd do the dishes, get his notebook and I'd put on short podcasts on his ongoing research. He'd take notes, while I kept on working on my Dissertation. He'd then retreat to his study. I do not have a study, I work from our living room. By 2pm, I would have a light lunch, usually a sandwich with salad and juice or chocolate milk. I'd then run errands, do house chores, see doctors, read or watch something for pleasure, tweet, until around 7pm, when we'd sit down, have dinner and talk about the work we had done that day. Sometimes, we'd read it to each other. I cannot thank him enough for providing me with the otherness necessary for one to have a holistic perspective and to brush up her own work. This is a lot like Simone's and Sartre's daily rituals, except they did not live together - not only did we want to live together, but also rent anywhere in Rio is way too expensive for a senior scholar to choose to live on his own in a fine neighborhood; you can pretty much infer a PhD candidate would have to live with her parents. Our versions of Feminism and Existentialism had to adapt to our times and budget. Simone used to read and discuss Sartre's work during their daily early dinner/late lunch, the other way around was not as frequent at all. Decades have passed, and being le deuxième sexe is still a challenge. The very fact that Simone herself helped Sartre with his work on a daily basis rendered me a lot more comfortable balancing my

relationship with my feminist expectations regarding my role in his life, as well as the importance of guilt-free "me time" women in history rarely got -idleness is key to creativity, right? Well, yes, I bake him mini-cakes whenever I'm overwhelmed with intellectual work and find mentally healthy to use my hands, or simply when he's craving one, just as he does all my dishes -frankly, a lot because I often forget to do them-, he does the grocery shopping -though I make the list-, he keeps the house in order -I'm not as tidy as you'd expect from a lady: it's a true partnership -obviously, there are asymmetries, and they rest wherever it feels comfortable for the both of us, what changes from time to time. Simone allowed me to be ok in being on the so-called losing side of the asymmetry. My life, my rules. After dinner, we'd then take a shower and watch our favorite series. There were many throughout these years, but I can definitely tell you falling asleep to Kerry Washington, Viola Davis, Nicole Kidman, Reese Witherspoon, Tracee Ellis Ross, all strong women, quirky, flawless in their absolutely erratic existence, was but essential to populate my dreams with might. Lorelai's and Rory's Gilmore roles in my academic life could hardly be overplayed. They have been by my side from my undergrad years of commute from Niterói to PUC-Rio until recently when Netflix showed us how normal it nowadays is to be in your early 30s and still not on the traditional track your parents might have been, even though "everything she tackles, she conquers", even though you might have an outstanding CV and impeccable work ethics. F. Scott Fitzgerald could not be more ahistorical, in the way only literature can be, and, yes, I am aware "I shall go on shining as a brilliantly meaningless figure in a meaningless world." It's not like The Gilmore Girls hadn't warned me: in omnia paratus. My aunt Tata has taught me everything I know about the English language since I was a little girl who swore she would marry Prince William, I couldn't possibly imagine my career without her or the Spice Girls, for that matter. Ginger, Scary, Posh, Baby and Sporty forced me to understand English, no subtitles, when I searched for firsthand Spice Girls stuff online, back when you had to log out as fast as you could to unclog your phone. Tata, the certainty of marrying Prince William as early as when I was 9, and the spiced up life of #girlpower and of racial diversity are the very foundations of my foreign language skills. But far more than that, I have always been so thirsty for abstract reflections that Geri Halliwell's ‘image is just your imagination, reality is rarely revealed’ actually introduced me to post-positivism -Baumann, to me more exact. As you can see, my partner and my imaginary friends were my rocks. However, as aunt Tata has been fundamental for this Dissertation, so have been my mother and my father, who could not have helped more. Although in completely different fields, they are both scholars, and I am grateful for that. They understood my limitations, supported my reclusion, and never questioned my choice to write a theoretical PhD. My mom would send us food, which saved us time and money. In spite of her hectic schedule, she would deliver us food herself daily. My father would solve anything we'd need him to, would lend me his credit card to buy our thousands of bookcases, and, of course, the books themselves. My grandma, Therezinha, was so understanding. She never complained that her only granddaughter would rarely call her or show up even though we live only four blocks away from each other. On the contrary, whenever she could, she'd send us ‘antidepressants’ - she thusly called a care-package with the largest amount of Kopenhagen chocolates you will ever get. My 28-years-old friendship with Nathalia Mussi, in turn, provided me with far more than sorority, everyday, anytime. Her and her husband Alvaro's life choice to embrace the world, to go after the best Education they could (they are UFRJ Engineers and MIT alumni) and then to face life in the most competitive market of the world still inspires

me every day. She reminds me of why, even though I do not descend from a diplomat or from anyone who could support, especially financially, the life of a world-class scholar in International Relations, I still chose to engage in international professional associations, such as the ISA and LASA. She reminds me of why I picked a fight, and won, with a former President of my country. She reminds me where we came from. We were raised together in a Catholic Church (Santuário das Almas) in Niterói, , populated by representatives of the Theology of Liberation, especially Padre Chico, whose pickles with latifundiários in the South of Pará were but a message: you cannot let them have their way, and you can only offer what you carry inside you. This means, for both of us, our work needs to have a meaning, it needs to deliver something constructive to society -hence my choice to work under the umbrella of Global IR and to have active roles in administrative positions at the ISA. We are both perennially aware of the social impacts of each and every step we, and everybody else takes. The dilemmas we share are usually around the very same hovering topic: we were raised in a bubble that celebrates and holds ethics to the highest account; thus, in real life, we are constantly faced with a lot of pain when anti-ethical people cross our paths. It took us time to adjust to the idea, and I can tell you it still surprises us -though I don't think it is a bad thing we haven't yet normalized misbehavior (I gotta give it to her here, as she currently works in multinational finances in Manhattan)-, but we are learning to cope and to stand up for ourselves, to speak up, and most importantly not to let those people make us question who we are or what we are capable of achieving, afterall ‘you can only offer what you carry inside’. During most of my PhD, she has been my entire social life, she has been the only person I'd deviate from my daily rituals to accommodate, to admire, to applaud, to help, to keep company, to hang out, to simply listen to (or read, since a lot of our relationship has been through WhatsApp lately). She is worth every second spent with her online or offline. I hope everyone can count on someone like her in their lives. It makes things less painful, not to mention fun and - sorry, F. Scott - meaningful. My brother, Marcos Kalil Filho, deserved to have a book written about his life even though he's not even 30 yet. My brother is the brightest person I have ever met, and I'll probably ever meet. His intelligence is, however, not confined to his professional or intellectual achievements. My brother embodies my ideal of a person. He is an outstanding partner, a civil rights lawyer, a political activist on the streets, a Lecturer at UFRJ, a graduated journalist, MSc in Linguistics and PhD Candidate in the same field, as well as an undergrad student in Language and Literature. Yet, he never fails to reply a WhatsApp nor to return a call. In the age of texting, he actually proactively calls people. He's generous to his roommates, he takes care of his apartment, he cooks, he does grocery shopping, he eats healthy, he likes puppies - to me, this is bizarre, I could never commit to another living being that would not outgrow his or her dependence on me. He is overwhelmed, of course, but anyone else in the same situation would probably endure serious mental health distress. He is still the soberest person I know, and has the best sense of humor, not to mention a striking common sense that's but odd in light of his profile. He's a nationalist who does not only want to study our country, but who actually travels to the deepest Sertões, to the less jet- setting regions of Pantanal, bonding with locals, partying with people, cultivating happiness throughout a life that has imposed him unnecessary burdens. His reflections upon his own work, the methodology he applied in his MSc Thesis, and his mere existence were structural to my Dissertation and are constitutive to my ontology. Epistemologically, he is my paradigm.

My Advisor, Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva, has always been supportive of my "non-orthodox" choices, as that of writing the Dissertation in English -there were not even norms regarding this in the entire University by the time I started my work. He usually describes me as a bold person, and I thank him for giving me space and trust to create my own demons, of course, but my very own achievements as well. Amado Cervo's openness to talk about his work can neither be forgotten. Professor Pio Penna Filho has also encouraged me to keep up the good work throughout these four years, while Professor Alcides Costa Vaz' trust on my potential to actually make a contribution has provided me with the responsibility one has to bear if she aims to deliver good work. IRel has been an appropriate choice. I was constantly presented with opportunities to take PhDs abroad, especially in the US, but I never regret having chosen to stay. At IRel, I know I'm part of something bigger than myself that has meaning to 's society, namely in terms of international thinking. I'm humbled to have been part of the Institute for the six years of its life. I hope my career can contribute to make it even more worth of respect. Being an active member of the ISA has given me the opportunity to mingle with outstanding scholars who have directly shaped my work. Professor Jacqueline Braveboy-Wagner, my mentor, my mother in Academia, never fails to tell you what you need to hear. Tough love, but, hey, love! Affection in Academia! How rare is that? Without her, I'd never have asked the thousands of questions that led to this research. I can actually trace this Dissertation back to her very public, blunt inquiries about my paper presentation in a conference in 2012. She spurred in me all I've written in these pages. Amitav Acharya, the great thinker and former president of the ISA, surprises me every time he answers to one of my emails. He's, as you'll see, one of my main theoretical sources, and, since he knows Global IR is (and will probably always be) a work-in-progress, he never fails to give you hints that, perhaps coincidentally, have always responded to my gut, have constantly brought me back to the basics of what I think Brazil's international thought has been all about. His generosity can never be measured, I hope to be like him when I am a senior scholar. Peter M. Kristensen and Pinar Bilgin have also read preliminary results of my research. Peter has been very encouraging in regard to my content-analysis, and Pinar could not have be