It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of COVID-19
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It is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of COVID-19 Understanding the transmission of respiratory infections indoors requires expertise in many distinctly different areas of science and engineering, including virology, aerosol physics, flow dynamics, exposure and epidemiology, medicine, and building engineering, to name the most significant. No one person has expertise in all these areas. However, collectively, the community of the signatories to the Comment understands the characteristics and mechanisms behind the generation of respiratory microdroplets, survival of viruses in the microdroplets, transport of the microdroplets and human exposure to them, and the airflow patterns that carry microdroplets in buildings. We have dedicated our careers working in this multidisciplinary field, and our statement stems from our collective expertise spanning the entire field. The signatories listed on the first two pages contributed to the writing of this commentary, and all the signatories reviewed the document. Professor Linsey C. Marr Civil and Environmental Engineering Professor Philomena M. Bluyssen Virginia Tech, USA Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment Email: [email protected] Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Email: [email protected] Professor William Bahnfleth Department of Architectural Engineering Dr. Atze Boerstra The Pennsylvania State University, USA REHVA Vice-President Email: [email protected] Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Associations Professor Jose-Luis Jimenez The Hague, The Netherlands Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute Email: [email protected] for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado at Boulder, USA Professor Giorgio Buonanno Email: [email protected] Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering University of Cassino and Southern Lazio Professor Yuguo Li Cassino, Italy Department of Mechanical Engineering Email: [email protected] The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Email: [email protected] Professor Junji Cao Institute of Earth Environment William W. Nazaroff Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Daniel Tellep Distinguished Professor Emeritus Email: [email protected] Civil and Environmental Engineering Department University of California, Berkeley, USA Professor Stephanie J. Dancer Email: [email protected] Department of Medical Microbiology, NHS Lanarkshire, School of Applied Sciences Professor Catherine Noakes Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom School of Civil Engineering Email: [email protected] University of Leeds, United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Dr. Francesco Franchimon Managing Director and Owner Dr Chandra Sekhar Vital Environments Individual Capacity, Singapore Franchimon ICM, The Netherlands Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Professor Julian Wei-Tze Tang Dr. Charles Haworth Respiratory Sciences Consultant Respiratory Physician, Cambridge University Leicester, United Kingdom Centre for Lung Infection, The Adult Cystic Fibrosis Email: [email protected] Centre, The Lung Defence Clinic, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom Associate Professor Raymond Tellier Email: [email protected] Department of Medicine McGill University, Canada Email: [email protected] 1 Dr. Jaap Hogeling Professor Jordan Peccia Managing Director, International Standards Department of Chemical and Environmental ISSO, Netherlands Building Research Institute, The Engineering, Yale University, USA Netherlands Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Professor Xavier Querol Associate Professor Christina Isaxon Department of Geosciences Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Lund University, Lund, Sweden Research, Spanish National Research Council Email: [email protected] Barcelona (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain Email: [email protected] Professor Jarek Kurnitski Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture Professor Emeritus Olli Seppänen Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia Department of Mechanical Engineering Email: [email protected] Aalto University Finland Email: [email protected] Assistant Professor Marcel Loomans Department of the Built Environment Professor Shin-ichi Tanabe Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) Department of Architecture The Netherlands Waseda University, Japan Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Professor Guy B. Marks Professor Kwok Wai Tham Director, Centre for Air quality Research and Department of Building evaluation (CAR), Faculty of Medicine National University of Singapore, Singapore University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Email: [email protected] Australia Email: [email protected] Associate Professor Pawel Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environment and Professor Livio Mazzarella Energy, Department of Civil Engineering AiCARR Vice President Technical University of Denmark Department of Energy Email: [email protected] Politecnico di Milano, Italy Email: [email protected] Associate Professor Aneta Wierzbicka Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology Professor Arsen Krikor Melikov Lund University, Sweden International Centre for Indoor Environment and Email: [email protected] Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Boya Distinguished Professor Maosheng Yao Email: [email protected] College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China Professor Shelly Miller Email: [email protected] Mechanical Engineering Department University of Colorado Boulder, USA Email: [email protected] Professor Emeritus Peter V. Nielsen The Faculty of Engineering and Science Department of Civil Engineering Aalborg University, Denmark Email: [email protected] 2 Co-Signing Scientists: Professor Jonathan Abbatt Dr. Gwi-Nam Bae Department of Chemistry Center for Particulate Air Pollution and Health University of Toronto, Canada Korea Institue of Science and Technology, Email: [email protected] Republic of Korea Email: [email protected] Dr. John Adgate Department of Environmental and Occupational Dr. Gabriel Bekö Health, Colorado School of Public Health International Centre for Indoor Environment and University of Colorado, USA Energy, Department of Civil Engineering Email: [email protected] Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Email: [email protected] Professor Alireza Afshari Department of the Built Environment (BUILD) Professor Scott C. Bell, Chief Executive Aalborg University, Denmark Translational Research Institute Email: [email protected] Brisbane, Australia Email: [email protected] Professor Kang-Ho Ahn Department of Mechanical Engineering Professor Allan Bertram Hanyang University, Republic of Korea Department of Chemistry Email: [email protected] University of British Columbia, Canada Email: [email protected] Professor Francis Allard LaSIE (Engineering Sciences for Environmental Professor Mahmood Bhutta Issues Laboratory) Department of ENT Surgery, Brighton & Sussex La Rochelle University, France University Hospitals, United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Professor Joseph Allen Dr. Seweryn Bialasiewicz Healthy Buildings Program Australian Centre for Ecogenomics Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, USA The University of Queensland, Australia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Dr. Celia Alves Professor Merete Bilde Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry University of Aveiro, Portugal Aarhus University, Denmark Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Professor Meinrat O. Andreae Tami Bond, Scott Presidential Chair in Energy Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany Environment and Health Email: [email protected] Department of Mechanical Engineering Colorado State University, USA Professor Isabella Annesi-Maesano Email: [email protected] Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR) Department, IPLESP, INSERM and Professor Joseph Brain Sorbonne University, France Department of Environmental Health Email: [email protected] Harvard University, USA Email: [email protected] Professor Ahmet Arısoy Mechanical Engineering Department Professor Marianna Brodach İstanbul Technical University, Turkey Engineering Department, Moscow Architectural Email: [email protected] Institute (State Academy), Russia Email: [email protected] Professor Andrew P. Ault Department of Chemistry Professor David M. Broday University of Michigan, USA Civil & Environmental Engineering Email: [email protected] Technion Institute of Technology, Israel Email: [email protected] 3 Professor Guangyu Cao Professor Derek Clements-Croome Department of Energy and Process Engineering Department of Built Environment Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Reading University, United Kingdom Norway Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Professor Geo Clausen Professor Christopher D. Cappa Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technical University of Denmark, Denmark University of California, Davis, USA Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Dr. Ian Clifton Professor Annmarie Carlton Department of Respiratory Medicine, Leeds Department of Chemistry, Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom University of California, Irvine, USA Email: [email protected] Email: