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Zooplankton Abundance, Community Structure, And ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, AND OCEANOGRAPHY NORTHEAST OF KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA By Xian Wang RECOMMENDED: __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Advisory Committee Chair __________________________________________ Head, Graduate Program in Marine Science and Limnology APPROVED: ___________________________________________ Dean, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences ____________________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School ____________________________________________ Date ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, AND OCEANOGRAPHY NORTHEAST OF KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Xian Wang, B.S. Fairbanks, Alaska August 2007 iii Abstract Zooplankton community dynamics and correlations with physical characteristics of the water were studied in the north-western Gulf of Alaska. Zooplankton were collected systematically northeast of Kodiak Island, Alaska in March, May, August and November of 2002 to 2004. Species composition, total abundance and spatial community structure were correlated to physical variables. Small copepods (numerically >50%) dominated the zooplankton composition and were most abundant in August. Average biomass was 46.5 g WW m-2 in May and 52.5 g WW m-2 in August in Kodiak region. Interannual zooplankton abundance variations were large, with May 2003 having a dramatically higher abundance (2x104 individual m-3 higher) than 2002 and 2004, probably due to the higher temperate (1°C higher) and lower salinity in May 2003. Small to moderate correlations (r< 0.7) were found between temporal zooplankton abundance and selected physical variables. Spatial patterns in zooplankton composition among stations in May were more discernable in May than in August, likely due to water column stability in the spring and more dynamic influences in the summer, but revealed no consistent spatial patterns. The zooplankton community patterns in this region thus appear to arise due to complex oceanographic and bathymetric interactions, and suggest high variability can occur in the availability of prey for higher trophic levels. iv Table of Contents Sinature Page ................................................................................................................. i Title Page ......................................................................................................................ii Abstract........................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... iv List of Figures.............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables...............................................................................................................vii List of Appendices .....................................................................................................viii Acknowledgments........................................................................................................ ix General Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Zooplankton abundance, community structure, and oceanography northeast of Kodiak Island, Alaska................................................................................................................ 5 Abstract......................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction................................................................................................................... 6 Methods....................................................................................................................... 11 Study location...........................................................................................................11 Sample collection and analyses................................................................................11 Data analyses........................................................................................................... 13 Results......................................................................................................................... 17 General Trends......................................................................................................... 17 Correlation of total zooplankton abundance with physical and biological factors . 20 v Spatial zooplankton community structure............................................................... 21 Regional zooplankton composition comparison ..................................................... 22 Discussion................................................................................................................... 22 Regional zooplankton comparison .......................................................................... 22 Zooplankton abundance, related oceanography and ecosystem considerations...... 26 Spatial zooplankton community structure and related oceanography..................... 28 Potential Sources of errors and further investigations............................................. 30 Conclusions................................................................................................................. 31 Acknowledgements..................................................................................................... 32 References................................................................................................................... 54 General Conclusions ................................................................................................... 67 References................................................................................................................... 68 Appendices.................................................................................................................. 77 vi List of Figures Fig. 1. Locations of systematically sampled stations and CTD casts. .............................33 Fig. 2. Percent abundance and percent biomass of zooplankton. ....................................34 Fig. 3. Total zooplankton abundance and biomass ..........................................................35 Fig. 4. Abundance and biomass of zooplankton, Portlock Bank ....................................36 Fig. 5. Bubble plots of species abundance on MDS ordination, May 2002 ....................37 Fig. 6. MDS ordination superimposed on S25, May 2002 ...............................................38 Fig. 7. Bubble plots of species abundance on MDS ordination, May 2003 ....................39 Fig. 8. MDS ordination superimposed on S25, May 2003 ...............................................40 Fig. 9. Bubble plots of species abundance on MDS ordination, May 2004 ....................41 Fig. 10. MDS ordination superimposed on T25 , May 2004 .............................................42 vii List of Tables Table 1. Sampling time and locations from March 2002 to August 2004 .......................43 Table 2. Number of CTD casts and zooplankton samples conducted..............................44 Table 3. Average temperature, salinity, fluorometry above 25 m. ...................................45 Table 4. Environmental factors having significant correlations with zooplankton..........46 Table 5. Relative contributions of each zooplankton species May 2002.........................47 Table 6. Relative contributions of each zooplankton species May 2003.........................48 Table 7. Relative contributions of each zooplankton species May 2004.........................49 Table 8. Zooplankton biomass of Kodiak region and on Seward line. ............................50 Table 9. Zooplankton biomass of Kodiak region and other.............................................53 viii List of Appendices Appendix A. 1 Zooplankton taxa sampled.......................................................................78 Appendix A. 2 Map showing Kodiak stations and Seward line stations .........................81 Appendix A. 3 Percent abundance and biomass of zooplankton Seward line. ................82 Appendix A. 4 Fluoromety profiles over sampling areas above 25 m depth...................83 ix Acknowledgments I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Robert Foy, for providing me the opportunity to conduct scientific research, for guidance and suggestion; Dr. Kenneth Coyle and Dr. Russell Hopcroft, for answering my questions and sharing their zooplankton research experience with me; Dr. Arny Blanchard for sharing his knowledge of statistics with me; Dr. Tom Weingartner for sharing his physical oceanography knowledge with me. Funding was provided by grants from the Gulf Apex Predator prey program (GAP), NOAA. I also would like to thank the captain and crew of the F/V Laura for their help. I thank other faculty who have also helped me, especially Dr. Katrin Iken for her help during the summer field course in Kasitsna Bay. I thank Mr. Chris Stark, for teaching me zooplankton taxonomy, for sharing his experience with me, and for encouraging me. Thanks to Max, Carla, Elizabeth, and Lily for
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