LBLEO Report 01082018
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Space Administration
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19700024651 2020-03-23T18:20:34+00:00Z TO THE CONGRESSOF THE UNITEDSTATES : Transmitted herewith is the Twenty-first Semiannual Repol* of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Twen~-first SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS JANUARY 1 - JUNE 30, 1969 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20546 Editors: G. B. DeGennaro, H. H. Milton, W. E. Boardman, Office of Public Affairs; Art work: A. Jordan, T. L. Lindsey, Office of Organiza- tion and Management. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402-Price $1.25 THE PRESIDENT May 27,1970 The White House I submit this Twenty-First Semiannual Report of the National Aeronautics and Space Aldministration to you for transmitttal to Congress in accordance with section 206(a) of the National Aero- nautics and Space Act of 1958. It reports on aotivities which took place betiween January 1 and June 30, 1969. During this time, the Nation's space program moved forward on schedule. ApolIo 9 and 10 demonstrated the ability of ;the man- ned Lunar Module to operate in earth and lunar orbit and its 'eadi- ness to attempt the lunar landing. Unmanned observatory and ex- plorer class satellites carried on scientific studies of the regions surrounding the Earth, the Moon, and the Sun; a Biosatellite oarwing complex biological science experiment was orbited; and sophisticated weather satellites and advanced commercial com- munications spacecraft became operational. Advanced research projects expanded knowledge of space flighk and spacecraft engi- neering as well as of aeronautics. -
Introduction to Astronomy from Darkness to Blazing Glory
Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory Published by JAS Educational Publications Copyright Pending 2010 JAS Educational Publications All rights reserved. Including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Second Edition Author: Jeffrey Wright Scott Photographs and Diagrams: Credit NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USGS, NOAA, Aames Research Center JAS Educational Publications 2601 Oakdale Road, H2 P.O. Box 197 Modesto California 95355 1-888-586-6252 Website: http://.Introastro.com Printing by Minuteman Press, Berkley, California ISBN 978-0-9827200-0-4 1 Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory The moon Titan is in the forefront with the moon Tethys behind it. These are two of many of Saturn’s moons Credit: Cassini Imaging Team, ISS, JPL, ESA, NASA 2 Introduction to Astronomy Contents in Brief Chapter 1: Astronomy Basics: Pages 1 – 6 Workbook Pages 1 - 2 Chapter 2: Time: Pages 7 - 10 Workbook Pages 3 - 4 Chapter 3: Solar System Overview: Pages 11 - 14 Workbook Pages 5 - 8 Chapter 4: Our Sun: Pages 15 - 20 Workbook Pages 9 - 16 Chapter 5: The Terrestrial Planets: Page 21 - 39 Workbook Pages 17 - 36 Mercury: Pages 22 - 23 Venus: Pages 24 - 25 Earth: Pages 25 - 34 Mars: Pages 34 - 39 Chapter 6: Outer, Dwarf and Exoplanets Pages: 41-54 Workbook Pages 37 - 48 Jupiter: Pages 41 - 42 Saturn: Pages 42 - 44 Uranus: Pages 44 - 45 Neptune: Pages 45 - 46 Dwarf Planets, Plutoids and Exoplanets: Pages 47 -54 3 Chapter 7: The Moons: Pages: 55 - 66 Workbook Pages 49 - 56 Chapter 8: Rocks and Ice: -
Venona Special Studies
- 1 - Venona Project Special Studies Transcribed by Students of the Mercyhurst College Institute for Intelligence Studies Arranged by John Earl Haynes, Library of Congress, 2010 COVER NAMES IN NEW YORK TRAFFIC p. 2 UNIDENTIFIED COVER NAMES IN NEW YORK TRAFFIC p. 86 COVER NAMES IN SAN FRANCISCO TRAFFIC p. 92 COVER NAMES IN WASHINGTON TRAFFIC p. 123 ADDITIONAL COVERNAMES AND RELATED INFORMATION IN DIPLOMATIC TRAFFIC p. 127 REVISED TRANSLATION OF MESSAGE ON ANTENNA-LIBERAL'S WIFE ETHEL p. 135 THE COVERNAMES "ANTENNA" AND "LIBERAL" IN . MESSAGES p. 139 ESSAGES IN . INVOLVING THE COVERNAME"ENORMOZ" AND THE NAMES OF NUCLEAR PHYSICISTS, ETC. p. 147 UNDATED REPORT OF MEREDITH GARDNER p. 155 DEVELOPMENT OF THE “G--“HOMER” [“GOMER”] CASE p. 158 THE KOMAR (KRAVCHENKO) AFFAIR IN . MESSAGES p. 161 REVISED TRANSLATION OF TWO . MESSAGES ON CHANGES IN COVERNAMES p. 170 THE COVERNAME "KARAS" IN. TRAFFIC p. 178 THE COVERNAMES "TÉNOR", "BAS", AND "CHETÁ" (? IN . TRAFFIC p. 181 - 2 - Special Study Cover Names in New York Traffic - 3 - cover-name Message number Date Publication reference S/ or 3/NBF/ 19 N.Y. to M. 812 29053 JKI 06 T1022 1B-1910 0027A ABRAM N.Y. to M. 992 24063 JKR 14 T872√ 1B-7518 0005A JACK SOBLE 1086 06073 JKV 48 T873√ 2A-0011 1957 29113 NNNNNN T939√ 625 04054 JHD 48 T916√ 851 15064 JIJ 40 T10.1√ 1146 10084 JHM 41 T123√ 1251 02094 JHN 12 T301√ (to ChEKh) 0005B 1353 23094 JHO 42 T289√ 1449 12104 JIL 37 T106√ 1754 14124 JHZ 49 T6√ 48 11015 JHV 37 (NSA)T1941 AVGUR 2A-0013 1638 (AUGUR) N.Y. -
SPACE EXPLORERS NEED to BE SPACE FARMERS What We Know and What We Need to Know About Plant Growth in Space
MONOGRAPH Mètode Science Studies Journal, 11 (2021). University of Valencia. DOI: 10.7203/metode.11.14606 Submitted: 10/04/2019. Approved: 04/09/2019. SPACE EXPLORERS NEED TO BE SPACE FARMERS What we know and what we need to know about plant growth in space FF.. JJavieravier MMedinaedina Space exploration will require life support systems, in which plants can provide nutrients, oxygen, moisture, and psychological well-being and eliminate wastes. In alien environments, plants must adapt to a diff erent gravity force, even the zero gravity of spacefl ight. Under these conditions, essential cellular and molecular features related to plant development are altered and changes in gene expression occur. In lunar gravity, the eff ects are comparable to microgravity, while the gravity of Mars produces milder alterations. Nevertheless, it has been possible to develop and reproduce plants in space. Current research seeks to identify signals replacing gravity for driving plant growth, such as light. Counteracting gravitational stress will help in enabling agriculture in extraterrestrial habitats. Keywords: plant biology, International Space Station (ISS), microgravity, root meristem, gene ex- pression. ■ INTRODUCTION lighting and nutrient delivery, but utilizes the cabin environment for temperature control and gas On 10 August 2015, the image of three crewmembers exchange (Figure 1b). of the International Space Station (ISS) eating «The farther and longer humans go away from a lettuce, grown and harvested onboard, impacted Earth, the greater the need to be able to grow plants mass media all over the world. «It was one small bite for food, atmosphere recycling and psychological or man, one giant leap for #NASAVEGGIE and our benefi ts», said Gioia Massa (NASA, 2015), Veggie’s #JourneytoMars. -
From the Heliosphere Into the Sun Programme Book Incuding All
511th WE-Heraeus-Seminar From the Heliosphere into the Sun –SailingagainsttheWind– Programme book incuding all abstracts Physikzentrum Bad Honnef, Germany January 31 – February 3, 2012 http://www.mps.mpg.de/meetings/heliocorona/ From the Heliosphere into the Sun A meeting dedicated to the progress of our understanding of the solar wind and the corona in the light of the upcoming Solar Orbiter mission This meeting is dedicated to the processes in the solar wind and corona in the light of the upcoming Solar Orbiter mission. Over the last three decades there has been astonishing progress in our understanding of the solar corona and the inner heliosphere driven by remote-sensing and in-situ observations. This period of time has seen the first high-resolution X-ray and EUV observations of the corona and the first detailed measurements of the ion and electron velocity distribution functions in the inner heliosphere. Today we know that we have to treat the corona and the wind as one single object, which calls for a mission that is fully designed to investigate the interwoven processes all the way from the solar surface to the heliosphere. The meeting will provide a forum to review the advances over the last decades, relate them to our current understanding and to discuss future directions. We will concentrate one day on in- situ observations and related models of the inner heliosphere, and spend another day on remote sensing observations and modeling of the corona – always with an eye on the symbiotic nature of the two. On the third day we will direct our view towards the future. -
Lunar Life Sciences Payload Assessment
Lunar Surface Science Workshop 2020 (LPI Contrib. No. 2241) 5077.pdf LUNAR LIFE SCIENCES PAYLOAD ASSESSMENT. S. C. Sun1, F. Karouia2, M. P. Lera3, M. P. Parra1, H. E. Ray4, A. J. Ricco1, S. M. Spremo1. 1NASA Ames Research Center, 2Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, 3KBR, 4ASRC Federal Space and Defense, Inc. Introduction: The Moon provides a unique site to ISS, including systems that integrate into EXPRESS study living organisms. The fractional gravity and (EXpedite the PRocessing of ExperimentS for Space) unique radiation environment have similarities to Mars Racks or are external space exposure research facilities. and will help us understand how life will respond to These same systems can be the basis for future payload conditions on the red planet. Martian and lunar envi- systems for experiments to be performed beyond Low ronments can be simulated on the ground but not to high Earth Orbit. Such facilities would need to be adapted to fidelity. Altered gravity and increased radiation are dif- be compatible with the new research platforms and ficult to replicate simultaneously, which makes study- function in the harsher radiation environment found out- ing their combined effect difficult. The International side the magnetosphere. If Gateway and a lunar based- Space Station, and previously, the Space Shuttle, pro- lab could provide EXPRESS-compatible interfaces, lev- vided a microgravity environment, and could simulate eraging hardware developed for ISS would be more fea- fractional-g only via an onboard centrifuge. Because sible. the ISS and Space Shuttle orbits were within the Earth’s Gaps in Capabilities: Many of the payload systems magnetosphere, experiments on those platforms have that have been developed require human tending. -
2. Going to Mars
aMARTE A MARS ROADMAP FOR TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION Final Report International Space University Space Studies Program 2016 © International Space University. All Rights Reserved. The 2016 Space Studies Program of the International Space University (ISU) was hosted by the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel. aMARTE has been selected as the name representing the Mars Team Project. This choice was motivated by the dual meaning the term conveys. aMARTE first stands for A Mars Roadmap for Travel and Exploration, the official label the team has adopted for the project. Alternatively, aMARTE can be interpreted from its Spanish roots "amarte," meaning "to love," or can also be viewed as "a Marte," meaning "going to Mars." This play on words represents the mission and spirit of the team, which is to put together a roadmap including various disciplines for a human mission to Mars and demonstrate a profound commitment to Mars exploration. The aMARTE title logo was developed based on sections of the astrological symbols for Earth and Mars. The blue symbol under the team's name represents Earth, and the orange arrow symbol is reminiscent of the characteristic color of Mars. The arrow also serves as an invitation to go beyond the Earth and explore our neighboring planet. Electronic copies of the Final Report and the Executive Summary can be downloaded from the ISU Library website at http://isulibrary.isunet.edu/ International Space University Strasbourg Central Campus Parc d’Innovation 1 rue Jean-Dominique Cassini 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France Tel +33 (0)3 88 65 54 30 Fax +33 (0)3 88 65 54 47 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.isunet.edu I. -
Growing Knowledge in Space 1 December 2011, by Stephanie Covey
Growing knowledge in space 1 December 2011, By Stephanie Covey The use of plants to provide a reliable oxygen, food and water source could save the time and money it takes to resupply the International Space Station (ISS), and provide sustainable sources necessary to make long-duration missions a reality. However, before plants can be effectively utilized for space exploration missions, a better understanding of their biology under microgravity is essential. Kennedy partnered with the three groups for four months to provide a rapid turnaround experiment opportunity using the BRIC-16 in Discovery's middeck on STS-131. And while research takes time, the process was accelerated as the end of the Space Shuttle Program neared. Arabidopsis seedlings. Credit: NASA Plants are critical in supporting life on Earth, and with help from an experiment that flew onboard space shuttle Discovery's STS-131 mission, they also could transform living in space. NASA's Kennedy Space Center partnered with the University of Florida, Miami University in Ohio and Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation to perform three different experiments in microgravity. The studies concentrated on the effects microgravity has on plant cell walls, root growth patterns and gene regulation within the plant Undifferentiated Arabidopsis cells. Credit: NASA Arabidopsis thaliana. Each of the studies has future applications on Earth and in space exploration. Howard Levine, a program scientist for the ISS "Any research in plant biology helps NASA for Ground Processing and Research Project Office future long-range space travel in that plants will be and the science lead for BRIC-16, said he sees it part of bioregenerative life support systems," said as a new paradigm in how NASA works spaceflight John Kiss, one of the researchers who participated experiments. -
18Th EANA Conference European Astrobiology Network Association
18th EANA Conference European Astrobiology Network Association Abstract book 24-28 September 2018 Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Sponsors: Detectability of biosignatures in martian sedimentary systems A. H. Stevens1, A. McDonald2, and C. S. Cockell1 (1) UK Centre for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh, UK ([email protected]) (2) Bioimaging Facility, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, UK Presentation: Tuesday 12:45-13:00 Session: Traces of life, biosignatures, life detection Abstract: Some of the most promising potential sampling sites for astrobiology are the numerous sedimentary areas on Mars such as those explored by MSL. As sedimentary systems have a high relative likelihood to have been habitable in the past and are known on Earth to preserve biosignatures well, the remains of martian sedimentary systems are an attractive target for exploration, for example by sample return caching rovers [1]. To learn how best to look for evidence of life in these environments, we must carefully understand their context. While recent measurements have raised the upper limit for organic carbon measured in martian sediments [2], our exploration to date shows no evidence for a terrestrial-like biosphere on Mars. We used an analogue of a martian mudstone (Y-Mars[3]) to investigate how best to look for biosignatures in martian sedimentary environments. The mudstone was inoculated with a relevant microbial community and cultured over several months under martian conditions to select for the most Mars-relevant microbes. We sequenced the microbial community over a number of transfers to try and understand what types microbes might be expected to exist in these environments and assess whether they might leave behind any specific biosignatures. -
Human Spaceflight Plans of Russia, China and India
Presentation to the ASEB Committee on NASA Technology Roadmaps Panel on Human Health and Surface Exploration June 1, 2011 by Marcia S. Smith Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC Russia Extensive experience in human spaceflight First animal in space (1957), first man in space (1961), first woman in space (1963), first spacewalk (1965), first space station (1971) Seven successful space stations (Salyut 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and Mir) before partnering in International Space Station (ISS) No people beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), however For earth orbit, continues to rely on Soyuz, first launched in 1967, but upgraded many times and is key to ISS operations Designed space shuttle, Buran, but launched only once in automated mode (no crew) in 1988 06-01-2011 2 Russia (2) Existing reliable launch vehicles Proton is largest: 21 tons to LEO; 5.5 tons to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) Attempts to build Saturn V-equivalent in 1960s and 1970s failed (N1 failed four times in four attempts 1969-1972) Energiya booster in 1980s only flew twice (1987 with Polyus and 1988 with Buran). Abandoned for financial reasons. Was 100 tons to LEO; 18-20 tons to GTO; 32 tons to lunar trajectory. RD-170 engines for Energiya’s strap-ons live on today in other forms for Zenit, Atlas V, and Angara (under development) 06-01-2011 3 Russia (3) Robotic planetary space exploration mixed Excellent success at – Moon (Luna and Lunokhod series, plus Zond circumlunar flights) Venus (Venera series) Halley’s Comet (Vega 1 and 2—also Venus) Jinxed at Mars More than a dozen failures in 1960s - 1970s Partial success with Phobos 2 in 1988 (Phobos 1 failed) Mars 96 failed to leave Earth orbit Phobos-Grunt scheduled for later this year; designed as sample return from Phobos (includes Chinese orbiter) 06-01-2011 4 Russia (4) Grand statements over decades about sending people to the Moon and Mars, but never enough money to proceed. -
Planetary Magnetospheres
CLBE001-ESS2E November 9, 2006 17:4 100-C 25-C 50-C 75-C C+M 50-C+M C+Y 50-C+Y M+Y 50-M+Y 100-M 25-M 50-M 75-M 100-Y 25-Y 50-Y 75-Y 100-K 25-K 25-19-19 50-K 50-40-40 75-K 75-64-64 Planetary Magnetospheres Margaret Galland Kivelson University of California Los Angeles, California Fran Bagenal University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, Colorado CHAPTER 28 1. What is a Magnetosphere? 5. Dynamics 2. Types of Magnetospheres 6. Interaction with Moons 3. Planetary Magnetic Fields 7. Conclusions 4. Magnetospheric Plasmas 1. What is a Magnetosphere? planet’s magnetic field. Moreover, unmagnetized planets in the flowing solar wind carve out cavities whose properties The term magnetosphere was coined by T. Gold in 1959 are sufficiently similar to those of true magnetospheres to al- to describe the region above the ionosphere in which the low us to include them in this discussion. Moons embedded magnetic field of the Earth controls the motions of charged in the flowing plasma of a planetary magnetosphere create particles. The magnetic field traps low-energy plasma and interaction regions resembling those that surround unmag- forms the Van Allen belts, torus-shaped regions in which netized planets. If a moon is sufficiently strongly magne- high-energy ions and electrons (tens of keV and higher) tized, it may carve out a true magnetosphere completely drift around the Earth. The control of charged particles by contained within the magnetosphere of the planet. -
Quarterly Launch Report
Commercial Space Transportation QUARTERLY LAUNCH REPORT Featuring the launch results from the previous quarter and forecasts for the next two quarters. 1st Quarter 1997 U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t me n t o f T r a n sp o r t a t i o n • F e d e r a l A v i a t io n A d m in i st r a t i o n A s so c i a t e A d mi n is t r a t o r f o r C o mm e r c ia l S p a c e T r a n s p o r t a t io n QUARTERLY LAUNCH R EPORT 1 1ST QUARTER 1997 R EPORT Objectives This report summarizes recent and scheduled worldwide commercial, civil, and military orbital space launch events. Scheduled launches listed in this report are vehicle/payload combinations that have been identified in open sources, including industry references, company manifests, periodicals, and government documents. Note that such dates are subject to change. This report highlights commercial launch activities, classifying commercial launches as one or more of the following: • Internationally competed launch events (i.e., launch opportunities considered available in principle to competitors in the international launch services market), • Any launches licensed by the Office of the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation of the Federal Aviation Administration under U.S. Code Title 49, Section 701, Subsection 9 (previously known as the Commercial Space Launch Act), and • Certain European launches of post, telegraph and telecommunications payloads on Ariane vehicles.