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Progressive Motor Neuron Pathology and the Role of Astrocytes in a Human Stem Cell Model of VCP- Related ALS

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Progressive Motor Neuron Pathology and the Role of Astrocytes in a Human Stem Cell Model of VCP- Related ALS Report Progressive Motor Neuron Pathology and the Role of Astrocytes in a Human Stem Cell Model of VCP- Related ALS Graphical Abstract Authors Claire E. Hall, Zhi Yao, Minee Choi, ..., Jernej Ule, Sonia Gandhi, Rickie Patani Correspondence [email protected] (S.G.), [email protected] (R.P.) In Brief Hall et al. use iPSCs to examine the sequence of events by which motor neurons degenerate in a genetic form of ALS. They find that astrocytes, a type of supportive cell, also degenerate under these conditions. The ALS-causing mutation disrupts the ability of astrocytes to promote survival of motor neurons. Highlights Accession Numbers d Robust and enriched motor neurogenesis and GSE98288 astrogliogenesis from human iPSCs d VCP-mutant motor neurons show TDP-43 mislocalization and ER stress as early pathogenic events d VCP-mutant astrocytes exhibit a cell-autonomous survival phenotype d VCP-mutations perturb the ability of astrocytes to support motor neuron survival Hall et al., 2017, Cell Reports 19, 1739–1749 May 30, 2017 ª 2017 The Authors. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.024 Cell Reports Report Progressive Motor Neuron Pathology and the Role of Astrocytes in a Human Stem Cell Model of VCP-Related ALS Claire E. Hall,1,11 Zhi Yao,2,11 Minee Choi,2,11 Giulia E. Tyzack,1,11 Andrea Serio,3 Raphaelle Luisier,4,5 Jasmine Harley,1,2 Elisavet Preza,1 Charlie Arber,1 Sarah J. Crisp,6 P. Marc D. Watson,7 Dimitri M. Kullmann,6 Andrey Y. Abramov,1 Selina Wray,1 Russell Burley,7 Samantha H.Y. Loh,8 L. Miguel Martins,8 Molly M. Stevens,3 Nicholas M. Luscombe,4,5 Christopher R. Sibley,9 Andras Lakatos,10 Jernej Ule,1,4 Sonia Gandhi,2,4,12,* and Rickie Patani1,4,12,13,* 1Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 2Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 3Departments of Materials, Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering at Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK 4The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK 5UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1B 6BT, UK 6Department of Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 7Cerevance, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0PZ, UK 8MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK 9Division of Brain Sciences, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK 10John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK 11These authors contributed equally 12These authors contributed equally 13Lead Contact *Correspondence: [email protected] (S.G.), [email protected] (R.P.) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.024 SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Motor neurons (MNs) and astrocytes (ACs) are ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a rapidly progressive and implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic fatal neurological condition characterized by degeneration of lateral sclerosis (ALS), but their interaction and the MNs (motor neurons). Over 20 distinct gene mutations have sequence of molecular events leading to MN death been identified, although their collective functions have not yet remain unresolved. Here, we optimized directed dif- converged on a singular molecular pathway. Autosomal-domi- ferentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) nant VCP mutations account for 2% of familial ALS cases (John- son et al., 2010), comparable to mutations in the TARDBP-gene- into highly enriched (> 85%) functional populations of encoding transactive-response DNA-binding protein, 43 kDa spinal cord MNs and ACs. We identify significantly (TDP-43) (Sreedharan et al., 2008). The VCP gene encodes increased cytoplasmic TDP-43 and ER stress as pri- valosin-containing protein (VCP or p97), which is ubiquitously mary pathogenic events in patient-specific valosin- expressed and contributes to myriad cellular functions in a containing protein (VCP)-mutant MNs, with second- cofactor-dependent manner. VCP functions include mainte- ary mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. nance of protein homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control, Cumulatively, these cellular stresses result in synap- and apoptosis (Meyer et al., 2012). Wild-type TDP-43 mislocali- tic pathology and cell death in VCP-mutant MNs. We zation and aggregation form the pathological hallmark in > 95% additionally identify a cell-autonomous VCP-mutant of all ALS cases (Neumann et al., 2006), including VCP-related AC survival phenotype, which is not attributable to ALS (Johnson et al., 2010). the same molecular pathology occurring in VCP- While undeniably valuable both animal-based models and many cell-based ones have thus far relied on VCP overexpres- mutant MNs. Finally, through iterative co-culture ex- sion or knockdown in non-human or non-neuronal cells, which periments, we uncover non-cell-autonomous effects may fail to precisely capture the clinical pathophysiological of VCP-mutant ACs on both control and mutant MNs. state. Consequently, there is a need for accurate charac- This work elucidates molecular events and cellular terization of how mutant VCP affects human MNs and ACs interplay that could guide future therapeutic strate- (astrocytes). To examine early pathogenic events in VCP- gies in ALS. related ALS, we employed patient-specific iPSCs and robust Cell Reports 19, 1739–1749, May 30, 2017 ª 2017 The Authors. 1739 This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). A BC D E F (legend on next page) 1740 Cell Reports 19, 1739–1749, May 30, 2017 ontogeny-recapitulating methods of directed differentiation to tors and voltage-dependent calcium channels. 98% of d17 MNs enriched populations of both spinal cord MNs and ACs. By inte- responded to KCl and glutamate stimulation, but not to ATP (Fig- grating this human experimental platform with cellular phenotyp- ure 1Fiii). For AC differentiation, MN precursors were maintained ing assays, we uncovered early sequential pathogenic events in in FGF2 for R 60 days, yielding a population of > 80% vimentin- VCP-mutant MNs. Additionally, we identified VCP-mutant cell- and > 90% NF1A-expressing gliogenic precursors (GPCs) (Fig- autonomous AC pathology and a non-cell-autonomous effect ures 1A, 1B, 1C, 1Diii and 1Eiii). GPCs were terminally differenti- of mutant ACs on both control and mutant MNs. ated in BMP4 and LIF, as previously described (Gupta et al., 2012). Enriched populations of ACs expressing GLAST (gluta- RESULTS mate aspartate transporter) (> 90%) and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) (> 70%) (Figure 1Div and 1Eiv) were functionally Generation of iPSCs, Spinal Cord MNs, and ACs validated by > 98% of cells demonstrating cytosolic calcium re- Using established reprogramming methods (Okita et al., 2011), sponses to ATP but not KCl (Figure 1Fiv). four clones of mutant iPSCs were generated from two pa- tients with confirmed VCP mutations: R191Q (2 clones), R155C VCP-Mutant Cultures Recapitulate Key Aspects of ALS (2 clones) (Ludtmann et al., 2017). Three healthy control iPSC Pathogenesis lines were used as comparators (details provided in Table S1). Impaired Cellular Viability of VCP-Mutant MNs We developed robust methods for generating highly enriched Percentage cell death was measured at three time points in MN cultures of both MNs and ACs in feeder-free, chemically defined development (neural precursor cells [NPCs], d3 MNs, and d17 monolayer culture by adapting previously published protocols MNs), revealing a significant increase in the VCP-mutant d17 (Figure 1A) (Chen et al., 2014). RNA sequencing (Figures 1B MNs compared to control (41.8% ± 5.8% versus 20.1% ± and 1C), immunocytochemical (Figures 1D and 1E), and func- 2.8%, p < 0.05, unpaired t test; Figure 2Aii). This was confirmed tional assays (Figure 1F) were used to validate our directed dif- using an automated longitudinal imaging platform, cumulative ferentiation strategies. Neural conversion involved three small hazard ratio (cHR) of VCP-mutant MNs over control: 1.75, molecule inhibitors of the activin/nodal, BMP4, and GSK3b path- p = 1.08 3 10À8, log-rank test (Figure 2B), as described previ- ways for 7 days, followed by patterning with retinoic acid (RA) ously (Barmada et al., 2010). Cell death was also assayed and a sonic hedgehog agonist (Purmorphamine) to generate spi- by measuring cleaved caspase 3 (apoptosis) and nuclear nal-cord MN precursors, which expressed OLIG2 and HOXB4 pyknosis, which were both significantly higher in VCP- (Figures 1A, 1B, 1C, 1Di, and 1Ei). Upon terminal differentiation, mutant MNs compared to control counterparts (9.3% ± 0.8% these cultures yielded > 85% SMI32 and Choline acetyltransfer- versus 3.7% ± 1.4% cleaved caspase 3; 39.5% ± 3.3% versus ase (ChAT) expressing MNs (Figures 1B, 1C, 1Dii, and 1Eii). 19.7% ± 5.4% pyknotic nuclei, p < 0.01, unpaired t test) (Fig- Ventral spinal interneurons (INs; including V2 and V3 subtypes) ure 2Ci and 2Cii). only represented < 8% of our cultures by quantitative immunocy- Synapse Formation Is Disrupted in VCP-Mutant MNs tochemisty (data not shown). At day 17 of terminal differentiation We examined pre-synaptic puncta adjacent to soma or den- (d17), whole-cell patch clamp demonstrated passive (n = 12) and drites of d17 MNs, which were analyzed in cell clusters intercon- active properties (n = 16) of MNs. In all cases, current injection nected by axons forming a network. Pre-synaptic terminals and evoked action potentials (rheobase 3.5 ± 0.5 pA) (Figure 1Fi). MNs were identified by immunolabelling for the pre-synaptic Spontaneous firing was also observed. 15/16 cells fired repeti- marker synaptotagmin-1 (SYT-1) and ChAT, respectively (Fig- tively with increasing current injection. Action potentials were ure 2Di). A significant 2-fold reduction in the density of SYT-1 tetrodotoxin (TTX) sensitive (n = 3) (Figure 1Fii).
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