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Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Failure 10 Technical guide Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor 2019.4 | https://industrial.panasonic.com/jp/products/capacitors INDEX Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Conductive Polymer Hybrid Technical guide Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor INDEX 1. Introduction 1 2. Summary of capacitors 2-1. Principle of capacitors 3 2-2. Types of electrolytic capacitors 4 2-3. Construction of aluminum electrolytic capacitors 5 3. Production of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 3-1. Electrodes and dielectric foil of aluminum electrolytic capacitors 6 3-2. Production method aluminum electrolytic capacitors 7 4. Reliability of aluminum electrolytic capacitors 4-1. Aluminum electrolytic capacitor failure 10 5. Use technique of aluminum electrolytic capacitors 5-1. Life calculation 13 5-2. Circuit design 15 5-3. Installation design 19 5-4. Soldering and chemical conditions 22 5-5. Other precautions 25 6. Major applications 6-1. Power supply circuits 26 6-2. ECU for automotive 27 Design and specifications are each subject to change without notice. Ask factory for the current technical specifications before purchase and/or use. Should a safety concern arise regarding this product, please be sure to contact us immediately. 1 Introduction Capacitor is electronic component constructed electronic circuit. There are a variety of capacitors which have various materials and construction. Typical classification of capacitors shows in Fig.1-1. This technical guide summarizes the outline and use technique of aluminum electrolytic capacitor which is increasing in accordance with miniaturization of electronic components. The type of capacitors can be selected from the circuit characteristics. Generally, you can select it by capacitance and voltage in Table1-1. About what each type have in common, reliability and price will be considered as well as performances such as frequency characteristics and temperature dependence, etc. (shown in Table1-2) We have many types of capacitors trying to meet various customerʼs needs. Capacitors (especially aluminum electrolytic capacitors) are sensitive to operating condition. We would be happy if this technical guide is helpful for better understanding, and if we could consult with you about the technical contents. Ceramic capacitors ■ Classification by dielectric ■ Classification by construction titanium oxide, Titan ate, ・ Single plate … (150 μm to / layer) Electrode Electrode Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg, etc. ・ Layer built … (1 to 15 μm / layer) ・ Semiconductor … (0.1 to 20 μm / layer) Dielectric (Ceramic) Electrolyticc capacitors ■ Classification by dielectric ■ Classification by construction Oxide film of aluminum, Discrete, Chip, Block Anode (Valve metal) Cathode Tantalum, Niobium, or Zirco ■ Classification by construction ■ Classification by coating ・ Electrolyte … Non solid ・ Metal case … Flexible tightening seal ・ Solid electrolyte … Solid Resin seal, Hermetic seal Electrolytic (Liquid) (MnO2 ・ PbO2 ・ Organic Semiconductor ・ ・ Resin coating…Dipped, Mold Dielectric Conductive Polymer) (Valve metal anode oxide film) Plastic film capacitors ■ Classification by dielectric ■ Classification by coating polyethylene terephthalate ・ Case…Resin case, Metal case (Generally, Mylar, Polyester) ・ Resin coating…Dipped, Molded Electrode Electrode Polypropylene ・ Tape wrapping end seal Polyethylene Polyphenylenenaphthalate ■ Classification by terminal ■ Classification by use connection method for direct current, Alternating current, Dielectric (Plastic Film) tab connection type, Electric equipments or low voltage phase Foil extrusion type advance Metallic plastic film capacitors are formed with metal deposition of electrode on the surface of plastic film Fig.1-1 Typical classification of fixed capacitors － 1 － 1 Introduction Tantalum electric capacitors Electric double layer capacitors SP-Cap Surface mount type 10 （Conductive polymer aluminum aluminum electrolytic capacitors electrolytic capacitors） Conductive polymer hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitors Voltage（V.DC） 100 Film capacitors Radial lead type Ceramic aluminum electrolytic capacitors capacitors 1000 103 106 109 1012 1015 (1 μF) (1 F) Capacitance（pF） Table 1-1 Capacitance / voltage range of various capacitors Note) It shows general, there are other products with capacitance and voltage. Product pressure capacitance stability Dielectric Thickness Rated Representative fixed Temperature constant of dielectric voltage Bias Frequency Characteristics capacitors dependency ɛs （μm） （V.DC） （%） dependency dependency （-40℃/+85℃） Compact and large capacitance, Aluminum electrolytic -20 to -10 Inexpensive per capacitance. 8 to 10 0.03 to 0.7 to 450 Low High capacitors +8 to +15 Temperature /frequency dependency is high. Conductive polymer -15 to -10 hybrid aluminum 8 to 10 0.03 to 0.7 to 80 Low Low Low ESR, High voltage, High reliability +5 to +10 electrolytic capacitors Compact and relatively large Tantalum electrolytic -4 to -2 capacitance with high reliability. 23 to 27 0.04 to 0.5 to 50 Medium Medium Electrolytic capacitors capacitors (Solid) +4 to +7 Temperature dependency is low. Relatively expensive. Ceramic capacitors 11000 to Single plate Single plate Superior in frequency feature but -60 to -40 High Low of high dielectric 18500 150 to 0.5K to 40K bias/temperature dependency is high. -80 to -60 Inexpensive with high reliability. series (40000) Layer built Layer built 0.5 to 15 2.5 to 3.15K Ceramic capacitors Temperature Both frequency feature and bias Semiconductor Semiconductor for temperature to 160 dependency at Low Low dependency are good. Capacitance is 0.1 to 20 16 to 50 compensation option small. Ceramic capacitors Best workability among films, despite Polyethylene of small size, large capacitance is terephthalate 3.0 to 3.3 1.5 to 25 35 to 500 -5 to -3 Low Low obtainable, but inferior in characteristics. Most popular among film capacitors +2.5 to -4 film capacitors. Suitable for high frequency large Polypropylene +1.5 to +2.5 current with-superior dielectric 2.1 to 2.2 4 to 22 50 to 600 Low Low loss tangent and voltage resistance. film capacitors -1.5 to -2.5 Relatively inferior in film productivity and hear resistance. Superior in both heat resistance Polyphenylene Around+1 and feature. Coefficient of water Plastic film capacitors sulfide film 2.8 to 3.4 2 to 30 25 to 500Low Low absorption and temperature /Around-1 dependency are also low with capacitors gradual good Stability. ※A temperature dependence is expressed with the rate of change to 20℃ Table 1-2 Characteristics of various capacitors - 2 - 2 Summary of capacitors 2-1. Principle of capacitors Capacitor consists of two metal plates with good transmittance in parallel, and dielectric (insulator) which does not transmit electricity between them.（Fig.2-1） The name of capacitors is decided by the kinds of electrode material and dielectric. Terminal The wide space of metal plate makes accumulation Metal plate of electricity bigger Dielectric ε Accumulation of electricity become bigger if paper, Distance d plastic and ceramic, etc., can be put inside. The narrow distance Metal plate s makes accumulation Terminal C = ε x of electricity bigger d Fig.2-1 Principle of capacitor Electrolytic capacitors are distinguished from other capacitors by the uniqueness of their electrode materials and dielectric. Fig.2-2 shows the principle diagram of electrolytic capacitor. Electrode 2 (Electrolyte) Electrode 1 (Anode) Oxide film (True cathode) Cathode (Apparent cathode) Fig.2-2 Principle diagram of electrolytic capacitor Electrolytic capacitor names after using oxide film formed electrochemically on electrode surface as dielectric. Aluminum (Al), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf) and other metals can form a fine, highly isolative oxide currently, the only three metals in practical application are aluminum, tantalum and niobium. Oxide film formed on the surface of electrode 1 becomes an electrical insulator and functions as a dielectric only when the electrode on which formed becomes anode. Therefore, electrolytic capacitors are, in principle, capacitors with polarity. ☆Point︓Electrolytic capacitors have polarity. - 3 - 2 Summary of capacitors 2-2. Types of electrolytic capacitors The types of capacitors in practical application are those shown in Fig.2-3. Aluminum non solid electrolytic capacitor Chip type Radial type ・ Aluminum electrolytic capacitor Aluminum ・Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor electrolytic capacitor Aluminum solid electrolytic capacitor Conductive polymer (Chip type,Layer ・Conductive Polymer Aluminum Solid Capacitor（OS-CON） built type),etc. ・Conductive Polymer Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor（SP-Cap） Electrolytic capacitor Chip type Tantalum solid electrolytic capacitor Resin dipped type, ・ Tantalum electrolytic capacitor Resin molded type, Tantalum etc. electrolytic capacitor Conductive polymer Tantalum solid electrolytic capacitor ・Conductive polymer tantalum solid capacitor（POSCAP） Fig.2-3 Types of electrolytic capacitors Since the applications of tantalum non solid electrolytic capacitors are limited and extremely specialized and they are produced in only small numbers, aluminum electrolytic capacitors (non solid and solid) and tantalum solid electrolytic capacitors (tantalum electrolytic capacitors below) may be considered to be the only two main types of electrolytic capacitors. Table 2-1 the features and differences between Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors and Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors Aluminum electrolytic Conductive polymer hybrid
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