Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(12): 372-380

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 12 (2014) pp. 372-38 0 http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article

Grasshoppers as multidisciplinary model organism in changing environment

D.L.Bharamal1 and Y.J.Koli2*

1P. G. Department of Zoology, Shri Pancham Khemraj Mahavidyalaya, Sawantwadi – 416510, (MS) India 2Department of Zoology, Sant Rawool Maharaj College, Kudal- 416520, (MS) India *Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

K eywo rd s The primary goal of this work is to highlight on the potential of Grasshopper, as multidisciplinary model in the field of environmental changes. environmental are effective indicator because of their high mobility, wide changes, fire, grazing, variety of microhabitats, and sensitivity to anthropogenic activities. The bioindicator, present study will provide initial references as an avenue in the literature and biodiversity, it lends support to the suggestion that grasshopper are potentially useful conservation bioindicator for ecological disturbances.

Introduction

Environmental changes, viz fragmentation communities. The concept of conserving of habitat (Bieringer, 2003; Fahrig, 2003; habitats for , thereof, seems of low Nufio et al., 2011), landscape changes priority on a threatened planet (Meffe and (Jackson and Jackson, 2002; Steck, 2007), Carroll, 1994). Various ecological studies industrialization (Stern, 1976, 1977; Jana strongly suggests that ecosystem drivers et al., 2006), overgrazing (Fielding et al., such as grazing, fragmentation and climate 1995; Joern, 2005; Branson, 2010), can adversely affect biota and ecosystem invasion, over exploitation of exotic (Branson 2005; Jana et al., 2006; Jonas, species, climate change and wildfire 2007). Biodiversity study is now (Fahrig, 2003; Thomas et al., 2004) are the recognized increasingly as a vital major threats to ecosystem health. parameter to assess global and local environmental changes and sustainable Biological conservation typically involves development (Lovejoy, 1995; Andersen, either setting aside large tracts of land for 2004; Jana et al., 2006). “nature”, or addressing and remediating specific processes that threaten large and The indicator criteria for environmental charismatic invertebrates such as changes are sensitive to changes, widely endangered insects, or plant species or distributed, easily and cost effectively

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(12): 372-380 measurable, collectable and identifiable, worldwide. It is potentially useful able to differentiate between natural and bioindicators for land management anthropogenic variations, relevant to (Andersen et al., 2001; Saha et al., 2009; ecological phenomena, and economically Branson et al., 2010) due to their important (Noss, 1990; Goldsmith, 1991; abundance species composition (Gaines, Pearson, 1994). The most commonly used 1990; Lockwood, 1993; Lockwood, 1997; operational units to prevent environmental Belovsky and Slade 2000; Joern and changes and further loss of biodiversity is Meyer et al., 2002 Branson et al., 2006;) multicellular species (Purvis and Hector, and their importance as a food resource for 2000). There is a contemporary trend to a variety of predators especially for birds use species especially and snakes (Bock et al., 1992; Oedekoven grasshoppers, as more appropriate and Joern, 1998; Andersen et al., 2001). indicator taxa (Bock, 1991; Bàldi et al., The structure of communities is sensitive 1997; Andersen et al., 2001; Saha et al., to environmental changes, habit 2009; Cherrill, 2010; Saha et al., 2011; specificity, simple sweep net sampling Holusa, 2012 and Kati et al., 2012). methodology, identification is relatively Grasshopper constitute one of the most easy, due to low number of species and abundant invertebrate groups and are their taxonomic stability, their pronounced leading consumers of plant biomass and functionality in food web, attributed to thus play key role in ecosystem process their ability to recycle ground biomass so (Ingrisch and Köhler, 1998). Grasshopper as to generate nutrients for other taxa especially belongs to family are (Samways, 1994). major component in biodiversity model system. Many studies implies effects of environmental changes on grasshoppers, The potential of grasshopper in relation to amongst other things they have been used environmental changes have been to asses the effects of forest fire land, documented by reviewing and compiling overgrazing (Fielding et al., 1995; the scientific literature, which will clear Prendini et al., 1996; Joern, 2004; Jonas et the conservation strategy for grasshopper al., 2007; Paschetta, 2012), habit reduction ecosystem management. The goal of (Nufio et al., 2011), environmental factors present work is to stimulate interested (Steck et al., 2007; Kati et al., 2012), Ski researcher to engage in multidisciplinary run management (KeBler et al., 2012), studies using grasshopper models and to edge effect (Bieringer et al., 2003), forest demonstrate a number of gaps in current ecosystem management (Schmitz, 2005), knowledge. grassland managements (Badenhausser et al., 2007; Marini et al., 2008), radiation Grasshopper as indicator in (Møller et al., 2011), pollution (Devkota et environmental changes al., 2000) and urbanization (Cherrill, 2010) and predation (Joern, 1986). Why grasshopper? Compelling support for the use of Grasshoppers are one of the most grasshopper as model was illustrated by dominant and important herbivorous studies of wildfire and grazing impacts. insects which play an important role in the Branson et al., (2006) recently argued that functioning of forest ecosystems burning and live stock grazing could be

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(12): 372-380 used as important habitat manipulation depending upon grazing intensity (Kruess tool for use in ecologically based and Tscharntke, 2002; Poyry et al., 2005) grasshopper management strategies that and through competition or indirectly via seek to prevent or moderate the occurrence changes in plant community composition of damaging out breaks. (Kruess, 2002; Branson, 2010). Grasshopper assemblage is increasingly Fire and grazing by large mammals were investigated locally and regionally for the large scale disturbance that act as habit conservation, monitoring and primary ecosystem drivers in North restoration. Grasshopper communities Americana tall grass Praire (Axelrod, clearly show that where anthropogenic 1985; Collines and Wallace, 1990; Joern, disturbance is greater, the biodiversity of 2005), over the past several decades, this group tends to decline. particularly with respect to the effect of burning (Moranz et al., 2012), fire is The sedentary nature of Orthopteran give useful for maintaining vegetation and rapid response to habitat disturbance, due preventing the spread of woody species in part to their high vagility and rapid rate (Kerstyn et al., 1999; Joern 2005), but it increase. Orthopteran can also be used to has been hypothesized to modify and can evaluate the short-term impact of reduce, their arthropod communities. Fire environmental changes on a variety of can be a source of mortality (Gillon, habitats have resulted in the development 1971; Reed, 1997; Branson et al., 2006). of national and global models.

Grasshopper differs in their life histories Frontiers in grasshopper research with and different life stages. Grassland fire can direct application to environmental kill grasshopper alive at the time of a fire changes (Branson, 2005). Fire affect plant community dynamics would indirectly The frontier in biotechnology and affect grasshopper based on their feeding molecular research has produced modes. Nymph of grasshopper would spectacular advancements in genetic and seem to be less likely to survive a fire understanding of environmental changes at composed with egg in the soil (Branson, genetic, biochemical and molecular levels. 2005). Techniques with a biotechnology base are providing new way to fight such pollution However, elevated soil temperature during and the consequent environmental a fire could increase mortality rates of over problem. Monoclonal antibodies are being wintering egg. Several studies have used to build antibody based biosensors to addressed the role of fire on grasshopper identify pollutants and measuring the population reduced litter, modified soil, levels of contamination. moisture and temperature changes in cover which alter predator hunting efficiency One by one, the natural sciences have and change in food quality from altered found grasshopper ideal for study. Their plant growth patterns (Siemann et al., study has produced major advances in our 1997). understandings of biomechanics, climate change, developmental biology, ecology, Grazing also has the potential to harm evolution, genetics, paleolimnology and grassland Orthopteran population, physiology.

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Grasshopper revealed as prolific choice and give an indication of what might occur in basic research with climate change in the near future. Ample evidence now shows that Basic research being conducted on grasshoppers are one of the first groups of grasshopper is comprehensive and occurs living organism to respond to ongoing at impressive levels of sophistication. For global warming. Predicting insect response example karyological characterization of is now an active area of investigation. grasshopper species for cytotaxonomical Understanding grasshopper strategies for study and detection of gross aberrations in survival under these circumstances, such chromosome number, morphology and sex as how they cope up with new food source chromosome mechanism (Dave, 1965; and adjust to more acute temperature and White et al., 1967; Ferreira, 1969; humidity fluctuation is still a challenge. Ueshima, 1979; Camacho et al., 1981; Türkoğlu et al., 2002; De Franca et al., Implications for nature conservation 2004; Bugrov et al., 2004; Ferreira 2006; Singh, 2009; Mesa et al., 2010). Present work highlights the effects of habitat management strategies on a range A research group from India publishing of taxa rather than assuming the results for over 393 papers and 117 species of the a bioindicator will support for grasshoppers have been utilized which management decisions. The several revealed profile choice of this insect as authors have recommended the following study material on various aspect of conservation measures. karyology, feeding behavior (Husain, 1946; Gangwere, 1957; Chapman et al., 1) We should manage humid 1990; Rackauskas et al., 2006), grasslands in a way to maintain thermoregulation (Chapman, 1955; Stower high humidity, as it is proven to be et al., 1966; Kemp, 1986; Lactin, 1995, important for the survival of 1996), growth and reproductive behavior grasshopper species for (Reinhardt, 2002; Barbeheann et al., 2004; conservation concern. Asshoff, 2005). Plant-grasshopper 2) Defining the stages of development herbivore interactions (Fajer, 1989; of the habitat type as well as its Bezemer, 1998; Goverde, 2003), rate of change. grasshopper predator such as vertebrate, 3) Manage the low intensity grazing invertebrate (Belovsky et al., 1993) avian may enhance habitat heterogeneity (Joern, 1986) and spider (Oedekoven, at fine scales, generating and 1998), anatomy and physiology (Gillott, maintaining open microhabitats, 1982; Schan, 2004; Tembhare, 2013) which are of primordial importance studied extensively. for the life cycle and feeding resource availability of In particular, grasshoppers respond readily grasshopper (Oedekoen, 1998; to change in temperature more promptly Joern, 2004; Schmitz, 2005; and with greater intensity than other Branson, 2005 and 2010; Nufio, components of the terrestrial biota. They 2011) are providing evidence for major climatic changes in the past, such evidences are The implication for ecosystem vital for current decision making with management is serious in the central respect to the management of ecosystem European pastures and meadows as they 375

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use extensive area of grassland for grasshopper Miramella alpine feeding on agriculture purpose. About 77% of Lower Co2 enriched dwarf shrubs at tree line. Austrain nature reserves designated to the Oecologia, 142: 191– 201. conservation of dry grassland is affected Axelrod, D.I. 1985. Rise of the grassland by shrub encroachment or by afforestation biome in central North America. Bot. (Bieringer, 2003). Some species of Rev., 51: 163–201. grasshopper may have an influence on Badenhausser, I., Amouroux, P., Bretagnolle, entire ecosystem. These are called as key V. 2007. Estimating Acridid densities in tone species. If such key tone species are grassland habitats: A comparison lost, other species or even a whole between presence- absence and abundance sampling designs. Environ. ecosystem will be affected in several Entomol., 36(6): 1494–1503. ways, for example Berg and Zuna- Kratky Bàldi, A., Kisbenedek, T. 1997. Orthopteran (1997) listed eight species is assemblages as indicators of extinct in Lower Austria belong to the grassland naturalness in Hungary. Acrididae. After reviewing the various Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 66: 121–129. studies it can be concluded that, factors Barbeheann, R.V., Karowe, D.N., Chen, Z. such as fertilization, nutrient deposition, 2004. Performance of a generalist afforestation, shrub encroachment and grasshopper on a C3 and a C4 grass: litter accumulation are adversely affect on compensation for the effects of elevated grasshopper population, which will be Co2 on plant nutritional status. Oecologia, major component of food web. Thus, 140: 96–103. appropriate management of harmful Belovsky, G. E., Slade, J.B. 2000. Insect ecosystem is of key importance for the herbivory accelerates nutrient cycling and conservation of Orthopteran assemblages, increases plant production. Proc. NatI. which also contain the most grassland- Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 14412–14417. specialized species. This review suggests Belovsky, G.E., Slade, J. B. 1993. The role of that next steps to strengthen these efforts vertebrate and invertebrate predators in a and conservation policies in the world can grasshopper community. Oikos, 68: 193– lead its community towards a more 201. sustainable future. Berg, H.M., Zuna-Kratky, T. 1997. Heuschrecken und Fangschrecken References (Orthoptera) Osterreich. In: Zulka K.P (Ed) Tote Listen gefahrdeter Tiere Osterreichs. Checklisten, Andersen, A. N., Fisher, A., Hoffmann, B. D., Gefahrdungasanly Sen Handlungshedarf. Read, J. L., Richards, R. 2004. Use of Teil. 1. Grijne Reihe des Leben terrestrial invertebrates for sministeriums. Bd. 1411 Wien 167–209. biodiversity monitoring in Australian Bezemer, T. M., Jones, T. H. 1998. Plant rangelands, with particular references insect herbivore interactions in elevated to ants. Austral Ecol., 29: 87–92. atmospheric Co2 quantitative analysis and Andersen, A.N., Ludwig, J.A., Lowe, L.M., guild effects. Oikos, 82: 212–222. Rentz, D.C.F. 2001. Grasshopper Bieringer, G., Zulka, K.P. 2003. Shading out biodiversity and bioindicator in Austrlian species richness: edge effect of a pine tropical Savannas: Responses to plantation on the Orthoptera disturbance in Kakadu National (Tettigoniidae and Acrididae) assemblage Park. Austral Ecol., 26: 213–222. of an adjacent dry grassland. Biodivers. Asshoff, R., Hättenschwiler, S. 2005. Growth Cosnerv., 12: 1481–1495. and reproduction of the alphine Bock, C. E., Bock, J. H. & Grant, M. C. (1992) 376

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