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Helleborus Kerstroos Helleborus Kerstroos Benjamin Goudswaard Han Kemink Teeltbeschrijving Auteurs: Benjamin Goudswaard & Han Kemink Klas: 4e jaar TA, CAH Dronten Module: Plantaardige Productie 3 Begeleiding: Dhr. J. Vermeer Datum: 07 januari ‘08 Plaats: Dronten Voorwoord Deze teeltbeschrijving van het gewas Helleborus is geschreven in opdracht van CAH Dronten. De module Plantaardige Productie heeft een onderdeel, waarbij een teeltbeschrijving moet worden geschreven van een gewas wat nog niet op grote schaal geteeld wordt. Dank gaat uit naar dhr. P. Kapteijn en naar dhr. Noordhuis voor het beschikbaar stellen van de nodige informatie. Ook gaat dank uit naar dhr. J. Vermeer voor zijn begeleiding tijdens de uitvoering van de opdracht. Benjamin Goudswaard & Han Kemink 3 Inhoudsopgave Samenvatting ______________________________________________________________ 5 1 Algemeen _____________________________________________________________ 7 1.1 Naamgeving ____________________________________________________________ 7 1.1.1 Familie _____________________________________________________________________ 7 1.1.2 Indeling __________________________________________________________ 7 1.2 Soorten ________________________________________________________________ 7 2 Zaaien en vermeerderen_________________________________________________ 10 2.1 Zaaitijd _______________________________________________________________ 10 2.2 Zaaizaadhoeveelheid ____________________________________________________ 10 2.3 Oppotten ______________________________________________________________ 10 2.4 Scheuren ______________________________________________________________ 11 3 Groei ________________________________________________________________ 12 3.1 Bemesting _____________________________________________________________ 12 3.1.2 Vermeerdering via volle grond __________________________________________________ 13 3.2 Ziekten en plagen _______________________________________________________ 13 3.2.1 Slakken ____________________________________________________________________ 13 3.2.2 Hellebore Black Death ________________________________________________________ 14 3.2.3 Hellebore Leaf spot ___________________________________________________________ 14 3.2.4 Bladluizen __________________________________________________________________ 14 3.2.5 Taxuskever _________________________________________________________________ 15 3.2.6 Aaltjes _____________________________________________________________________ 15 3.3 Aandachtspunten _______________________________________________________ 15 4. Van landplanten naar een verkoopbaar product _______________________________ 16 4.1 Verschil landplanten en potplanten____________________________________________ 16 4.2 Schoonmaken landplanten ___________________________________________________ 16 4.3 Kwaliteitsbeoordeling _______________________________________________________ 17 4.4 Gebruikswaarde ___________________________________________________________ 17 4.5 Planten in pot______________________________________________________________ 18 4.6 Verpakken voor postorderbedrijven___________________________________________ 18 5. Afzetmarkt______________________________________________________________ 19 5.1 Veiling ___________________________________________________________________ 19 5.2. Postorderbedrijven & Exporteurs ____________________________________________ 21 Literatuurlijst _____________________________________________________________ 23 Bijlage 1: VBN Afzet Helleborus uitgesplitst per soort ____________________________ 24 Bijlage 2: VBN Afzet Helleborus per maand ____________________________________ 25 4 Samenvatting Voor de teelt van Helleborus is nog geen teeltbeschrijving beschikbaar. In dit rapport zal daarom de teelt van Helleborus worden beschreven. Helleborus is afkomstig uit de Oostelijke Noord- en Zuidalpen. Helleborus is een vaste plant en wordt ook wel ‘nieskruid’ of ‘kerstroos’ genoemd. De plant bloeit in Nederland rond februari/april. Er zijn twee groepen Helleborus, de Caulescent-groep en de Acaulescent-groep. Zaaien verdient erg veel aandacht. Het zaaien gebeurt in juni, de zaden zullen echter pas kiemen rond december. De zaden hebben behoefte aan een warme en koude periode. Na het kiemen is het zaak de zaailingen te verspenen en hierna enkele malen over te potten in een grotere potmaat. Vermeerdering via het scheuren van planten wordt niet aangeraden, dit komt in de praktijk dan ook erg weinig voor. Het substraat dat voor deze teelt wordt gebruikt is een mengsel van Baltisch witveen, klei en grof zand. Na het verspenen wordt 1 gr. Osmocote Plus (5-6 maanden) aan een plant toegevoegd. Ook wordt er wekelijks 5 gr. Kristallon blauw per pot gestrooid. Een pH van 5,8 – 6,8 is gewenst. Meest voorkomende ziekten en plagen zijn slakken, Hellebore Black Death, Hellebore Leaf Spot, bladluizen, Taxuskever en aaltjes. Belangrijk is om de planten constant te laten groeien, stilstand of extreme groei moet worden vermeden. Hiervoor kunnen groeiremmers worden gebruikt. Tijdens de oogst zal het probleem ontstaan dat niet alle planten gelijk zijn. Daarom kunnen deze in bepaalde kwaliteitsklassen worden ingedeeld. Voor de afzet van potplanten is een visueel aantrekkelijk product belangrijk, voor de afzet via postorderbedrijven zijn goede wortels van belang. Een visueel aantrekkelijk product is een plant met een goede verhouding tussen bladeren en bloem(knoppen). De meeste voorkeur gaat naar planten die nog in knop zijn. Planten voor postorderbedrijven worden verpakt in geperforeerd plastic, waarbij als vulmiddel veen of zaagsel kan worden toegevoegd. Hierdoor blijft de kwaliteit behouden. Het aanbod van Helleborus stijgt op de bloemenveiling, de prijs blijft echter stabiel. De export van de planten naar de VS is minder positief, kwekers in deze landen zijn ook gestart met de teelt van dit gewas. Daarom zullen exporteurs in Nederland op zoek moeten naar andere landen om hun producten af te zetten. 5 Inleiding Helleborus is een gewas wat nog relatief weinig geteeld wordt. Vroeger was het een gewas wat door echte tuinliefhebbers hobbymatig werd geteeld, echter dit is overgenomen door professionele kwekers. Helleborus is nu een gewas geworden wat op vrij grote schaal kan worden geteeld. Voor dit gewas is nog geen teeltbeschrijving geschreven, waardoor het voor startende telers moeilijk is om te beginnen met de teelt van dit gewas. Daarom wordt er in dit rapport duidelijk beschreven hoe de teelt en de afzet van Helleborus in zijn werk gaat. Met dit rapport moet het mogelijk zijn voor kwekers om dit nieuwe gewas op te nemen in hun plantenlijst en moeten ze een kwalitatief goede plant kunnen telen. Informatie is verkregen vanaf het Internet, maar ook vanuit de praktijk. Zo is er contact geweest met een kweker van Helleborus en is er contact geweest met een organisatie die zich bezig houdt met de afzet van oa. Helleborus. Deze manier van informatie verzamelen zorgt voor een zeer betrouwbare teeltbeschrijving. In dit rapport wordt begonnen met het omschrijven van het gewas. Daarna wordt beschreven hoe en wanneer men het beste kan beginnen met het zaaien van de Helleborus. Verder wordt het hele traject beschreven hoe een kweker een leverbare Helleborus kan telen. Er wordt kort ingegaan op de teelt van Helleborus in de volle grond, maar over het algemeen wordt het grootste gedeelte van de Helleborus in pot geteeld. Ook is er aandacht geschonken aan verschillende kwaliteitsniveau’s en aan verschillende afzetmogelijkheden. 6 1 Algemeen In dit hoofdstuk wordt algemene informatie gegeven over de Helleborus. Er wordt ingegaan op de naamgeving, familie, geslachtsindeling en de verschillende soorten. 1.1 Naamgeving De Helleborus behoort tot het geslacht van Nieskruid. Anders dan de naam doet denken, bloeit de plant van februari tot april. Oorspronkelijk groeit de plant op de hellingen van de van de Oostelijke Noord- en Zuidalpen. In dit gebied bloeit de plant wél rond kerst, vandaar de naam Kerstroos. De Helleborus is een vaste plant die ongeveer 30 cm hoog wordt. Tijdens de bloei heeft de originele plant witte of roze bloemen. De plant is door uitzaaien en scheuren te vermeerderen. 1.1.1 Familie De Helleborus behoort tot de Ranunculaceae familie. Dit is een vaste planten-familie. Het geslacht (Helleborus) bestaat uit 15 soorten. Hiervan zijn er 6 hybride en is de rest een ondersoort. De Helleborus bestaat uit vele natuurlijke en kunstmatige kruisingen, waardoor het moeilijk is om er een juiste naam aan te geven. Hierdoor komen regelmatig naamsveranderingen voor. De officiële naamgeving en plantindeling is hieronder aangegeven: Rijk Plantae (Planten) Stam Embryophyta (Landplanten) Klasse Spermatopsida (Zaadplanten) Clade Bedektzadigen Clade 'nieuwe' Tweezaadlobbigen Orde Ranunculales Familie Ranunculaceae (Ranonkelfamilie) Geslacht Helleborus (Nieskruid) 1.1.2 Indeling Aan de hand van de groeiwijze wordt Helleborus in twee groepen verdeeld. Enerzijds de Caulescent-groep of stengelvormende groep met onder andere de Helleborus Foetidus en Helleborus Argutifolius. Bij deze groep staan de bloemen bovenaan de bladstengels. Planten waarbij de bloemen op aparte stengels zitten behoren tot de Acaulescent-groep of stengelloze groep. Hier behoren o.a. de Helleborus Niger en Helleborus Orientalis toe. 1.2 Soorten Zoals gezegd zijn er meerdere Helleborus soorten, in totaal 15 stuks. De 5 meest voorkomende soorten zijn op de volgende pagina’s weergegeven in figuur 1 t/m 5. 7 Figuur 1: Helleborus Sternii Figuur 2: Helleborus Niger (Kerstroos) Figuur 3: Helleborus Orientalis
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