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Biomedical Engineering Medical Imaging: Nuclear Imaging, Optical Imaging and More

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Biomedical Engineering Medical Imaging: Nuclear Imaging, Optical Imaging and More 30/10/2020 Biomedical Engineering Medical Imaging: Nuclear Imaging, Optical Imaging and more Alena-Kathrin Golla née Schnurr Schedule Day Date Time Lecturer Topic Tuesday 03.11.2020 13:00-14:30 Licht Biosensors & Physiological Signals I Tuesday 10.11.2020 13:00-14:30 Licht Biosensors & Physiological Signals II Thursday 12.11.2020 13:00-14:30 Tönnes Bioelectrical Signals: EEG & ECG Tuesday 17.11.2020 13:00-14:30 Reichert Medical Imaging: MRI Thursday 19.11.2020 13:00-14:30 Tönnes Medical Imaging: CT, Xray & US Tuesday 24.11.2020 13:00-14:30 Golla Medical Imaging: Other Thursday 26.11.2020 13:00-14:30 Andoh Blood Flow & Pressure I Tuesday 01.12.2020 13:00-14:30 Andoh Blood Flow & Pressure II Thursday 03.12.2020 13:00-14:30 Golla Machine Learning I Tuesday 08.12.2020 13:00-14:30 Golla Machine Learning II Thursday 10.12.2020 13:00-14:30 Golla 3D Printing Tuesday 22.12.2020 13:00-14:30 All Recap - Exam Preparations Golla, Tuesday 26.01.2021 10:00-12:00 Exam Tönnes Golla, Wednesday 03.02.2021 08:30-10:00 Repeat Exam Tönnes Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 2 I 30.10.2020 1 30/10/2020 Materials Slides are available from our website: https://www.umm.uni-heidelberg.de/inst/cbtm/ckm/lehre/ Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 3 I 30.10.2020 Lecturer: Alena-Kathrin Golla née Schnurr PhD Student: Medical Image Analysis with Deep Learning Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University [email protected] Phone:+49 (0) 621 383 4603 Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 4 I 30.10.2020 2 30/10/2020 Overview Nuclear Imaging Scintigraphy Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Positron emission tomography (PET) Optical Imaging Microscopy Photography Endoscopy Optical coherence tomography (OCT) Magnetic Particle Imaging Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 5 I 30.10.2020 Nuclear Imaging Small amounts of radioactive agents are introduced into the patient’s body. This radiopharmaceutical accumulates in areas with increased metabolism. The emitted radiation is detected by gamma cameras. Scintigraphy SPECT PET Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 6 I 30.10.2020 3 30/10/2020 Nuclear Imaging • 1896: Henri Becquerel discovered mysterious "rays" from uranium • 1897: Pierre and Marie Curie named the mysterious rays "radioactivity" • 1934: artificially produced radionuclides by Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie in Paris, France • 1950: rectilinear scanner by Benedict Cassen • 1957: gamma camera by Hal Anger in Berkeley, USA Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 7 I 30.10.2020 Nuclear Imaging • 1962: David Kuhl introduced emission reconstruction tomography, the basis for SPECT and PET • 1973: Edward J. Hoffman,Michel Ter-Pogossian and Michael E. Phelps invented the PET scanner • 1976: Ronald Jaszczak developed the first dedicated head SPECT camera, John Keyes developed the first general SPECT camera • 1998: first PET/CT prototype by David Townsend in Pittsburgh, USA • 2008: first simultaneous MRI/PET scanner by Siemens Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 8 I 30.10.2020 4 30/10/2020 Scintigraphy Gamma Camera From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamma_camera_cross_section.PNG and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamma_Camera_Cross_Section_detail.png Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 9 I 30.10.2020 Scintigraphy Collimator: by high energy photons are filtered so that only those traveling orthogonal to the detector are allowed through. Scintillation: crystals emit visible light following the absorption of radiation Photomultiplier: captured photons are converted into electrons, these are the multiplied, a strong signal is rated as an event, the number of events is counted From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamma_Camera_Cross_Section_detail.png Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 10 I 30.10.2020 5 30/10/2020 Scintigraphy Intial Scan After Chemotherapy From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scyntygrafia.JPG and https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:99mTc-HMDP_bone_scintigraphy_01.jpg Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 11 I 30.10.2020 Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) • the gamma camera heads rotate around the patient's body → more detailed, three-dimensional images • Upon decay SPECT tracer emits a single Gamma photon • This photon can then be detected by the gamma camera • 3D is reconstructed from multiple 2D projections • Spatial resolution: 1cm MIP of SPECT From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mouse02-spect.gif Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 12 I 30.10.2020 6 30/10/2020 Positron emission tomography (PET) • PET: multiple rings of detectors around the patient Tracer • Upon decay PET tracer emits a positron • Together with electrons from the patient body 푒 푒 the positron forms a positronium • Upon decay the positronium emits two photons in opposite directions Ps • Event is only counted if two photons with 180°angle were measured ɣ ɣ → Less background noise than SPECT 180° Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 13 I 30.10.2020 Positron emission tomography (PET) • positron might move inside the body → systematic error, resolution is limited • Spatial resolution: 0.5 – 6 mm (depending on tracer) From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PET-MIPS-anim.gif Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 14 I 30.10.2020 7 30/10/2020 Time of Flight PET Convential PET: An event is not associated with a specific position, but a line. But: If the time temporal resolution of the detector is ɣ Ps ɣ high enough, we can measure the different time of flight of the two photons. → directly locate the signal origin on the scan line → better image quality and reduced scan times Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 15 I 30.10.2020 Common PET Tracers Name Half-life Target 18F-FDG 110 min cancer, heart disease, and epilepsy 18F-FET 110 min brain tumors 18F-FBB 110 min dementia 68Ga-PSMA 68 min prostate cancer 68Ga-DOTATOC 68 min neuroendocrine tumors Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 16 I 30.10.2020 8 30/10/2020 Positron emission tomography (PET) Advantages Disadvantages • The body treats the radiotracer • The PET scan exposes patient fluorodeoxyglucose similar to to radiation. However, the glucose. amount is quite small. • The scan only takes about 30 • The radioactive tracer has a minutes. short half life and high cost • The PET scan can reveal cell • Patients should avoid people level metabolic changes who shouldn’t be exposed to occurring in an organ or tissue. radiation, such as pregnant • Less noise than SPECT women, for a few hours after the scan. • Shows no morphology. Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 17 I 30.10.2020 PET-CT • Combination of PET and CT → both scans can be done nearly simultaneously • PET-CT systems were initially proposed by David Townsend (at the University of Geneva at the time) and Ronald Nutt (at CPS Innovations in Knoxville, TN) with help from colleagues in 1998. • The first PET-CT prototype for clinical evaluation was funded by the NCI and installed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in 1998. • The first commercial system reached the market by 2001. Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 18 I 30.10.2020 9 30/10/2020 PET-CT • result is a fusion scan with combined information from both scanners • Morphology from the CT • Glucose metabolism from PET → enables precise localization of functional imaging • PET-CTs are nowadays more common than PETs • CT images are also used for calibration (attenuation correction) of the PET data • Density information can be considered in PET reconstruction Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 19 I 30.10.2020 PET-CT This is the PET-CT here in the university clinic: Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 20 I 30.10.2020 10 30/10/2020 PET-CT CT PET Fusion From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CT-PET_of_metastatic_Cancer_patient.jpg Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 21 I 30.10.2020 PET-MRI • Combination of PET and MRI • 1997: Simultaneous PET/MR detection first demonstrated by Marsden and Cherry • 2009 first integrated sequential PET-MRI by Philips: • MRI and PET scanner installed 3 m apart • 2011: Siemens Biograph mMR – first simultaneous clinical scanner Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 22 I 30.10.2020 11 30/10/2020 PET-MRI • Challenges: • MRI is not density based → MR images cannot be used for attenuation correction • pseudo CTs can be generated from the MRI • PET scanner parts have to be made MRI compatible Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 23 I 30.10.2020 PET-MRI From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PET-IRM-cabeza-Keosys.JPG Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 24 I 30.10.2020 12 30/10/2020 Optical Imaging Medical optical imaging is the use of light as an investigational imaging technique for medical applications. optical medical microscopy photography optical endoscopy coherence tomography Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 25 I 30.10.2020 Microscopy • Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (1564 -1642) • 1610: he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects • 1624: he had used an compound microscope and send several of them to be presented to influential people • 1625: Giovanni Faber coined the word “microscope” for Galileo's invention • Cornelis Jacobszoon Drebbel (1572 – 1633) • Dutch engineer and inventor develops an automatic precision lens-grinding machine • 1622: sold his compound microscopes Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 26 I 30.10.2020 13 30/10/2020 Microscopy • Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) • the Father of Microbiology • Dutch businessman and self-taught scientist • developed an interest in lens making • created at least 25 single-lens microscopes • first to document microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and red blood cells • first person to use a histological stain Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 27 I 30.10.2020 Compound Microscope From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parts_of_a_Microscope_(english).png Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 28 I 30.10.2020 14 30/10/2020 Compound Microscope objective lense: 100x ocular lense: 20x eye object eye real image lense virtual image Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 29 I 30.10.2020 Break Do you have any questions so far? Alena-Kathrin Golla I Slide 30 I 30.10.2020 15 30/10/2020 Sample Preparation There are 4 possible preparation options for samples: 1.
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