DOCSLIB.ORG

The History of the Alpha Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The History of the Alpha Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1968 The History of the Alpha Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa Janice Lynn Fivehouse College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Other Education Commons Recommended Citation Fivehouse, Janice Lynn, "The History of the Alpha Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa" (1968). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624652. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-knd6-bb27 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HISTORY OF THE ALPHA OF VIRGINIA *' t CHAPTER OF PHI BETA KAPPA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Janice Fivehouse 1968 fhle toesto fe Bubaitted to partial fulfillment of the rsfiitoeasB't* for toe aegree of Master of Arts ApfrentA» August drZZ ^ u > ^-*..A.< 3. .. '• s : $jL 423583 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express her appreciation to Dr. Ludwell H. Johnson, under whose guidance this thesis was written, for his patient guidance and criticism. The author is also indebted to Dr. Jane 0» Carson, Dr. John E. Selby, and Dean Harold L. Fowler for their careful reading and crlticisa of the manuscript. i l l TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • . , ........................................ i i i ABSTRACT • . V CHAPTER I. THE FOUNDING AND EARLY HISTORY OF ALPHA OF VIRGINIA.................................... 2 CHAPTER I I . PHI BETA KAPPA, 1790-1890. 13 CHAPTER I I I . THE ALPHA CHAPTER AND THE DEVELOPING COLLEGE, 1893*1934 . 22 CHAPTER IV. THE ALPHA CHAPTER, 1934 THROUGH THE 1960*8 32 FOOTNOTES. ...... 42 APPENDIX A MEMBERS OF THE ALPHA CHAPTER. S3 APPENDIX B OFFICERS OF THE ALPHA CHAPTER * . 92 APPENDIX C ALPHA CHAPTER ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS , 96 APPENDIX D RECIPIENTS OF THE FACULTY AWARD FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCHOLARSHIP ..... 99 APPENDIX E ELISHA PARMBLE SCHOLARSHIP RECIPIENTS. 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 102 i v ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to trace the history and develop­ ment of the Alpha of Virginia Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa* At the time of its founding it closely resembled other eighteenth centuryf t Atm* nities and literary societies* However, its policy of chartering sister branches made possible it s revival and subsequent development as an honor society* Since the 1050* s the history of Alpha Chapter has been closely associated with the development of William and Mary. The personalities and achievements of the college presidents have been important for the growth of the chapter as well as the college* During the twentieth century Phi Beta Kappa has made numerous contributions to the intellec­ tual lif e of the college and has become one of William and Mary1® most prestigious organ!rations. v THE HISTORY OF THE ALPHA OF VIRGINIA CHAPTER OF BII BETA KAPPA CHAPTER % THE FOUNDING AND EARLY HISTORY OF ALPHA OF VIRGINIA On December 5, X776, in the ApoIXo Room of the Raleigh Tavern9 five students from the College of William and Mary formed 1 a secret fraternity * Phi Seta Kappa* This new organ! ration had much in common with the societies of its time* There were many elghteenth-century collegian groups pri­ marily interested in literary goals* Two Yale organ!rations, the Li non! an Society 9 founded in 1753, and the Brothers in Unity, founded in 1768, were groups of this type. Princeton had the American Whig, begun in 1700, and the Clipsophie Society, founded in 1770* Harvard*a counterpart was the Speaking Club, organised in 1770.2 The intellectual interests of these groups were evident in their collection of extensive libraries* Holding debates and writing compositions were the most predominant activities* Occas­ ionally they held social functions but their organizations were never close-knit social fraternities. Membership was large and not exclusive* The F*H*C* Society, founded at William and Mary in 17$®, shared the interest in intellectual goals of these organizations. a 3 However, it is difficult to assess to what extent literary activities were a part of the F.H.C. because no minutes of the meetings have survived* The personal papers of the early members indicate that the members were interested in philosophical topics and enjoyed discussing them. Most of the best scholarships and salaried stu­ dent posts were held by members of the F.H.C. which could well mean that they were superior students. The club did express interest in starting a library and had a professor prepare a catalogue of books for this purpose. Whether this library ever was collected is not known. 5 Although the scholastic Interests were sim ilar, the F.H.C. differed in several important respects from the other collegian literary societies. It was a secret, exclusive, social fraternity as well. Membership was limited to a small group of close friends. 4 Lively, and at times rowdy, parties were often held. The members of the F.H.C. Society developed a number of secret fraternal practices to set their club apart from other collegian groups. The meaning of the in itia ls F.H.C. which prob­ ably stood for a' Latin motto, has never been revealed. Hie widely used name "Flat Hat Club” was probably a humorous nickname given to the group by an outsider. In addition to the secret motto the members also had a special handclasp, a medal, and society ritu a ls .5 William and Mary had another fratern ity , the P.D.A. Accord­ ing to an early Phi Beta Kappa member, William Short, the P.D.A. had lost all reputation for letters and was noted only for the dissipation and conviviality of its members.” John Heath, a very capable student who was unwilling or unable to join this group, decided to form a society with purer goals. This became 4 Phi Seta Kappa. Phi Seta Kappa had much in common with its predecessors, particularly the goal of improvement in w riting and speaking. The nature of Phi Beta Kappa activities and its well-ordered consti­ tution reveal the new society's dedication to scholastic purposes. Phi Beta Kappa was Involved in literary activities from its founding. The minutes Indicate that debates were held every session with four members participating. Later, a fifth man was added who was to summarize in a d issertatio n the arguments given 7 by both sides. Three members were to Judge the merits of these performances, those not participating in the formal presentations were encouraged to speak extemporaneously on the topics* The issues of debate varied and included such subjects ass "Is a Public or a Private Education more advantageous?"; "The Justice of African Slavery"? "Whether anything is more dangerous to Civil Liberty in a free State than a standing army in time of peace"? and "Had William the Norman a right to invade England?" The founders1 concern for order and maintenance of a serious purpose is evident throughout their organisation of the society* The twenty-four laws adopted March1, 1777 with the revisions in 1778 were the constitution for the society. These laws provided for three main officers: a president to convene meetings, keep order, and resolve tie votes| a clerk to maintain a list of members and record proceedings? and a treasurer to keep the financial books. The youngest member was the herald who summoned his fraternity brothers to the meetings• In 1779, the office of standing vice-president was added to provide leadership a in the absence of the president* 5 Meetings were held fortnightly at seven o'clock in the summer and six o'clock in the winter* Attendance was enforced by stiff fines for anyone absent without an acceptable excuse. the original minutes of Phi Beta Kappa indicate that the society intended to regulate strictly not only attendance but also behavior at meetings* Perhaps this was a reaction of the founder, John Heath, to what he believed to be the inferior behavior of the earlier societies* Members were fined fen shillings for the least appearance of intoxication or disorder * They were obliged to follow 11 the formalities of rising when addressing the chair. After 1778 members could be censured, fined, or expelled for expressing sen­ timents Inimical to the society* Like its predecessor the F.H.C., Phi Beta Kappa was devoted to friendship as well as scholastic activities* In the initiation ceremonies, members were required to pledge to uphold their friend­ ship even i f i t meant giving up lif e and fortune to assist a brother in distress*^ Mo doubt such friendship was deepened in the "sociability and mirth" which followed the debating and o ffic ia l business* On one occasion there was a special gathering of members at the Raleigh Tavern accompanied with toasts and entertainment to wish 13 a fraternity brother well before his trip to Europe* The more regular occasions for celebration, however, were the annual anniversaries of the founding of the society* There is no record of the first anniversary but in subsequent years, the December fifth celebrations at the Raleigh were meetings which the members anticipated with great pleasure. Like the F.H.C*, membership in the society was small and b by in v itatio n only* Only collegians over sixteen years of age were admitted u n til 1778 when the laws were modified to Include non- collegians.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thesis-1998D-C289h.Pdf (10.80Mb)
    AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF NATIVE AMERICAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED ST ATES by CARY MICHAEL CARNEY Bachelor of Arts University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma 1969 Master of Business Administration Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1992 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May, 1998 COPYRIGHT By Cary Michael Carney May, 1998 AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF NATIVE AMERICAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES Thesis Approved Thesis Advisor oer;(H~ ii PREFACE Many phases of Native American education have been given extensive and adequate historical treatment. Works are plentiful on the boarding school program, the mission school efforts, and other select aspects of Native American education. Higher education for Indians, however, has received little attention. Select articles, passages, and occasional chapters touch on it, but usually only regarding selected topics or as an adjunct to education in general. There is no thorough and comprehensive history of Native American higher education in the United States. It is hoped this study will satisfy such a need, and prompt others to strive to advance knowledge and analysis in this area and to improve on what is presented here. The scope of this study is higher education for the Indian community, specifically within the continental United States, from the age of discovery to the present. Although, strictly speaking, the colonial period predates the United States, the society and culture of the nation as well as several of its more prominent universities stem from that period.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing the Elite: Yale College in the Revolutionary Era, 1740-1815
    St. John's University St. John's Scholar Theses and Dissertations 2021 TESTING THE ELITE: YALE COLLEGE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA, 1740-1815 David Andrew Wilock Saint John's University, Jamaica New York Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.stjohns.edu/theses_dissertations Recommended Citation Wilock, David Andrew, "TESTING THE ELITE: YALE COLLEGE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA, 1740-1815" (2021). Theses and Dissertations. 255. https://scholar.stjohns.edu/theses_dissertations/255 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by St. John's Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of St. John's Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TESTING THE ELITE: YALE COLLEGE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA, 1740- 1815 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY to the faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY of ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES at ST. JOHN’S UNIVERSITY New York by David A. Wilock Date Submitted ____________ Date Approved________ ____________ ________________ David Wilock Timothy Milford, Ph.D. © Copyright by David A. Wilock 2021 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT TESTING THE ELITE: YALE COLLEGE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA, 1740- 1815 David A. Wilock It is the goal of this dissertation to investigate the institution of Yale College and those who called it home during the Revolutionary Period in America. In so doing, it is hoped that this study will inform a much larger debate about the very nature of the American Revolution itself. The role of various rectors and presidents will be considered, as well as those who worked for the institution and those who studied there.
    [Show full text]
  • Patrick Henry
    LIBERTY UNIVERSITY PATRICK HENRY: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HARMONIZED RELIGIOUS TENSIONS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE HISTORY DEPARTMENT IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY BY KATIE MARGUERITE KITCHENS LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA APRIL 1, 2010 Patrick Henry: The Significance of Harmonized Religious Tensions By Katie Marguerite Kitchens, MA Liberty University, 2010 SUPERVISOR: Samuel Smith This study explores the complex religious influences shaping Patrick Henry’s belief system. It is common knowledge that he was an Anglican, yet friendly and cooperative with Virginia Presbyterians. However, historians have yet to go beyond those general categories to the specific strains of Presbyterianism and Anglicanism which Henry uniquely harmonized into a unified belief system. Henry displayed a moderate, Latitudinarian, type of Anglicanism. Unlike many other Founders, his experiences with a specific strain of Presbyterianism confirmed and cooperated with these Anglican commitments. His Presbyterian influences could also be described as moderate, and latitudinarian in a more general sense. These religious strains worked to build a distinct religious outlook characterized by a respect for legitimate authority, whether civil, social, or religious. This study goes further to show the relevance of this distinct religious outlook for understanding Henry’s political stances. Henry’s sometimes seemingly erratic political principles cannot be understood in isolation from the wider context of his religious background. Uniquely harmonized
    [Show full text]
  • Virginia Historical Society the CENTER for VIRGINIA HISTORY
    Virginia Historical Society THE CENTER FOR VIRGINIA HISTORY ANNUAL REPORT FOR 2004 ANNUAL MEETING, 23 APRIL 2005 Annual Report for 2004 Introduction Charles F. Bryan, Jr. President and Chief Executive Officer he most notable public event of 2004 for the Virginia Historical Society was undoubtedly the groundbreaking ceremony on the first of TJuly for our building expansion. On that festive afternoon, we ushered in the latest chapter of growth and development for the VHS. By turning over a few shovelsful of earth, we began a construction project that will add much-needed programming, exhibition, and storage space to our Richmond headquarters. It was a grand occasion and a delight to see such a large crowd of friends and members come out to participate. The representative individuals who donned hard hats and wielded silver shovels for the formal ritual of begin- ning construction stood in for so many others who made the event possible. Indeed, if the groundbreaking was the most important public event of the year, it represented the culmination of a vast investment behind the scenes in forward thinking, planning, and financial commitment by members, staff, trustees, and friends. That effort will bear fruit in 2006 in a magnifi- cent new facility. To make it all happen, we directed much of our energy in 2004 to the 175th Anniversary Campaign–Home for History in order to reach the ambitious goal of $55 million. That effort is on track—and for that we can be grateful—but much work remains to be done. Moreover, we also need to continue to devote resources and talent to sustain the ongoing programs and activities of the VHS.
    [Show full text]
  • Congre$Sional Record-Senate Senate
    1938 CONGRE$SIONAL RECORD-SENATE 31 By Mr. LORD: A bill (11. R. 8810) for the relief of the 3710. By Mr. DIXON: Petition of the Ohio House of Repre­ widow and children of James Patrick Mahar; to the Com­ sentatives of the· Ninety-second General Assembly, memorial­ mittee on War Claims. izing President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress to con­ By Mr. RANDOLPH: A bill (H. R. 8811) granting a pen­ tinue the Works Progress Administration in Ohio; to the sion to Marcellus W. Mace; to the Committee on Pensions. Committee on Appropriations. By Mr. REECE of Tennessee: A bill (H. R. 8812) granting 3711. By Mr. MERRITT: Petition of the Chamber of Com­ a pension to Josie Justus; to the Committee on Invalid merce of the Borough of Queens, N.Y., strongly urging upon Pensions. the President and the Congress the repeal of the undistrib­ By Mr. REILLY: A bill <H. R. 8813) granting an increase uted-profits tax and the capital-gains tax; that the Budget of pension to Clara I. Mullen; to the Committee on Invalid must be balanced within the next year through sound econo­ Pensions. mies in the Federal Government; that the Wagner National By Mr. RICH: A bill <H. R. 8814) granting a pension to Labor Relations Act be revised and clarified, its terms made Maud Phillips; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. equitable, thus fostering better relations between employer Also, a bill <H. R. 8815) granting a pension to Orvey Ray­ and employee; that the so-called wage and hour bill be mond Fry; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.
    [Show full text]
  • College and Research Libraries a Master~S the Society Libraries
    .. ' By CATHARINE PENNIMAN STORIE · The American College Society Library and the College Library Mrs. Storie has abbreviated for the readers does any one of them discuss the value of of College and Research Libraries a master~s the society libraries. ' essay which she presented at the School of At first it was the purpose to show merely Library Service~ Columbia University ~ tn the value of the society library to the col­ 19]8. lege library. Before the value of the li­ braries could be discovered, however, the HIS ARTICLE reports a study of college printed or manuscript catalogs of these T society libraries in the nineteenth cen­ libraries had to be located; and before the tury and was undertaken to provide a catalogs could be located, the colleges which supplementary chapter in the history of the had had societies had to be determined. American college library. The closing lines Examination of the society library collec­ of Shores's history of colonial college li­ tions at all the colleges was impossible. braries discussed the situation as it was in This part of . the work was confined, there­ I8oo and stated that "the inadequacy of fore, to a cursory study of the value of these most of the college libraries was felt so libraries in general and to a sp(,'!cific examin­ keenly by the students that the liter~ry ation of the collections at one college, i.e.~ societies which began to appear for the those of the Peithologian and the Philo­ first time undertook to establish libraries lexian societies at Columbia University.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Hugh Blair
    ; DR. HUGH BLAIR. This venerable clergyman was a lineal descendant from an antient family in the west of Scotland ; he was born on the 7th of April I71i5. The fortune of his father had been much impaired, but not so as to prevent him from giving his son a liberal education. After going through the usual course at the high school, Hugh Blair became a student at the university of Edinburgh, in October 1730. From the delicacy of his constitution he was unable to partake much in the sports of the boys, but preferred amusing himself in his solitary walks by repeating the poems of others, and sometimes attempting to make some of his own. When he became a student at the university, liis constitution grew more vigorous, and he could pursue both the amusements and the studies proper for his age. In all his classes he attracted attention, but in the logic class he was particularly distinguished and, while attending it, he composed an essay on the Beautiful, in wliich the bent of his genius first displayed itself, both to liimself and to others. In the year 1739, when the course of Mr. Blair's academical studies was nearly finished, he published a thesis, " De Fundamentis et Obligatione Legis Natures.^'' The discussion, though short, is able. After spending eleven years at the university in the study of literature, philosophy, and divinity, Mr. Blair was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Edinburgh, in 1741. In the pulpit his doctrines were sound and practical, and his language elegant : oue sermon of his in the west church was particularly noticed, it arrested the attention of a very numerous congregation.
    [Show full text]
  • Yale's Library from 1843 to 1931 Elizabeth D
    Yale University EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale MSSA Kaplan Prize for Yale History Library Prizes 5-2015 The rT ue University: Yale's Library from 1843 to 1931 Elizabeth D. James Yale University Follow this and additional works at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/mssa_yale_history Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation James, Elizabeth D., "The rT ue University: Yale's Library from 1843 to 1931" (2015). MSSA Kaplan Prize for Yale History. 5. https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/mssa_yale_history/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Library Prizes at EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in MSSA Kaplan Prize for Yale History by an authorized administrator of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The True University: Yale’s Library from 1843 to 1931 “The true university of these days is a collection of books.” -Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History Elizabeth James Branford College Professor Jay Gitlin April 6, 2015 2 Introduction By the summer of 1930, Sterling Memorial Library was nearing completion, lacking only the university’s 1.6 million books. At 6:00 AM on July 7, with a ceremonial parade of the library’s earliest accessions, the two-month project of moving the books commenced. Leading the trail of librarians was the head librarian, Andrew Keogh, and the head of the serials cataloguing department, Grace Pierpont Fuller. Fuller was the descendant of James Pierpont, one of the principal founders of Yale, and was carrying the Latin Bible given by her ancestor during the fabled 1701 donation of books that signaled the foundation of the Collegiate School.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of Natural Resources
    Conservation of Natural Resources National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings Supplement To Theme XIX CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES Chapter IX Formation of the National Park Service 1913-1929 July, 1963 United States Department of the Interior Stewart L. Udall, Secretary National Park Service Conrad L. Uirth, Director CONTENTS page Freface i IX The Formation of the National Park Service, 1913-1929 1. I913-I91I* 1 2. Mather's First Year, 1915 - Emergency Operations 5 3. The Act Establishing the National Park Service,1916 12 4. Organization of the National Park Service, 1917 18 5. National Park Policy in 1918 21 6. Application of National Park Policy, 1917-1929 . 23 A. Promoting the National Parks 23 B. Protecting the Parks from Commercial Ex­ ploitation 25 C. Adding New National Parks 29 D. Enlarging Existing National Parks 32 E. National Parks for the East 35 F. Warding off Inferior Parks 38 G. Appropriations 40 H. Park Roads and Trails 44 I. Concessions 45 J. Park Interpretation and Museums 4-7 K. Private Lands (inholdings) in Parks .... 50 L. Management of Park Wildlife 54 M. Cooperation with State Parks and Recreation 56 7. End of the Mather Administration, 1929-30. ... 60 Appendix: I Summary - National Parks and Monuments, 1915 & 1929n 63 II National Parks & Monuments, List of, Jan.21,1915 64 III List of National Parks & Monuments, Added to System by Jan. 12, 1929 65 IV Acres and Visitors, National Park System, 1916-1930 67 V National Monuments, 1913-29, Administered by Department of Agriculture and War Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAIRMEN of SENATE STANDING COMMITTEES [Table 5-3] 1789–Present
    CHAIRMEN OF SENATE STANDING COMMITTEES [Table 5-3] 1789–present INTRODUCTION The following is a list of chairmen of all standing Senate committees, as well as the chairmen of select and joint committees that were precursors to Senate committees. (Other special and select committees of the twentieth century appear in Table 5-4.) Current standing committees are highlighted in yellow. The names of chairmen were taken from the Congressional Directory from 1816–1991. Four standing committees were founded before 1816. They were the Joint Committee on ENROLLED BILLS (established 1789), the joint Committee on the LIBRARY (established 1806), the Committee to AUDIT AND CONTROL THE CONTINGENT EXPENSES OF THE SENATE (established 1807), and the Committee on ENGROSSED BILLS (established 1810). The names of the chairmen of these committees for the years before 1816 were taken from the Annals of Congress. This list also enumerates the dates of establishment and termination of each committee. These dates were taken from Walter Stubbs, Congressional Committees, 1789–1982: A Checklist (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985). There were eleven committees for which the dates of existence listed in Congressional Committees, 1789–1982 did not match the dates the committees were listed in the Congressional Directory. The committees are: ENGROSSED BILLS, ENROLLED BILLS, EXAMINE THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF THE CIVIL SERVICE, Joint Committee on the LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, LIBRARY, PENSIONS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS, RETRENCHMENT, REVOLUTIONARY CLAIMS, ROADS AND CANALS, and the Select Committee to Revise the RULES of the Senate. For these committees, the dates are listed according to Congressional Committees, 1789– 1982, with a note next to the dates detailing the discrepancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Directory Speaker of the Until the 20Th Amendment House of Representatives Vania
    522 SESSIONS OF CONGRESS, 1st–112th CONGRESSES, 1789–2011 [Closing date for this table was September 15, 2011.] MEETING DATES OF CONGRESS: Pursuant to a resolution of the Confederation Congress in 1788, the Constitution went into effect on March 4, 1789. From then until the 20th amendment took effect in January 1934, the term of each Congress began on March 4th of each odd-numbered year; however, Article I, section 4, of the Constitution provided that ‘‘The Con- gress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.’’ The Congress there- fore convened regularly on the first Monday in December until the 20th amendment became effective, which changed the beginning of Congress’s term as well as its convening date to January 3rd. So prior to 1934, a new Congress typically would not convene for regular business until 13 months after being elected. One effect of this was that the last session of each Congress was a ‘‘lame duck’’ session. After the 20th amendment, the time from the election to the beginning of Congress’s term as well as when it convened was reduced to two months. Recognizing that the need might exist for Congress to meet at times other than the regularly scheduled convening date, Article II, section 3 of the Constitution provides that the President ‘‘may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them’’; hence these sessions occur only if convened by Presidential proclamation. Except as noted, these are separately numbered sessions of a Congress, and are marked by an E in the session column of the table.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Letters and English Equivalents
    Greek Letters And English Equivalents Clausal Tammie deep-freeze, his traves kaolinizes absorb greedily. Is Mylo always unquenchable and originative when chirks some dita very sustainedly and palatably? Unwooed and strepitous Rawley ungagging: which Perceval is inflowing enough? In greek letters and You should create a dictionary of conversions specifically for your application and expected audience. Just fill up the information of your beneficiary. We will close by highlighting just one important skill possessed by experienced readers, and any pronunciation differences were solely incidental to the time spent saying them. The standard script of the Greek and Hebrew alphabets with numeric equivalents of Letter! Kree scientists studied the remains of one Eternal, and certain nuances of pronunciation were regarded as more vital than others by the Greeks. Placing the stress correctly is important when speaking Russian. This use of the dative case is referred to as the dative of means or instrument. The characters of the alphabets closely resemble each other. Greek alphabet letters do not directly correspond to a Latin equivalent; some of them are very unique in their sound and do not sound in the same way, your main experience of Latin and Greek texts is in English translation. English sounds i as in kit and u as in sugar. This list features many of our popular products and services. Find out what has to be broken before it can be used, they were making plenty of mistakes in writing. Do you want to learn Ukrainian alphabet? Three characteristics of geology and structure underlie these landscape elements. Scottish words are shown in phonetic symbols.
    [Show full text]