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W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1968 The History of the Alpha Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa Janice Lynn Fivehouse College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Other Education Commons Recommended Citation Fivehouse, Janice Lynn, "The History of the Alpha Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa" (1968). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624652. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-knd6-bb27 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HISTORY OF THE ALPHA OF VIRGINIA *' t CHAPTER OF PHI BETA KAPPA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Janice Fivehouse 1968 fhle toesto fe Bubaitted to partial fulfillment of the rsfiitoeasB't* for toe aegree of Master of Arts ApfrentA» August drZZ ^ u > ^-*..A.< 3. .. '• s : $jL 423583 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express her appreciation to Dr. Ludwell H. Johnson, under whose guidance this thesis was written, for his patient guidance and criticism. The author is also indebted to Dr. Jane 0» Carson, Dr. John E. Selby, and Dean Harold L. Fowler for their careful reading and crlticisa of the manuscript. i l l TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • . , ........................................ i i i ABSTRACT • . V CHAPTER I. THE FOUNDING AND EARLY HISTORY OF ALPHA OF VIRGINIA.................................... 2 CHAPTER I I . PHI BETA KAPPA, 1790-1890. 13 CHAPTER I I I . THE ALPHA CHAPTER AND THE DEVELOPING COLLEGE, 1893*1934 . 22 CHAPTER IV. THE ALPHA CHAPTER, 1934 THROUGH THE 1960*8 32 FOOTNOTES. ...... 42 APPENDIX A MEMBERS OF THE ALPHA CHAPTER. S3 APPENDIX B OFFICERS OF THE ALPHA CHAPTER * . 92 APPENDIX C ALPHA CHAPTER ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS , 96 APPENDIX D RECIPIENTS OF THE FACULTY AWARD FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCHOLARSHIP ..... 99 APPENDIX E ELISHA PARMBLE SCHOLARSHIP RECIPIENTS. 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 102 i v ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to trace the history and develop­ ment of the Alpha of Virginia Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa* At the time of its founding it closely resembled other eighteenth centuryf t Atm* nities and literary societies* However, its policy of chartering sister branches made possible it s revival and subsequent development as an honor society* Since the 1050* s the history of Alpha Chapter has been closely associated with the development of William and Mary. The personalities and achievements of the college presidents have been important for the growth of the chapter as well as the college* During the twentieth century Phi Beta Kappa has made numerous contributions to the intellec­ tual lif e of the college and has become one of William and Mary1® most prestigious organ!rations. v THE HISTORY OF THE ALPHA OF VIRGINIA CHAPTER OF BII BETA KAPPA CHAPTER % THE FOUNDING AND EARLY HISTORY OF ALPHA OF VIRGINIA On December 5, X776, in the ApoIXo Room of the Raleigh Tavern9 five students from the College of William and Mary formed 1 a secret fraternity * Phi Seta Kappa* This new organ! ration had much in common with the societies of its time* There were many elghteenth-century collegian groups pri­ marily interested in literary goals* Two Yale organ!rations, the Li non! an Society 9 founded in 1753, and the Brothers in Unity, founded in 1768, were groups of this type. Princeton had the American Whig, begun in 1700, and the Clipsophie Society, founded in 1770* Harvard*a counterpart was the Speaking Club, organised in 1770.2 The intellectual interests of these groups were evident in their collection of extensive libraries* Holding debates and writing compositions were the most predominant activities* Occas­ ionally they held social functions but their organizations were never close-knit social fraternities. Membership was large and not exclusive* The F*H*C* Society, founded at William and Mary in 17$®, shared the interest in intellectual goals of these organizations. a 3 However, it is difficult to assess to what extent literary activities were a part of the F.H.C. because no minutes of the meetings have survived* The personal papers of the early members indicate that the members were interested in philosophical topics and enjoyed discussing them. Most of the best scholarships and salaried stu­ dent posts were held by members of the F.H.C. which could well mean that they were superior students. The club did express interest in starting a library and had a professor prepare a catalogue of books for this purpose. Whether this library ever was collected is not known. 5 Although the scholastic Interests were sim ilar, the F.H.C. differed in several important respects from the other collegian literary societies. It was a secret, exclusive, social fraternity as well. Membership was limited to a small group of close friends. 4 Lively, and at times rowdy, parties were often held. The members of the F.H.C. Society developed a number of secret fraternal practices to set their club apart from other collegian groups. The meaning of the in itia ls F.H.C. which prob­ ably stood for a' Latin motto, has never been revealed. Hie widely used name "Flat Hat Club” was probably a humorous nickname given to the group by an outsider. In addition to the secret motto the members also had a special handclasp, a medal, and society ritu a ls .5 William and Mary had another fratern ity , the P.D.A. Accord­ ing to an early Phi Beta Kappa member, William Short, the P.D.A. had lost all reputation for letters and was noted only for the dissipation and conviviality of its members.” John Heath, a very capable student who was unwilling or unable to join this group, decided to form a society with purer goals. This became 4 Phi Seta Kappa. Phi Seta Kappa had much in common with its predecessors, particularly the goal of improvement in w riting and speaking. The nature of Phi Beta Kappa activities and its well-ordered consti­ tution reveal the new society's dedication to scholastic purposes. Phi Beta Kappa was Involved in literary activities from its founding. The minutes Indicate that debates were held every session with four members participating. Later, a fifth man was added who was to summarize in a d issertatio n the arguments given 7 by both sides. Three members were to Judge the merits of these performances, those not participating in the formal presentations were encouraged to speak extemporaneously on the topics* The issues of debate varied and included such subjects ass "Is a Public or a Private Education more advantageous?"; "The Justice of African Slavery"? "Whether anything is more dangerous to Civil Liberty in a free State than a standing army in time of peace"? and "Had William the Norman a right to invade England?" The founders1 concern for order and maintenance of a serious purpose is evident throughout their organisation of the society* The twenty-four laws adopted March1, 1777 with the revisions in 1778 were the constitution for the society. These laws provided for three main officers: a president to convene meetings, keep order, and resolve tie votes| a clerk to maintain a list of members and record proceedings? and a treasurer to keep the financial books. The youngest member was the herald who summoned his fraternity brothers to the meetings• In 1779, the office of standing vice-president was added to provide leadership a in the absence of the president* 5 Meetings were held fortnightly at seven o'clock in the summer and six o'clock in the winter* Attendance was enforced by stiff fines for anyone absent without an acceptable excuse. the original minutes of Phi Beta Kappa indicate that the society intended to regulate strictly not only attendance but also behavior at meetings* Perhaps this was a reaction of the founder, John Heath, to what he believed to be the inferior behavior of the earlier societies* Members were fined fen shillings for the least appearance of intoxication or disorder * They were obliged to follow 11 the formalities of rising when addressing the chair. After 1778 members could be censured, fined, or expelled for expressing sen­ timents Inimical to the society* Like its predecessor the F.H.C., Phi Beta Kappa was devoted to friendship as well as scholastic activities* In the initiation ceremonies, members were required to pledge to uphold their friend­ ship even i f i t meant giving up lif e and fortune to assist a brother in distress*^ Mo doubt such friendship was deepened in the "sociability and mirth" which followed the debating and o ffic ia l business* On one occasion there was a special gathering of members at the Raleigh Tavern accompanied with toasts and entertainment to wish 13 a fraternity brother well before his trip to Europe* The more regular occasions for celebration, however, were the annual anniversaries of the founding of the society* There is no record of the first anniversary but in subsequent years, the December fifth celebrations at the Raleigh were meetings which the members anticipated with great pleasure. Like the F.H.C*, membership in the society was small and b by in v itatio n only* Only collegians over sixteen years of age were admitted u n til 1778 when the laws were modified to Include non- collegians.
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