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TC İSTANBUL AYDIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES THE THIRD SPACE, THE DESERT AND A NEW GENESIS: BODIES, HALLUCINATORY SPACES AND HUM/ANIMALS IN ANGELA CARTER’S AND EDWARD ABBEY’S FICTION PhD THESIS Dilek ÇALIŞKAN (Y1212.620003) Department of English Language and Literuature English Language and Literuature Program Thesis Supervisor: Assis. Prof. Dr. Gillian Mary Elizabeth ALBAN JANUARY 2017 ii iii iv FOREWORD I would like to thank my thesis adviser Assis. Prof. Dr. Gillian Mary Elizabeth Alban for her guidance, patience, understanding and complete freedom she has given me throughout the course of this study. My warmest thanks go to my family, my husband and to my son and Nurcan Çiftçi and Halil Nejat Çiftçi whose support, love and patience during the study and writing of my thesis have helped me to survive the hard times. I also owe my special thanks to the Department of English Language and Literature that gave me the opportunity for leading this study. December 2016 Dilek ÇALIŞKAN v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD...............................................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS……………...…………….….….….…...….….….....………vii ÖZET……………………………………….………………………………………………..xi ABSTRACT…………………………………..……………………………………………xv 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………….………………………………….1 1.1 The American Setting .….….…….…….…….…….…….….……..…...…………2 1.1.1 The American Way of Life & The Cold War………………....…..............3 1.1.2 American Media and Hollywood ............................................................5 1.2 The Third Space: The Desert & Madness......................................................7 1.3 The Third Space Character: The Nomad, “Assemblages” & “War Machines”...........................................11 1.4 Opening of New Possibilities of Thinking & The Third Space: “Nomadic Thinking” .............................................................................. 11 1.4.1 The Third Space .................................................................................13 1.4.2 Body Mapping: Open Lands, The Desert & Hum/animals ..................16 1.4.3 The Role of Imagination & Art: Minor Literature & Flight ...................17 1.4.4 The Power of Writing & The Creation of A New Genesis: Ecosophy and Ecoself .......................................................................................18 1.5 The aim of the thesis.....................................................................................20 1.5.1 Third Space Bodies: Hallucinatory Spaces & Hum/animals ............20 1.5.2 Nonhuman Sexuality: The Many Faces of The Shaman....................26 1.5.3 White vs. Colored: The Human Head & The Face .............................27 1.5.4 Dance As A Way of Life: The Native Dance.......................................28 1.6 The View of Life as a Flow: Ecopsychology instead of Psychoanalysis.........31 1.7 Possibilities of Change & Ecoperson: Becoming woman & Becoming Animal.........................................................32 2. CONCEPTUAL TOOL BOX: THE APPLICATION OF “THE NOMAD THOUGHT FOR FLIGHT “FOR DECONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW CONCEPTS IN ANGELA CARTER’S AND EDWARD ABBEY’S FICTION…………………………….….…35 2.1 The Third Space, the Body: The Self and “The Technologies of the Self” (Crime & Madness)…….……35 2.1.1 The Split between “The Mind” (head) and “The Body”…………........36 2.2 The Third Space: Madness, Genealogy &Body (Docile Body), Schizoanalysis…..……......……............................……........………..….........39 2.2.1 Freedom as a practice………………………………………………….…41 2.3 The Third Space, the hybrid body and the stereotype…………..…………....42 2.3.1 Memory as Space & Memory as Time…………………………........….42 2.3.2 Fear of Madness….…………………...…………………........………......44 2.3.3 Schizoanalysis…….………………………………………………………..45 2.3.4 Biopower….……………………………………….......…………….......…45 2.3.5 The idea of economics &The Road Building Religion..........................46 vii 2.3.6 The Othering of Spaces & Isolated Spaces: The desert as the Isolated space ……………………...…...………...…46 2.3.7 The Self &The Other………………………………….......…….…….…...46 2.4 The Heterotopia, Counter Sites & Shaman’s Road…………………...………48 2.4.1 Trickster is a product of Heterotopia culture………………………......49 2.4.2 Lack of Love & Trust……………………………………………………..50 2.5 Exclusion of madness from the language & The lack of a language between Reason and Madness…………….…………………...…...50 2.5.1 Subjects inability to distinguish real power from the false power…………………………………………………...…………… 51 2.5.2 Male Language, Violence & Universal Subject constructed as Male………………………………………………….……51 2.5.3 Magical Realism : The Trickster and the Shaman…………………..…55 2.6 The Third Space: The Immanent Mind & Flight………………….………….…57 2.6.1 Political and Intellectual Background & The American Setting………..................…………………………………………………62 2.6.2 Imagination (knowledge), illusion and Sadness……………………….63 2.6.3 Lust, love and freedom of mind……………………………………...…...66 2.6.4 Western human political thought and Sadness & Pain……………….66 2.6.5 The Systematic Creation of “The New Little Man” and the“Impotence of the Masses”…………………………………………..69 2.7 Behaviorism & Psychoanalysis……………………………………………....…69 2.7.1 Ego-Identity………………………………………………………………...72 3. THIRD SPACE MADNESS & PSYCHOANALYSIS: DELEUZE & GUATTARI’S ECOPHILOSOPHY IN ANGELA CARTER’ S AND EDWARD ABBEY’S FICTION………………………………………………..75 3.1 R.D. Laing’s view of Madness & Society in Carter’s And Abbey’s Fiction………………………………………………………………75 3.2 Michel Foucault and the “view of Madness” in Carter’s And Abbey’s Fiction………………………………………………………………79 3.2.1 The American Dream & Counter Dreams……….……………………..83 3.3 Deleuze & Guattari: Schizoanalysis and Flight in Carter’s and Abbey’s Fiction............................85 3.3.1 Immanence A Life: Slave & Master / Strong & Weak………………....87 3.3.2 The Death of God & Genesis: Minor Gods…………………………......89 3.3.3 Ecopsychology………………………………………………………….....92 3.3.4 The Eternal Return & Apocalypse………………………………….....…93 3.3.5 The Body (Human and City) & The Self……………….….….………....99 3.3.6 The Desert & The Self…………………………………………….…..…102 3.3.7 The Third Space and the Different Selves………………………….....106 4. THE THIRD SPACE THE ECOSELF & BODY: THE HALLUCINATORY SPACES & THE HETEROTOPIA IN ANGELA CARTER’S AND EDWARD ABBEY’S FICTION………...…………111 4.1 Thingification & Environmentalism……………………………………………111 4.1.1 Third Space Ecofeminism/The Exclusion of Colored Woman……………………………………………...…………114 4.1.2 Post-colonialism and Globalism…………………………………….....118 4.1.3 Growth:The Self and The Other and The Double………………….119 4.2 The Third Space and The Ecological Self in Edward Abbey’s Desert Solitaire,The Monkey Wrench Gang and Angela Carter’s The Passion of New Eve and Nights at the Circus……….……122 4.2.1 The Desert and the Creation of the Eco/ Self in Edward Abbey’s autobiographical work Desert Solitaire……………………122 4.2.2 The desert and the maze and the psychopathic self in The Monkey Wrench Gang……………………………………………..128 viii 4.2.3 The Third Space the American Desert, The Apocalyse and Ecogenesis in Angela Carter’s The Passion of New Eve….……………………………………………………………………137 4.2.4 The Third Space Siberia & The Creation of The New American Self in Angela Carter’s novel Nights at the Circus………………………………………………………………..……145 5. THE THIRD SPACE HUM/ANIMALS & ANIMALITY: THE TRICKSTER & THE SHAMAN IN THE PASSION OF NEW EVE, NIGHTS AT THE CIRCUS AND THE MONKEY WRENCHGANG………………………………………………………………….…157 5.1 Animality: Crime, Madness & Sexuality in Angela Carter’s and Edward Abbey’s Fiction…………………………………………………..157 5.1.1 Animality………………………………….…………………………….....157 5.1.2 Freud and Animality…………………………..……………………….....160 5.2 Becoming Woman and Becoming Animal: Trickster The Bird / Fox & Shaman Bird Symbolism in Angela Carter’s Novels The Passion of New Eve and The Nights at The Circus…….……………………………………………..……......161 5.3 Becoming-Animal, Becoming-Woman: Trickster figure in The Pasion of New Eve…………………………..…………………………......170 5.4 Becoming Animal : The Bird as The Trickster & The Shaman in Nights at The Circus.........172 5.5 Magical Realism & Aztlan The Land of Birds and Whiteness………………………………………………………………………..174 5.6 Frog Symbolism: Spirit Voices and Scientific Knowledge………………....176 5.7 The Evolution of the Immanent Mind &Trickster/Shaman: Animality and Hum/animals in The Monkey Wrench Gang, The Passion of New Eve and Nights at the Circus………………………....182 5.7.1 The Creation of the “Criminal Machine Beastiality” in The Monkey Wrench Gang…………………………………………..191 6. A NEW GENESIS / ECOGENESIS, SEXUALITY, BODY AN SPACE AND THE NEW SELF IN THE PASSION OF NEW EVW, NIGHTS AT THE CIRCUS AND THE MONKEY WRENC GANG………………………………………………...……………….……195 6.1 The Many Faces of The Shaman…………………………………………......203 6.2 Deleuze and Inhuman Sexuality in Angela Carter’s and Edward Abbey’s Fiction………………………………………………….........209 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………….215 7.1 Self-gender Identity……………………………………………………………..216 7.2 Ecological Perspective and The Importance of Land………………….……218 7.2.1 Land Ethic & Stereotype………………………………………………..219 7.2.2 Mother Earth Stereotype………………………………………………..219 7.3 The Dynamics of Value System……………………………………..………....220 7.3.1 Fear and unwillingness to examine the Dynamics of White Socialization…………………………………………………...221 7.3.2 Difficulty of Interpretation of Oral Stories Feminist Tribal Reading………………………………...………………………....222 7.3.3 Feminist Tribal Reading……………………………………………......222 7.4 Chicana Feminism……………………………………………………………...223 7.4.1 Open-bordered

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