Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology

aqua Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology

Vol. 7 (3), October 2003

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Ascidians from the Strait of Magellan

Karen Sanamyan1 and Dirk Schories2

1) Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Institute of Geography, Partizanskaya 6, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683000, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Thetis IBN, Notkestr. 85m 22607 Hamburg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted: 28.08.2003

Keywords laires font exception: Distaplia cylindrica (Lesson, Tunicata, Ascidiacea, South America, Strait of 1830) et Didemnum studeri Hartmeyer, 1911. Une Magellan. nouvelle espèce est décrite.

Abstract Sommario In the Magellan region, Ascidiacea appear to be a Nella regione dello Stretto di Magellano, gli Ascidia- dominant invertebrate group at depths from 5 - 20 m. cei rappresentano il gruppo di invertebrati dominante Most of the present collection, made by scuba divers a profondità comprese tra i 5 e i 20 m. La maggior in the Strait of Magellan, have a geographic range lim- parte della collezione qui illustrata, frutto di immer- ited to Patagonia, the Falkland Islands, South Geor- sioni nello stretto, comprende un’area geografica gia, the South Shetland Islands and north of the delimitata da Patagonia, Isole Falkland, South Geor- Antarctic Peninsula. The exceptions are two circum- gia, Isole Shetland Meridionali e regione settentri- polar species: Distaplia cylindrica (Lesson, 1830) and onale della Penisola Antartica. Le eccezioni sono rap- Didemnum studeri Hartmeyer, 1911. One new resentate da due specie circumpolari, Distaplia cylin- species is described. drica (Lesson, 1830) e Didemnum studeri Hartmeyer, 1911. Una specie viene descritta come nuova. Zusammenfassung In der Magellanregion scheint Ascidiacea (Seeschei- Introduction den) die dominierende Wirbellosengruppe in Tiefen The paper describes ascidians collected in Septem- von 5 bis 20 Metern zu sein. Die meisten der gegen- ber 2002 in the Strait of Magellan in the vicinity of wärtigen Sammlungen, die von SCUBA-Tauchern in Punta Arenas, Puerto Del Hambre and Fuerte Bulnes der Magellanstraße gemacht worden sind, haben eine (XII Region, Chile) during an expedition organized by geografische Verbreitung die sich auf Patagonien, Thetis IBN (Germany). The specimens were collected den Falklandinseln, Südgeorgien, den südlichen by scuba diving. Most species occurred at depths Shetland-Inseln und auf nördlich der antarktischen down to 20 m, and only Distaplia cylindrica (Lesson, Halbinsel beschränkt. Die Ausnahmen sind zwei 1830) was never collected at less than 20 m. zirkumpolare Arten: Distaplia cylindrica (Lesson, In the Magellan region, macroalgae, mussels, and 1830) und Didemnum studeri Hartmeyer, 1911. Eine barnacles tend to cover rocks down to 5 m. Between neue Art wird beschrieben. 5 and 20 m, ascidians appear to be the dominant group, because there are a lot of unused areas of rock Résumé suitable for them. Distaplia colligans Sluiter, 1932, Dans la région du Détroit de Magellan, les Ascidi- Aplidium species and Didemnidae colonies (some- acea apparaissent comme un groupe dominant d'in- times 1-3 m2 in size) are very common in the locations vertébrés à des profondeurs de 5 à 20 m. La majorité sampled. des présentes collectes, réalisées en plongée Only specimens initially fixed in formalin are autonome dans le Détroit de Magellan, ont pour lim- described here. The morphology of other specimens ites géographiques la Patagonie, les îles Falkland, la photographed in situ was obscured by freezing after Géorgie du sud, les îles Shetland du sud et le nord de collection and these are not reported on in this work. la péninsule antarctique. Deux espèces circumpo-

89 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Ascidians from the Strait of Magellan

Description of species numerous small, oval reddish pigmented bodies. The colonies have only sparse sand grains in the basal Aplidium fuegiense Cunningham, 1871 test and otherwise are free from sand. (Fig. 2a) Zooids are strongly contracted and, in many colonies, degenerate. The atrial languet is usually divided into Aplidium fuegiense Cunningham, 1871: 66. Millar, three but some zooids within the same colony may be 1960: 28; 1970:100. Monniot & Monniot, 1983: 16. undivided. The position of the atrial languet also varies, sometimes arising from the body wall slightly anterior to Material examined the small atrial aperture, or from the upper rim of the Puerto del Hambre and Fuerte Bulnes, 13 colonies opening. The number of rows of stigmata is obscured (KIE 1/1090 - 13/1102). by contraction but there appear to be from 14 to 18. The stomach has five folds. Description The colonies are large and variable in shape, from Remarks wide, thick and irregular to compact, oval masses. The seas around the southern end of South America The test may be hard and opaque or soft and translu- contain several very similar Aplidium species that are cent, probably depending on maturity: colonies with readily distinguished only by larval morphology. The poorly-developed or partly-degenerated zooids are reported range of variation in the main distinguishing darker and harder. Such colonies often (but not characters of many of these species is great, making always) have a thin, firm superficial layer containing identification difficult. Monniot & Monniot (1983) suggested that hybridisation is the cause of this variabil- ity, but there is no evidence that this occurs. Unfortu- nately, the quality of the present material does not allow us to resolve this problem. Reddish pigmented bodies in the surface layer of the test help to distinguish A. fuegiense when no larvae are present (see Millar, 1960, 1970). The species is very common in the Magellan region, the Patagonian Shelf and the Falkland Islands.

Aplidium magellanicum n. sp. (Fig. 1a, 2b-d)

Holotype: KIE 1/1086 (Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Institute of Geography), part of the colony collected at Fuerte Bulnes, XII Region, Chile, 06 Sep- tember 2002 Paratypes: KIE 2/1087, Puerto del Hambre, XII Region, Chile, 05 September 2002; KIE 3/1088, Fuerte Bulnes, 03 September 2002; KIE 4/1089, Fuerte Bulnes, 02 September 2002.

Description The colonies are cushions up to about 10 cm in diameter, with a wide attachment area (Fig. 2d) or are egg-shaped and attached by a relatively small basal area (Fig. 2b). The colour in life varies from red to orange or yellow-orange. Colonies preserved in formalin have an extremely soft, slimy, gelatinous, transparent, colourless test, sometimes disintegrating, with the zooids readily falling out. A small amount of sand is present near the attachment area and the surface and internal test are otherwise free from sand and other foreign matter. Living colonies have numerous plain-rimmed cloacal apertures protruding from the Fig. 1. (a) Aplidium magellanicum n. sp.; (b) Aplidium surface as short transparent siphons. In preserved variabile (Herdman, 1886). specimens these completely disappear, and the sur- aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 90 Karen Sanamyan and Dirk Schories

Fig. 2. (a) Aplidium fuegiense (KIE 8/1097); (b - d); Aplidium magellanicum n. sp. (b - Holotype KIE 1/1086, c and d - Paratype KIE 3/1088); (e, f) Aplidium variabile (e - KIE 1/1085). Photos by D. Schories.

91 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Ascidians from the Strait of Magellan faces are smooth and even. The zooids are in com- yellow inverted cone-shaped zooid-bearing head. In plex, branched and often irregular systems (Fig. 2c). life the inflated and terminally expanded heads are The thorax of contracted zooids is the widest part distinctly demarcated from the peduncles. In preserv- and is about 2 mm in length; the abdomen is only ative they are contracted and of the same diameter as about one half of the length of the thorax, and the the peduncle. Fixed colonies become colourless, post-abdomen is 5-7 mm long. The six-lobed translucent cushions or small upright lobes. The test branchial aperture is on a short siphon; the atrial aper- is smooth, soft and without sand. Zooids are parallel ture is small, with a short, simple atrial languet arising to each other and open on the upper surface of the from its upper margin. There are about 14 or 15 thin, head. Each colony has one to four systems, each with longitudinal and several transverse muscles on the a large central common cloacal aperture on a short thorax. Seventeen rows of about 14 stigmata were thin-walled siphon, a peripheral circle of zooids and counted in the holotype. The small, symmetrical stom- others in a few short double rows converging on the ach is in the middle of the abdomen and bears 18 - 22 cloacal opening. prominent, well-defined, somewhat irregular folds. In preservative, the strongly contracted zooids are These are often interrupted and oblique. The duode- short, 2.5 - 3 mm long and withdrawn to the bottom of num, mid-intestine and posterior stomach are also the colony. The simple and relatively long atrial well-defined, and a pair of caecae are located at the languet is on the upper rim of the small round atrial proximal end of the rectum. In most zooids the post- opening. The branchial sac has 13 rows of stigmata; abdomen is filled with parenchymal tissue, but occa- the number per row obscured by contraction. The sionally a few male follicles in double rows are pre- abdomen is much shorter than the thorax. The wide, sent in the middle. symmetrical stomach has 14 or 15 deep, well-defined Neither larvae nor embryos are present. longitudinal folds, only few of them broken. The post- abdomen, up to 2 mm long, is usually half the zooid Remarks length, rarely longer. In most zooids it is filled with The main distinctive characters of this species are parenchyma. Rarely, a few male follicles are present the numerous stomach folds and relatively large num- in a double row in the middle and posterior part of the ber of rows of stigmata. Only the present species and post-abdomen. Larvae are not present in the material a few others have more than the 5 or 6 stomach folds examined. seen in most of the Aplidium species known in this region. The other species are Aplidium stanleyi Millar, Remarks 1960, from the Falkland Islands, which has similar Aplidium variabile is widely distributed in Antarctic zooids but different small colonies with a single sys- and sub-Antarctic waters. tem in each; Aplidium variabile (Herdman, 1886), with The present specimens conform to existing descrip- 10-15 stomach folds and from nine to 15 rows of stig- tions of the species, especially in the structure of the mata (see Millar, 1960 who examined many speci- zooid. However, although colonies of A. variabile are mens of this species, including 13 colonies of Herd- reported to have short stalks, the form of the systems man’s type material); Aplidium loricatum (Harant & has not been definitely and clearly described. Millar Vernières, 1938) with a similar number of stomach (1960: 32) reports only that the zooids are sometimes folds and rows of stigmata, but larger zooids, and a "grouped into small, indistinct systems". The present thorax up to 7 mm long (Monniot & Monniot, 1983) specimens have characteristic systems resembling and wider, with up to 30 stigmata in each row (Kott, those of some warm-water species (A. griseum Kott, 1969). Further, Aplidium loricatum is known only from 1992 for example), and it is not known if the form of the Antarctic. Aplidium longum Monniot, 1970 from systems in the present colonies corresponds to those Kerguelen and South Chile has similar stomachs but of A. variabile. The identification of this material is very different colonies and longer zooids. therefore in doubt, since the larvae that might confirm it are not available. Aplidium variabile (Herdman, 1886) (Figs. 1b, 2e and f) Trididemnum auriculatum Michaelsen, 1919 Amaroucium variabile Herdman, 1886: 216. Aplidium variabile: Kott, 1969: 51. Millar, 1960: 32. Trididemnum auriculatum Michaelsen, 1919: 38. Van Name, 1945: 105. Millar, 1960: 62. Kott, 1969: 80. Material examined Fuerte Bulnes, several small colonies (KIE 1/1085). Material examined Fuerte Bulnes, part of a large colony (KIE 1/1105). Description The small colonies are about 1 - 2 cm high. Each Remarks has a short yellow peduncle and a colourless or bluish The zooids are in poor condition and have no aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 92 Karen Sanamyan and Dirk Schories

Fig. 3. (a, b) Didemnum studeri (a - KIE 1/1104); (c, d) Distaplia colligans (c - KIE 2/1081, d -KIE 1/1080); (e) Distaplia cylindrica (KIE 1/1082). Photos by D. Schories.

93 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Ascidians from the Strait of Magellan gonads, and identification is provisional. The species was originally described from Punta Arenas, close to the locality of the present specimen. The distribution is limited to the Magellan-Falkland Islands region.

Didemnum studeri Hartmeyer, 1911 (Fig. 3a and b)

Didemnum studeri Hartmeyer, 1911: 538. Van Name, 1945: 90. Monniot & Monniot, 1983: 43

Material examined Puerto del Hambre and Fuerte Bulnes, two colonies (KIE 1/1104, 2/1103).

Remarks The underwater photographs show large colonies with characteristic appearance (Fig. 4a and b): a generally smooth, white surface, with sparse, small cloacal openings, each with two to five short, cylindrical cloacal canals converging on them. However, as in the above species, the identification is only provisional, because the zooids in the newly-recorded specimens are in poor condition and lack gonads. The larvae resemble those shown in Monniot & Mon- niot 1983, (Pl.4, Fig. E). The species has a circumpolar sub-Antarctic distribution and is common in the Magellan region.

Distaplia colligans Sluiter, 1932 (Figs. 3c and d, 4,)

Distaplia colligans Sluiter, 1932: 7. Millar, 1960: 77. Kott, 1969: 32 (synonymy).

Material examined Fuerte Bulnes, two incomplete colonies (KIE 1/1080, 2/1081).

Description The two pieces examined are flat sheets about 5 cm in diameter, one 0.5 cm thick, attached by the whole of the lower surface; the other, a flat lobe 1 cm thick has zooids opening on both surfaces and no apparent attachment area. Preserved specimens are dark- brown and quite smooth, though the colony is yellow in an underwater photograph of the living specimen. The test is soft, opaque and spongy. The zooids are slightly darker than the test and are indistinctly visible through it. Numerous small common cloacal apertures are scattered over surface of the colony. Zooids are in irregular short and sometimes branched double rows, but the actual form of the systems was not determined. The zooids are 2 - 2.5 mm long. The thorax bears about 10 fine longitudinal muscles. A transverse atrial aperture with a short, simple atrial languet is present at the level of the second row of stigmata. Fig. 4. (a, b) Distaplia colligans Sluiter, 1932: (a), zooid; A thick parastigmatic vessel crosses each of the four (b), larva. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 94 Karen Sanamyan and Dirk Schories rows of about 15 or 16 long stigmata. The number of The distribution is completely circumpolar in the stigmata in a row could not be counted precisely. The Antarctic and the species is common in the Magellan relatively long oesophagus bends ventrally to enter an area. oblique, asymmetrical stomach. In most zooids the stomach wall has fine longitudinal folds, but is some- Sycozoa gaimardi (Herdman, 1886) times smooth. The gut loop encloses a compact (Fig. 5a) spherical gonad comprising numerous large dark brown or nearly black male follicles and up to three Colella gaimardi Herdman, 1886: 103. small immature ova. Sycozoa gaimardi: Van Name, 1945: 150 (synonymy). Several incubatory pouches, detached from the Kott, 1969: 28. Monniot & Monniot, 1974: 719; 1983: zooids and each containing one or two larvae, were 37. found in the test. The larval trunk is 1.3 mm long. Material examined Remarks Puerto del Hambre, many colonies (KIE 1/1084). The specimens conform to the existing descriptions (see especially the detailed description by Millar, Remarks 1960). The species was previously recorded from The species has characteristic, readily identifiable South Georgia, the South Orkney Islands and the colonies. As with other species reported here, it is pre- Antarctic Peninsula. sent all the year round, often found on brown algae (Lessonia trabeculata) in summer (January), and also Distaplia cylindrica (Lesson, 1830) on pebbles. (Fig. 3e) Sycozoa gaimardi was recorded from the Strait of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, the Holozoa cylindrica Lesson, 1830: 439. South Shetland Islands, the Antarctic Peninsula, Distaplia cylindrica: Millar, 1960: 79. Kott, 1969: 29. South Georgia, and possibly from Kerguelen Island Monniot & Monniot, 1983: 36 synonymy). (see Monniot & Monniot, 1974).

Material examined Pyura legumen (Lesson, 1830) Puerto del Hambre, small part of a colony (KIE (Fig. 5c) 1/1082). Boltenia legumen Lesson, 1830: 433. Remarks Pyura legumen: Millar, 1960: 119. Kott, 1969: 133. This is probably the largest known ascidian species, Monniot & Monniot, 1983: 88 (synonymy). with colonies up to 7 m long and 8 cm in diameter. This is the only species in the present material not Material examined found above 20 m. At King George Island we found Puerto del Hambre, one specimen (KIE 1/1083). the same species at depths of 32 to 45 m.

Fig. 5. (a) Sycozoa gaimardi (KIE 1/1084); (b) Pyura legumen (KIE 1/1083). Photos by D. Schories

95 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Ascidians from the Strait of Magellan

Remarks Monniot, C., & F. Monniot. 1974. Ascidies des Iles Pyura legumen is not common in the area studied. Kerguelen récoltées par P. M. Arnaud. Tethys. 5 (4), This may be because its habitat appears to be 715-734. restricted to the pebble fields between 10 and 25 m Monniot, C., & F. Monniot. 1983. Ascidies antarc- where they were collected. This well-known species is tiques et subantarctiques: morphologie et biogéo- recorded from the Magellan region, the Patagonian graphie. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire shelf and the Falkland Islands. Naturelle, Paris (A). 125: 1-168. Sluiter, C. P. 1932. Die von Dr. L. Kohl-Larsen Acknowledgements gesammelten Ascidien von Süd-Georgien und der We gratefully acknowledge the help and technical Stewart Insel. Senckenbergiana, 14: 1-19. assistance of Elena Clasing, Eduardo da Forno, Cae- Van Name, W. G. 1945. The North and South Ameri- sar A. Cardenas Alarcón and Ana Maria Ojeda can ascidians. Bulletin of the American Museum of Ravanal during the diving expedition. This work is part Natural History, 84: 1-476. of the collaboration between Thetis IBN and Universi- dad Austral de Chile. Karen Sanamyan thanks the Russian Foundation of Basic Research for personal grant No. 00-04-48727. The authors also thank Dr. Patricia Kott and the anonymous referee for assisting with the presentation of the manuscript.

References Cunningham, R.O. 1871. Notes on the natural history of the Straits of Magellan and the west coast of Patagonia made during the voyage of H.M.S. Nassau in the years 1866-69. Edinburgh, 517 pp. Harant, H., & P. Vernières. 1938. Ascidiae composi- tae. Scientific Reports of Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-14, 3(5): 1-13. Hartmeyer, R. 1911. Die Ascidien der deutschen Süd- polar-Expedition, 1901-1903. Deutsche Südpolar- Expedition, 12: 403-406. Herdman, W. A. 1886. Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876, part 2, Ascidiae composi- tae. Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. 14 (38): 1-399. Kott, P. 1969. Antarctic Ascidiacea. A monographic account of the known species based on specimens collected under U.S. Government auspices 1947 to 1963. Antarctic Research Series, 13, 1-239. Lesson, R. P. 1830. Zoologie, in Voyage autour du monde sur 'La Coquille' pendant 1882-1825, Paris 2 (1): 1-471. Millar, R. H. 1960. Ascidiacea. Discovery Report, 30: 159. Millar, R. H. 1970. Ascidians, including specimens from the deep sea, collected by R. V. 'Vema' and now in the American Museum of Natural History. Zoologi- cal Journal of the Linnean Society, 49: 99-159. Michaelsen, W. 1919. Zur Kenntnis der Didemnidae. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- wissenschaften, herausgegeben vom Natur- wissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 21 (1): 1-42. Monniot, F. 1970. Ascidies Aplousobranches des Iles Kerguelen récoltées par P. Grua. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. 42 (2): 321-339. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 96 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology

Feia ranta, a new species of gobiid fish (Acanthopterygii; Perciformes) from Vietnam

Richard Winterbottom

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6; and Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted: 05.08.2003

Keywords gobidé Feia, F. ranta, sur base de trois spécimens de Ichthyology, Systematics, Gobiidae, Feia, new l'île Hon Tom, baie de Nha Trang, Vietnam. Il se dis- species, South China Sea, Pacific Ocean tingue de ses congénères par plusieurs caractéris- tiques, en ce compris un patron de coloration rayé et Abstract des écailles prédorsales. Celles-ci et d'autres carac- A distinctive new species of the gobiid Feia, F. ranta, téristiques obligent à redéfinir le genre. Feia semble is described based on three specimens from Hon Tom apparenté à d'autres genres possédant des replis Island, Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam. It differs from its con- céphaliques ou des sillons munis de papilles sen- geners in several characteristics, including barred sorielles (Gobiopterus, Callogobius et Mangarinus). colour pattern and having predorsal scales. These Parmi ceux-ci, les premières analyses suggèrent que and other characters necessitate a redefinition of the Feia pourrait être le groupe soeur de Mangarinus, sur genus. The relationships of Feia appear to lie with base de la configuration de la double rangée longitu- other genera possessing cephalic folds or ridges dinale de papilles sensorielles sur le menton. bearing sensory papillae (Gobiopterus, Callogobius and Mangarinus). Of these, initial analysis suggests Sommario that Feia may be the sister group of Mangarinus Viene presentata la descrizione di una nuova specie based on the configuration of the paired longitudinal di gobiide del genere Feia, molto caratteristica, F. row of sensory papillae on the chin. ranta, basata sul rinvenimento di tre esemplari presso l’isola di Hon Tom, Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam. Si dif- Zusammenfassung ferenzia dagli altri suoi congeneri per vari caratteri, tra Eine neue, auffällige Gobiidenart der Gattung Feia, cui una colorazione a barre e la presenza di scaglie F. ranta, wird an Hand von drei Exemplaren aus Hon predorsali. La presenza di questi e altri caratteri Tom Island, Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, beschrieben. richiede una ridefinizione del genere Feia. Esso sem- Sie unterscheidet sich von ihrer Gattungsverwandten bra filogeneticamente più vicino ad altri generi che durch mehrere Kennzeichen, darunter eines posseggono pliche cefaliche o solchi con papille sen- gestreiften Farbmuster sowie die Anwesenheit von soriali (Gobiopterus, Callogobius e Mangarinus). prädorsalen Schuppen. Diese Kennzeichen, sowie Analisi preliminari, basati sulla configurazione delle noch andere, erfordern eine Neubeschreibung der coppie di file longitudinali di papille sensoriali del Gattung. Die Verwandtschaften von Feia fallen mento, suggeriscono che Feia possa rappresentare anscheinen mit anderen Gattungen zusammen die un insieme di specie sorelle di Mangarinus. ebenfalls mit sensorische Papillen an den cephalis- che Falten oder Kämmen ausgerüstet sind (Gob- Introduction iopterus, Callogobius und Mangarinus). Eine erste Feia was erected by Smith (1959) for a single spec- Analyse deutet darauf hin, dass Feia, durch die imen of a new species, F. nympha, from Pinda, Anordnung der paarigen, länglichen Reihen sen- Maputo (formerly the Portuguese colony of Moçam- sorischer Papillen am Kinn, vielleicht die Schwester- bique). Smith was clearly unimpressed with his new gruppe von Mangarinus ist. taxon, stating that it was “Clearly a degenerate fish.” (1959: 206). The word ‘feia’ in Portuguese means Résumé “ugly” or “deformed”, and thus it is not clear why Smith On décrit ici une nouvelle espèce caractéristique de chose the specific epithet of “nympha” unless he was

97 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Feia ranta, a new species of gobiid fish (Acanthopterygii; Perciformes) from Vietnam thinking of the larval stage of certain insects. He sug- shorter than the more medial branch, or dichotomous, gested that his new genus was closely related to where the branch lengths are approximately equal. Abranches J. L. B. Smith, 1947. The latter genus was Definitions of morphometric terms follows Gill and placed in the synonymy of Pipidonia H. M. Smith Mooi (1999). Measurements were made with a (1931) by Lachner and McKinney (1974), who later micrometer eyepiece and a Zeiss SV8 stereomicro- (1978) synonymized Pipidonia with Gobiopsis Stein- scope, and thus are two-dimensional. The small size dachner 1861. In 1979, Lachner and McKinney of the specimens implies that these measurements redescribed Feia nympha based on seven additional may not be very precise, and therefore only the range specimens from the Indian Ocean and the western in values is given. Type material is deposited in the Pacific. They also reported on two additional speci- collections of the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM). mens from Rapa in the Austral Islands, which they The terminology of the cephalic sensory structures tentatively identified as F. nympha although they follows that proposed by Lachner and McKinney found one fewer dorsal fin-ray and a slightly different (1974), who defined, among other terms, “ridges” for colour pattern. Gill and Mooi (1999) described a sec- papillae-bearing “ribbon-like, prominent, extensively ond species, F.nota, from a single specimen from wide, cirrose, fleshy processes...” (1974:871). These Western Australia, examined further material of the authors later used the term “cheek fold” for a similar genus, and thought that there were probably several (probably homologous) structure, stating, in their different species among that material. This paper diagnosis of Gobiopsis, that there is “...a horizontal describes a third and distinctive new species of the fleshy fold on mid-cheek area bearing a row of coarse genus, based on three specimens collected from Nha papillae or barbell-like structures” (1978:10). A year Trang Bay, Vietnam. later, in the description of G. atrata, they stated that the “...fleshy cheek fold is well-developed and has a Methods and Terminology row of large, coarse papillae beneath it but there is no The last fin ray of the second dorsal and anal fin, row of papillae mounted on its edge” (1979: 5). The although split through its base, articulates with the latter statement would suggest that the fold and the elements of a single pterygiophore and is counted as papillae row are not completely interdependent struc- a single element; lateral scale counts are made along tures, and indeed their Fig. 2 clearly illustrates a non- the midlateral row from the scale abutting the inner papillose fold above a row of single papillae that are base (‘axilla’) of the pectoral fin to the scale reaching not borne on a fleshy ridge or fold. Thus, in Gobiop- or covering the posterior margin of the hypural plate; sis, a fold may or may not be present across the mid- transverse scale counts begin at the (usually small) region of the cheek, and may or may not bear sensory scale adjacent to the anal spine and are made for- papillae along its outer margin; the ‘fold’ is not a rib- wards and upwards to the last scale adjacent to the bon-like structure with a sharp, acute edge, but has a dorsal fin bases; lower gill raker counts include any rounded distal margin. Springer and Randall (1992: developed rakers on the first hypobranchial as well as 350), among others, use the term “fleshy, papillae- all those on the ceratobranchial (including the raker in bearing folds” to describe structures on the head of the ‘angle’ between epi- and cerato-branchials, which Platygobiopsis, to which Lachner and McKinney’s arises from the latter bone). Sensory ridges and papil- (1974) term ‘ridges’ would apply. The usage of “ridge” lae patterns, and pectoral and pelvic fin ray branching, as defined by Lachner and McKinney (1974) will be are described from cyanine blue stained material followed in this paper for those rows of cephalic sen- (Saruwatari et al., 1997). Pelvic fin ray branching may sory papillae that are interconnected by a continuous be sequential, where the outer branch(es) is (are) ribbon of tissue that has a sharply demarcated edge.

Fig. 1. Left lateral view of Feia ranta (ROM 73239, 14.1 mm SL male holotype). Photo by R. Winterbottom. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 98 Richard Winterbottom

Although the only tips of the papillae are externally eye to the jaws; a similar, but better-developed pos- visible on these ridges, cyanine blue staining sug- teroventrally-directed bar from the eye to the vicinity gests that their internal structure continues medially of the vertical limb of the preopercle; a large, dark within the fleshy ribbon to the surface of the cheek. blotch covering most of the gill cover; a thin black bar As such, the papillae themselves technically fit the at the base of the dorsal half of the pectoral fin; pre- definition of barbels given by Lachner and McKinney dorsal scales and scales on the pectoral and pelvic fin (1974:871). bases; and in having papillose ridges on the cheek and in the opercular, temporal and symphyseal regions. Feia ranta n. sp. Ranta goby (Figs. 1-2 ) Description Dorsal fin VI + I 7-8 (7 in one paratype), all seg- All three specimens were collected at Hon Tom mented rays branched; anal fin I 8, all rays seg- Island in Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa Province, Viet- mented and branched; pectoral fin 16 (once 15, right nam during May, 2002 by Richard Winterbottom, side of male paratype); all rays branched or first only Wouter Holleman, Mary Burridge, and Marina Winter- unbranched; pelvic fin I 5, a complete fraenum and bottom. basal membrane, fin rays branched with 3-5 sequen- Holotype: ROM 73239, 14.1 mm SL male, south tial branches in the first four rays and two dichoto- coast, 1/4 length of island from its western tip mous branches in the fifth ray, fourth and fifth rays (12°10’27.8”N; 109°14’21.9”E), bommie of coral rock, longest, reaching posteriorly to just anterior to the coral rubble with a few sand patches with good coral anus; branched caudal fin rays 7 + 8 (8 + 8 in female cover (Acropora, Pocillopora) and some brown fila- paratype); segmented caudal fin rays 8 + 9 (9 + 8 in mentous algae, 4-7 m, 27.8° C, rotenone, 1010-1110, female paratype), five dorsal and five ventral procur- 23 May. rent (unsegmented) caudal fin rays. Scales large, Paratypes: ROM 73240, 10.5 male and 15.8 female cycloid anteriorly becoming ctenoid posteriorly below mm SL, about 30 m east and a little inshore of ROM the posterior portion of the second dorsal fin; 8 pre- 73239, bottom of coral rubble and live Acropora, Fun- dorsal scales, the first largest and about 1.5 times the gia and some Pocillopora with sand patches and some diameter of the second and subsequent scales; pec- algae, 2-4 m, 27.8° C, rotenone, 0900-0940, 24 May. toral fin base with a large central scale covering the middle third of the height of the fin base, and which Diagnosis may be flanked both dorsally and ventrally by a single Feia ranta is most easily distinguished from its con- smaller scale, 3 irregular rows of scales on the pelvic geners in having a strong dark bar on the body, begin- fin base, lateral scales rows 25, anterior transverse ning just anterior to the origin of the first dorsal fin and scale rows 7. passing ventrally just behind the base of the pectoral Cephalic sensory canal pores absent, sensory papil- fin, about equal in width to the distance from the snout lae either single or arranged in ridges (sensu Lachner tip to the rear of the orbit; and a sharply demarcated and McKinney, 1974); ridges present bearing the vertical dark red-brown to brown bar beginning at the papillae in the temporal region behind the eye, the rear base of the caudal peduncle and tapering poste- opercle, the middle row on the cheek and that follow- riorly over the caudal fin rays (Fig. 1). It further differs ing the posterodorsal margin of the upper jaw, the from the two other species of Feia in having: a dark curved preopercular/mandibular series (Fig. 2 A and anteroventrally-directed wedge-shaped bar from the C) and the symphyseal rows, in which the left and

A B C

Fig. 2. Dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views of the head of Feia ranta (ROM 73240, 15.8 mm SL female paratype) to show configuration of sensory papillae and ridges. Specimen temporarily stained with cyanine blue. Photos by R. Winterbottom.

99 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Feia ranta, a new species of gobiid fish (Acanthopterygii; Perciformes) from Vietnam right rows forms a ‘V’ with the apex pointing posteri- and subopercle mostly covered by a large, dark- orly (Fig. 2 B). brown, heart-shaped blotch with a smoothly rounded Gill rakers relatively short, 0 + 7 on the outer surface indentation in its dorsal margin, which just touches the of the first gill arch, with an additional small rounded posterodorsal margin of the second eye bar; the area nubbin of bone anterior to the first ceratobranchial between the dorsal margin of the opercular blotch and raker and a similar nubbin on the epibranchial; 7 the darker portion of the nape, and the snout, liberally rounded bony nubbins on the medial surface of the sprinkled with brown chromatophores; an ill-defined, first ceratobranchial (data from 15.8 mm SL paratype almost square brown blotch posterior to the middle of only); gill opening extending ventrally to below middle the opercle-subopercle blotch. Bases of about the mid- of opercle, just posterior to the ventral end of the ver- dle nine pectoral-fin rays with a thin vertical black mark- tical ridge of papillae along the anterior margin of the ing, the anterior profile {- shaped, the posterior margin opercle. Tongue broad, rounded, with a central notch. shallowly convex. Abroad, vertical, dark brown bar The epaxial musculature reaches to the second pre- beginning just anterior to the origin of the first dorsal fin dorsal scale on the head with the attachment being in and ending at the base of the fifth dorsal fin spine a “{“ shape (anterior to left). Anterior nasal opening in passes just posterior to the pectoral fin base and fades a short narrow tube, posterior opening a pore, about out on the ventral third of the body. Two very short sad- one-third pupil width in diameter with a well-devel- dles beneath the origin of the second dorsal fin, the first oped rim, nasal sac somewhat elevated, and confined between the origin of the dorsal spine and that of the to the anterior half of the snout. second segmented ray, the second between the bases Upper jaw with a row of outer, enlarged, curved, of the sixth and seventh segmented rays. First dorsal caniniform teeth with an inner row of short, straight fin thickly sprinkled with brown chromatophores (espe- conical teeth which form two irregular rows near the cially anteriorly and basally), becoming whitish distally symphysis; lower jaw with inner and outer rows of with a yellowish tinge anteriorly; second dorsal fin sim- enlarged, curved, caniniform teeth separated by 1-2 ilarly coloured but less densely packed with chro- irregular rows of smaller, straight conical teeth; no matophores; middle third of anal fin with a poorly- vomerine or palatine teeth. defined black stripe, pale basally and distally. Posteri- As percentage of SL: head length 24.4-29.6; orbit orly, the orange background colour grades into a nar- diameter 6.1-7.0; head width 20.5-22.3; bony interor- row, vertical, off-white bar just anterior to the bases of bital width 1.5-2.2; head depth 13.0-14.8; body depth the caudal fin rays. The anterior margin of caudal fin at pelvic fin origin 13.7-15.7; body depth at anal fin ori- base with a very clearly demarcated vertical separation gin 13.7-15.7; predorsal length 30.5-37.0; prepelvic between the off-white bar and a strongly pigmented, length 24.1-29.6; preanal length 48.1-59.1; first dorsal attenuated D-shaped blotch; the blotch orange-brown fin origin to second dorsal fin origin 16.0-23.6; caudal anteriorly grading to brown posteriorly; the outer one- peduncle depth 11.5-13.0; caudal peduncle length fifth of the branched caudal fin ray hyaline or off-white, 17.6-21.3; length of second dorsal fin base 16.8-20.0; as are the pectoral and pelvic fins. length of anal fin base 16.0-20.9; length of third dor- Colour in alcohol: (Formalin-fixed, ethyl alcohol pre- sal spine 12.2-15.7; length of third last segmented ray served). All three specimens with the same patterns as in second dorsal fin 11.5-17.2; length of third last seg- above, but yellows and oranges faded to off-white. mented ray in anal fin 13.0-17.4; pelvic fin length 27.0-29.1; pectoral fin length 18.3-27.6; caudal fin Etymology length 26.0-28.7. Named “ranta”, an arbitrary combination of letters, Colour in life: (based on a 35 mm colour slide of the which happens to reflect the first three letters of the freshly collected holotype - Fig. 1): head with an off- Christian names of Randall D. Mooi and Anthony C. white background colour, body pale straw-yellow Gill, two specialists in Indo-Pacific fish systematics grading to a faint orange wash posteriorly. Head who have worked on Feia. Randy is additionally rec- darker above eye and posteriorly over nape almost to ognized for his help and cheerful companionship on the origin of the first dorsal fin; a wedge-shaped dark collecting trips to the Philippines, Thailand and French brown bar extending anteroventrally at the seven Polynesia. To be treated as a noun in apposition. o’clock position from the lower margin of the eye Suggested common name: Ranta Goby. which fades out over the posterior one-third of the jaws where it is almost twice as wide as it is at the eye Distribution margin; a somewhat similar wedge-shaped dark Feia ranta has been found only at depths of 2-3 m on brown bar from the posteroventral margin of the eye the fringing reefs of Hon Tom Island in Nha Trang Bay, at the four o’clock position which terminates in a Vietnam (South China Sea). straight, slightly inclined angle between the dorsal tip of the preopercle and the posterior limit of the hori- Redefinition and affinities of Feia zontal limb of that bone where it is about twice as wide Smith’s (1959) original diagnosis of Feia was modi- as it is at its origin at the margin of the eye; opercle fied by Lachner and McKinney (1979) and the modi- aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 100 Richard Winterbottom fied further by Gill and Mooi (1999). The discovery of somewhere in the vicinity of Callogobius, Gobiopsis, the new species necessitates yet another modification and Mangarinus (see below). Whatever taxon is of the diagnosis for this genus. The species of Feia selected as the putative outgroup, it is apparent that are united by the presence of a short, bilateral row of the species of Feia display considerable homoplasy in sensory papillae (neuromasts) on the chin that con- the characters described here. This is because for verge towards each other posteriorly to form a V- any character with more than one state, the selected shaped pattern, and by the absence of sensory canal outgroup will share one state with one or two of the pores on the head. No barbels are present on the three species of Feia, but no outgroup has yet been head, but at least some superficial neuromasts are found that always shares the same state with the borne on elongate, flap-like papillae (F. nota) or on same species of the ingroup. For example, selecting ridges (F. nympha, F. ranta). There is no fleshy cheek Mangarinus as the outgroup suggests that F. nota and fold (a structure with a rounded distal margin and F. nympha are sister groups because the symphyseal devoid of sensory papillae). The head is somewhat papillae are not borne on a ridge. However, Mangar- depressed. Scales may be present or absent on the inus also suggests that F.nota and F. ranta are sister nape, pectoral fin and pelvic fin bases. groups, linked by the greater anterior extent of the An additional species allied to F. nympha may exist ventral attachment of the gill membranes. Further undescribed among present museum collections (Gill data needs to be assembled before a hypothesis of and Mooi, 1999). There also appears to be a second their interrelationships can be proposed. species related to F. ranta in the Coral Sea. Two spec- Differences between the three nominal species of imens are known, and both differ from F. ranta in the Feia are summarized in Table I. details of the colour pattern (although morphometric and meristic values appear to be virtually identical). Discussion Both have a rectangular (rather than wedge-shaped) Only a few other genera or species of gobies pos- bar from the anteroventral margin of the eye; a com- sess folds or ridges bearing sensory papillae on the pletely separate square of pigment with well-rounded head (e.g. Cristatogobius nonatoae, Mangarinus, Cal- edges on the opercular (as opposed to a heart- logobius, Gobiopsis). However, there are numerous shaped blotch plus another squarish blotch behind examples of the development of barbels (e.g. Chae- this), and they lack the black {-shaped bar on the turichthys, Parachaeturichthys, Sagamia, Barbuligob- bases of the upper pectoral fin bases. These speci- ius, Scartelaos, Glossogobius bicirrhosus), and the mens are not in good condition, and further material is distribution of taxa exhibiting them argues strongly needed to more rigorously assess the validity of the that these structures have developed several times (= putative differences. non-homologous) in gobioid fishes. A few genera con- The phylogenetic relationships of Feia appear to lie tain species that possess both ridges and barbels

Table I. Selected characters of the three species of Feia.

Character nota nympha ranta

Pectoral rays 16 14-15 15-16 Pelvic fraenum No Weak/moderate Complete Basal membrane Reduced but present Almost complete Full Scale type(s) Most ctenoid All cycloid 2/3 cycloid Anterior extent of scales Pectoral axil At/posterior to origin of D2 Just behind eye Lateral scales 26-27 14-25 (sic) 25 Tip of tongue Bilobed Rounded/truncate “{“-shaped Anterior preopercle row Close to opercle Well in front of preopercle Close to preopercle Ridges None On preopercle, cheek On preopercle, cheek, opercle Ventral extent of gill Below vertical papillae Just anterior to pectoral As for nota opening row on opercle base Epaxialis attachment to skull Convex Bilobed “{“-shaped Nasal sac Snout tip almost to eye Anterior half of snout As for nympha Colour pattern Mottled Mottled Bars from eye, blotch of head on opercle of pectoral base Diffuse Diffuse Vertical dark bar of caudal fin Greyish-brown bar Diffuse basal bar Strongly demarcated bar

101 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Feia ranta, a new species of gobiid fish (Acanthopterygii; Perciformes) from Vietnam

(e.g. Gobiopsis, Platygobius, Clariger, Luciogobius). the author. This paper represents Contribution No. Among all these (mostly cryptic, often estuarine) 264 of the Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation forms, Feia would seem to form a relationship with Biology of the Royal Ontario Museum to the biological Callogobius, Gobiopsis and Mangarinus based on the sciences. positioning of the papillose ridges on the head. Man- garinus also shares with Feia a bilateral row of sym- References physeal papillae borne on a ridge as in F. ranta, or as Gill, A. C. & R. D. Mooi, 1999. Feia nota, a new a row of papillae arising directly from the dermis of the species of gobiid fish from Western Australia. chin in the other two Feia species, which converge Records of the Western Australian Museum, 19: together posteriorly to form a V-shaped structure. 365-370. Mangarinus also lacks scales in the predorsal region Ikeda, Y., Ono, A., Sakamoto, K. & T. Suzuki, 2000. (as in two of the three species of Feia), and would New record of the gobiid fish Feia nympha from seem a plausible candidate (on the basis of these Japan and comments on its unique cephalic sensory characters) as the sister group of Feia. However, it papillae rows. Biogeography, 2: 45-50. has the full complement of gobiine sensory canal Lachner, E. A. & J. F. McKinney, 1974. Barbuligob- pores, and Feia, which lacks these pores, would ius boehlkei, a new Indo-Pacific genus and species therefore appear to be a monophyletic assemblage. It of Gobiidae (Pisces), with notes on the genera Callo- should be noted that sensory canal pores are also gobius and Pipidonia. Copeia, 1974 (4): 869-879. absent in Gobiopsis aporia and in a few species of Lachner, E. A. & J. F. McKinney, 1978. - A revision of Callogobius. Callogobius itself is probably mono- the Indo-Pacific fish genus Gobiopsis with descrip- phyletic based on the possession of both horizontal tions of four new species (Pisces: Gobiidae). Smith- and vertical papillose ridges on the cheek. Gobiopsis sonian Contributions to Zoology, 262: ii + 1-52. may be monophyletic based on the presence of both Lachner, E. A. & J. F. McKinney, 1979. Two new the ridges and barbels (although, as documented gobiid fishes of the genus Gobiopsis and a above, barbels are relatively widespread within the redescription of Feia nympha Smith. Smithsonian Gobiidae). As stated by Springer and Randall (1992), Contributions to Zoology, 299: iii + 1-18. it is certainly probable that Platygobiopsis is either the Saruwatari, T., Lopez, J. A. & T. W.Pietsch, 1997. sister group to Gobiopsis or nested within that genus. Cyanine blue: a versatile and harmless stain for In their discussion of specimens of F. nympha from specimen observation. Copeia, 1997 (4): 840-841. Japan, Ikeda et al. (2000) refer to the V-shaped chin Smith, H. M., 1931. Descriptions of new genera and papillae in Mangarinus, and point out that several (but species of Siamese fishes. Proceedings of the not all) species of Priolepis have a similar configura- United States National Museum, 79 (2873): 1-48. tion of these papillae. However, Priolepis does not Smith, J. L. B., 1947. - New species and new records possess cheek folds or ridges, and the paired rows of of fishes from South Africa. Annals and Magazine of chin papillae are curved towards each other posteri- Natural Historyy, series 11, 13 (108): 793-821. orly rather than converging in a relatively straight line Smith, J. L. B., 1959. Gobioid fishes of the families as in Feia. Thus, homology of the chin papillae rows Gobiidae, Periophthalmidae, Trypauchchenidae, appears to be unlikely. Taenioididae and Kraemeriidae of the western However, until more data is gathered and analysed, Indian Ocean. Ichthyological Bulletins, Rhodes Uni- the position of Feia among the many gobiine genera versity, (13): 185-225. cannot be established with confidence. Springer, V. G. & J. E. Randall, 1992. Platygobius akihito, new genus and species of gobiid fish from Acknowledgements Flores, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, Special thanks to Wouter Holleman, Mary Burridge, 34 (4): 349-355. Brad Hubley, Marina Winterbottom, Nguyen Van Long Steindachner, F., 1861. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der and Nguyen Xiang Vij for all their assistance in the Gobioiden. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wis- field work at Nha Trang Bay, where the type series of senschaften, Wien; Mathematische-Naturwissen- F. ranta was collected. The draft of this manuscript schaftliche Klasse, 42 (23): 283-292. benefited enormously from the suggestions of Anthony Gill (The Natural History Museum), Helen Larson (Northwest Territories Museum) and Randy Mooi (Milwaukee Public Museum). The former two individuals also kindly loaned a specimen each of the apparently undescribed species that is very similar to F.ranta. Fieldwork was facilitated in part through grants from the ROM Foundation, the CBCB Field- work Fund, and a National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada Grant OGP 0007619 to aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 102 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology

Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, a new species of flasherwrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from Fiji

2 John E. Randall1 and Gerald R. Allen

1) Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA 2) Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Francis St., Perth, Western Australia 6000 and Conservation International, 1999 M Street N.W., Suite 600, Washington, D.C. 20036, USA

Accepted: 05.08.2003

Keywords Sommario Taxonomy, marine fishes, Fiji, Labridae, Paracheili- Sulla base di due esemplari maschi pescati a 46 m nus, new species di profondità presso le Isole Fiji si descrive una nuova specie di labride dell’Indo-Pacifico, Paracheilinus Abstract rubricaudalis. È molto vicino a P. mccoskeri dell’O- The Indo-Pacific labrid fish Paracheilinus rubricau- ceano Indiano, con cui condivide la presenza nel dalis is described from two male specimens collected maschio di un raggio molle dorsale provvisto di fila- in 46 m in Fiji. It is most closely related to P. mccoskeri mento. Ne differisce, tuttavia, per il corpo più snello, la from the Indian Ocean with which it shares a single fil- pinna caudale rossa e un’ampia zonatura rossa lungo amentous dorsal soft ray in the male. It differs in hav- il margine della porzione molle della pinna dorsale. ing a more slender body, a red caudal fin, and a broad Viene fornita una chiave per le 13 specie di Paracheil- outer zone of red in the soft portion of the dorsal fin. inus. A key is given to the 13 species of Paracheilinus. Introduction Zusammenfassung The labrid fishes of the genus Paracheilinus are pop- Eine neue indo-pazifische Lippfischart, Paracheilinus ularly called flasherwrasses for the brilliant colours rubricaudalis, wird an Hand von zwei männlichen produced instantaneously by males in courtship. Like Exemplaren, die in Fiji in 46 m Tiefe gefangen wurden, the species of the related genus Cirrhilabrus, they are beschrieben. Diese Art ist am Nahesten mit typically found over rubble substrata. Being small, P. mccoskeri aus dem Indischen Ozean verwandt, in they can easily find shelter in the rubble. They feed in der ebenfalls die Männchen einen einzelnen, aggregations on zooplankton, and thus prefer a fadenähnlich ausgezogenen Rückenflossenstrahl region of moderate current. The genus is presently besitzen. Die neue Art unterscheidet sich jedoch durch represented by 13 species. The first described was P. einen schlankeren Körper, einer roten Schwanzflosse octotaenia Fourmanoir in Roux-Estève and Four- sowie einer breiten, äußeren Zone von roter Farbe im manoir (1955) from the Red Sea. The second was P. weichen Teil der Rückenflosse. Ein Bestimmungs- filamentosus Allen (1974) from the Solomon Islands, schlüssel für die 13 Paracheilinus-Arten liegt ebenfalls New Guinea, and the Molucca Islands. The third and bei. fourth species, P. mccoskeri and P. hemitaeniatus, were named by Randall and Harmelin-Vivien (1977) Résumé from the Comoro Islands and Madagascar, respec- Le Labridé de l'Indo-Pacifique, Paracheilinus rubri- tively. Randall and Lubbock (1981) added three new caudalis, est décrit sur base de deux spécimens species from the Philippines, P. lineopunctatus, P. car- mâles collectés aux îles Fidji, par 46 m de fond. Il est penteri, and P. angulatus. Cornic (1987) named pisci- le plus apparenté à P. mccoskeri, de l'Océan Indien, lineatus in a popular book on Mauritius fishes from et présente, comme lui, un seul rayon dorsal mou fil- only a brief colour description, a borrowed colour pho- amenteux chez le mâle. Il en diffère par un corps plus tograph, no specimens, and mistakenly placed it in élancé, une caudale rouge et une large zone externe the genus Cirrhilabrus. Randall (1988) described the rouge dans la partie molle de la dorsale. Une clé est ninth species, P. bellae, from the Marshall Islands. fournie pour les 13 espèces de Paracheilinus. Randall (1999) designated a neotype for P. piscilinea-

103 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, a new species of flasherwrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from Fiji tus, redescribed the species, and named P. attenua- of a species of Paracheilinus with a single dorsal fila- tus from the Seychelles and Kenya. Kuiter and Allen ment taken in Fiji in 46 m by the aquarium fish collec- (1999) described the final three species, P. cyaneus tor, Anthony Nahacky. A second male specimen, also and P. togeanensis from Indonesia and P. flavianalis from Nahacky, was on display at the Waikiki Aquarium from Indonesia and Scott-Seringapatam Reefs off in Honolulu. When it died, it was given to the Bishop north-western Australia. Museum. Colour photographs were taken of both Since its description, Paracheilinus mccoskeri has specimens (Figs. 2 and 3), one showing more red on been recorded from the Maldive Islands and the the dorsal and anal fins, including the dorsal filament, Andaman Sea by Randall and Lubbock (1981), from the other with a yellow dorsal filament. More obvious the Chagos Archipelago by Winterbottom et al. differences were noted between the life colour of the (1989), the Persian Gulf by Randall et al. (1994), and Fiji fish and males of P. mccoskeri in the Indian Ocean from western Sumatra (Weh Island) by Allen and (Figs. 5-8; Fig. 5 is the holotype, not previously illus- Adrim (2003). trated in colour ). No morphological differences could Until the description of Paracheilinus flavianalis in be found to distinguish the two Fiji specimens from 1999, P. mccoskeri was distinctive among the species the Indian Ocean fish, so they were tentatively identi- of the genus in having the first dorsal soft ray pro- fied as mccoskeri. longed as a long filament in the adult male. When P. With the discovery of Paracheilinus flavianalis in flavianalis was first collected and photographed by the Indonesia and the failure to find mccoskeri there or at first author in Indonesia at Flores, Bone Rate, and the other islands of the East Indies, it now seems that Tukabesi Islands in 1986-1988, he observed only there are three related populations that may have males with a single dorsal filament and identified his arisen from mccoskeri-like stock, the Indian Ocean specimens as a colour variant of P. mccoskeri. In mccoskeri, the Indonesian and north-western Aus- their description of flavianalis, Kuiter and Allen (1999) tralian flavianalis, and the Fiji fish which we describe noted that males have one to four dorsal filaments; here as a new species. they added that only males with one dorsal filament The apparent absence of a mccoskerii-like species were seen at Flores and reefs off north-western Aus- from eastern Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the tralia. After the publication of the description of fla- Great Barrier Reef, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and vianalis, the first author observed an aggregation at New Caledonia may be due to the lack of collecting in Moyo Island, Indonesia in which the males had one to its habitat of open rubble bottom, in moderately deep three bright red dorsal filaments (Fig. 1). His identifi- water (usually over 30 m) with current. This environ- cations of earlier Indonesian Bishop Museum speci- ment is often overlooked by ichthyologists intending to mens as mccoskeri were then corrected to flavianalis. make fish collections. In 1985 the first author was given a male specimen In May, 2003 the second author observed an aggre-

Fig. 1. Male of Paracheilinus flavianalis in courtship colour, Moyo Island, Indonesia. Photo by J. E. Randall. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 104 John E. Randall and Gerald R. Allen gation of Paracheilinus at 32-36 m at Vatu Vula Reef three pairs of curved canine teeth anteriorly in upper (17°26.95’S, 178°54.37’E) near Makogai Island while jaw, progressively more laterally projecting, the third on a dive cruise, and photographed a male (Fig. 4). pair much the largest; a single pair of canine teeth He saw about 10 adult males and noted that all had a anteriorly in lower jaw, very strongly curved laterally; single red dorsal filament (appearing nearly black at side of jaws with a single row of small close set coni- that depth). Since a week of diving remained at vari- cal teeth; no canine tooth at corner of mouth; no teeth ous Fijian localities, he expected to find the species on palate; ventral margin and corner of preopercle again and be able to collect specimens. Despite inten- thin and membranous, the posterior margin with a sive searching of deep rubble habitat for the entire finely serrate bony edge (serrae may be reduced to a week, he failed to see these fish. few, in large individuals) except upper part which is covered by a large scale; scales on head and chest Materials and Methods large; snout, chin, and interorbital space naked; dor- The holotype was deposited in the Bernice P. Bishop sal and anal spines slender, progressively longer pos- Museum, Honolulu (BPBM) and the paratype in the teriorly; caudal fin varying from emarginate to U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washing- rounded, lanceolate, or lunate; pelvic fins inserted ton, D.C. (USNM). below lower pectoral fin base, the longest ray not Lengths given for specimens are standard length reaching origin of anal fin; an elongate axillary scale (SL), the straight-line distance from the front of the above and adjacent to each pelvic fin, and a large upper lip to the base of the caudal fin (posterior end of median scaly process consisting of two elongate the hypural plate). Head length is measured from the pointed scales extending from base of fins. same median anterior point to the end of the opercular membrane, and snout length from the same point to the fleshy edge of the orbit. Body depth is the max- Key to the species of Paracheilinus imum depth, and body width the greatest width just posterior to the gill opening. Orbit diameter is the 1a. Caudal fin of adults strongly rounded or lanceo- greatest fleshy diameter, and interorbital width the late...... 2 least bony width. Caudal peduncle depth is the least 1b. Caudal fin of adults slightly rounded, truncate, depth; caudal peduncle length is measured horizon- emarginate, or lunate...... 3 tally from the rear base of the anal fin to the caudal fin 2a. Caudal fin strongly rounded; no dorsal rays pro- base. Spines and rays are measured to their extreme longed in adults; body depth 2.7-3.0 in SL; adult base. Pectoral ray counts include the uppermost rudi- males with eight narrow dark-edged blue stripes mentary ray. Gill raker counts were made on the first on body, females with four or five (northern Red gill arch and include rudiments. Sea) ...... P.octotaenia Proportional measurements are presented in Table 1 2b. Caudal fin lanceolate (rounded in juveniles); first as percentages of the standard length. Step-in mea- dorsal soft ray prolonged to a slender filament in surements are provided in the text of the description adults; body depth 3.2-3.55 in SL; adults with rounded to the nearest 0.05 mm. Data in parentheses three pale blue to pink stripes on side of body; in the description refer to the paratype if different from head with three narrow stripes extending poste- that of the holotype. riorly from eye, the lower reaching origin of anal fin (Seychelles and Kenya)...... Paracheilinus Fourmanoir, 1955 ...... P. attenuatus 3a. Caudal fin of adults truncate, emarginate or Paracheilinus Fourmanoir in Roux-Estève and Four- lunate...... 4 manoir, 1955: 100 (type species, Paracheilinus octo- 3b. Caudal fin of adults slightly rounded (may be taenia Fourmanoir, by original designation). truncate if not spread) ...... 10 4a. Caudal fin of adults truncate to emarginate; no Description soft rays of dorsal fin filamentous...... 5 Dorsal rays IX (rarely VIII or X),11; anal rays III,9 4b. Caudal fin of adults lunate; filamentous soft rays (rarely 8 or 10); pectoral rays 14 (rarely 13 or 15); of dorsal fin present or absent...... 7 principal caudal rays 13, the median 11 branched; lat- 5a. Posterior dorsal and anal fins rounded, the rays eral line interrupted, the pored scales 14-17 + 4-9; not longer than middle rays; two well-separated median predorsal scales 5 (rarely 4 or 6); rows of blue stripes on body, one following anterior lat- scales on cheek 2; gill rakers 12-18; branchiostegal eral line and continuing along upper part of body, rays 5; vertebrae 25; body depth 2.8-4.1 in standard the other from pectoral fin base across abdomen length; scleral cornea of eye divided nearly vertically and lower side to caudal fin base just below lat- into two continuous roundish portions; snout short, eral line; a blue stripe from snout across cheek 3.3-4.8 in head length; mouth small and oblique, the to lower abdomen (Mauritius)...... maxilla nearly reaching a vertical at front edge of orbit; ...... P. piscilineatus

105 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, a new species of flasherwrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from Fiji

5b. Posterior part of dorsal and anal fins pointed, the slightly oblique; gill rakers 13-15; males with a penultimate or preceding one or two rays single filamentous dorsal soft ray (except P. longest; six narrow pale blue, lavender, or pink flavianalis with one to four ...... 11 stripes on body ...... 6 11a. First dorsal spine 4.15-6.15 in length of last dor- 6a. A large blackish spot on outer posterior part of sal spine; males with one to four red filamentous dorsal fin; longest anal ray about 1.5 in head dorsal soft rays; anal fin yellow (southern length (Togean Islands, Indonesia) ...... Indonesia and reefs off north-western Australia) ...... P. togeanensis1 ...... P. flavianalis 6b. No large blackish blotch on outer posterior part 11b. First dorsal spine 2.9-3.5 in length of last dorsal of dorsal fin; longest anal soft ray nearly as long spine; males with only the first dorsal soft ray fil- or longer than head length (Philippines and amentous, its colour red or yellow; most of anal northern Indonesia)...... P. angulatus fin usually red ...... 12 7a. No filamentous dorsal soft rays; first dorsal spine 12a. Unscaled part of caudal fin mainly yellowish contained 2.25-2.4 in length of longest dorsal grey; body depth 3.05-3.35 in SL; pelvic fins spine; six longitudinal purple lines on anterior 1.95-2.2 in head length (Comoro Islands, Per- third of body (Madagascar) ...... sian Gulf, Maldive Islands, Chagos Archipelago, ...... P. hemitaeniatus and Andaman Sea)...... P. mccoskeri 7b. Adults with 5-9 filamentous dorsal soft rays; first 12b. Unscaled part of caudal fin mainly red; body dorsal spine contained 3-6 times in length of last depth 3.4-3.55 in SL; pelvic fins 1.75-2.0 in head dorsal spine; most narrow coloured stripes con- length (Fiji) ...... P. rubricaudalis, n. sp. tinuing full length of body...... 8 8a. Body slender, the depth 3.6-3.65 in SL; pelvic 1 Paracheilinus togeanensis is presently known only from fins not short, 1.6-1.7 in head length; no contin- the holotype, NCIP 6168, 47.8 mm SL, deposited at Pusat uous pale blue or pink stripes on body (Marshall Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanologi, Jakarta. The Islands)...... P. bellae distal posterior part of the dorsal fin appears to be dam- 8b. Body not slender, the depth 1.9-3.3 in SL; pelvic aged; it is presumed that it was much longer and pointed like the anal fin. The second author plans to collect more fins short, 1.85-2.3 in head length; pale blue to specimens of this species. pink stripes on body following scale rows ...... 9 9a. Tubed peduncular scales usually 5 (not counting Paracheilinus rubricaudalis n. sp. one on base of caudal fin); body depth 2.9-3.1 in (Figs. 2-4; Table I) SL; fine irregular longitudinal lines between principal coloured stripes on body; adult males with Holotype: BPBM 30658, male, 56.0 mm SL, Fiji, eight or nine filamentous rays in soft portion of Beqa, north-east side, Sulphur Pass (approximately dorsal fin; males in courtship with bright irides- 18°20’S, 178° 9’E), 46 m, collected with a hand net by cent blue over most of head, nape, and dorsal Anthony Nahacky, 17 July 1985 (initially to Waikiki fin except for red filamentous rays (north-east Aquarium). Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Raja Ampat Islands) Paratype: USNM 372850, male, 47.8 mm SL, same ...... P. cyaneus collecting data as for the holotype. 9b. Tubed peduncular scales usually 6 or 7; body depth 3.1-3.3 in SL; no fine irregular longitudinal Diagnosis lines between principal coloured stripes on Pored lateral line scales 16 + 5; gill rakers 13-15; body; adult males with six or fewer filaments in body depth 3.4-3.55 in SL; only the first dorsal soft ray soft portion of dorsal fin (except Indonesian pop- of males prolonged as a filament; caudal fin slightly ulation which may have as many as nine); blue rounded; pelvic fins 1.75-2.0 in head length; three courtship colour of male confined to basal por- pale blue to pink stripes on side of body, the short tion of dorsal fin (South China Sea, Philippines, middle one on anterior half of body and slightly and Indonesia to Solomon Islands)...... oblique; unscaled part of caudal fin mainly red...... P. filamentosus 10a. Four narrow pale blue to pink stripes on side of Description body, the middle two on anterior half of body and Dorsal rays IX,11; anal rays III,9 (8); pectoral rays 14 slightly oblique; gill rakers 14-17; males with two (including upper rudimentary ray); lateral line inter- to four filamentous dorsal soft rays (southern rupted, the pored scales 16 + 5 (plus one pored scale Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, South China Sea, on base of caudal fin); scales above lateral line to ori- Philippines, and Indonesia) ...... gin of dorsal fin 2; scales below lateral line to origin of ...... P. carpenteri anal fin 6 ; median predorsal scales 5; rows of scales 10b. Three narrow pale blue to pink stripes on side of on cheek 2; circumpeduncular scales 16; gill rakers 13 body, the middle one on anterior half of body and (15). aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 106 John E. Randall and Gerald R. Allen

Fig. 2. Holotype of Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, male, 56.0 mm SL, Fiji. Photo by J. E.Randall.

Fig. 3. Paratype of Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, male, 47.8 mm SL, Fiji. Photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 4. Male of Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, Fiji. Photo by G. R. Allen.

107 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, a new species of flasherwrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from Fiji

Table I. Proportional measurements of type specimens chin; a row of pointed scales on base of dorsal and of Paracheilinus rubricaudal are expressed as percent- anal fins; basal half of caudal fin with large scales; ages of the standard length. axillary scale of pelvic fin as long as pelvic spine; mid- ventral scaly process of pelvic fins slightly longer than Holotype Paratype pelvic spine. BPBM USNM Free ventral margin of preopercle extending slightly 30658 372850 anterior to a vertical at center of eye, the vertical mar- Standard length (mm) 56.0 47.8 gin to level of lower edge of pupil; holotype with 10 Body depth 28.3 29.3 tiny serrae on exposed bony edge. Body width 12.5 13.8 Origin of dorsal fin above second lateral line scale, Head length 33.5 33.4 the predorsal length 3.1 in SL; dorsal spines progres- Snout length 9.5 9.1 sively longer, the first 6.0 (6.3) in head length, the ninth Orbit diameter 7.4 7.7 1.9 (2.0) in head length; first dorsal ray filamentous, Interorbital width 8.1 8.3 2.45 (2.8) in SL; last dorsal ray 3.75 (4.15) in SL; ori- Caudal peduncle depth 14.3 14.9 gin of anal fin below base of first dorsal soft ray, the Caudal peduncle length 19.9 18.4 preanal length 1.85 (1.8) in SL; first anal spine 3.1 in Predorsal length 32.5 32.3 head length; second anal spine 2.7 in head length; Preanal length 53.8 55.6 third anal spine 2.4 (2.35) in head length; first anal soft Prepelvic length 36.7 37.6 ray 1.6 (1.5) in head length; sixth anal soft ray longest, Upper jaw length 8.3 8.4 1.15 (1.25) in head length; caudal fin slightly rounded, Dorsal fin base 56.5 56.5 1.35 in head length; pectoral fin length 1.5 in head First dorsal spine 5.6 5.3 length; pelvic fin length 1.75 (2.0) in head length. Longest dorsal spine 17.7 16.7 Colour of holotype when fresh (Fig. 2): body First dorsal ray 41.2 35.6 orange to a pale pink stripe that begins as an oblique Last dorsal ray 26.8 24.0 band in axil of the pectoral fin and continues across Anal fin base 26.4 27.2 lower side to midbase of caudal fin; body below stripe First anal spine 10.7 10.7 whitish; head orange to a pale pink band from corner Second anal spine 12.5 12.4 of mouth across cheek and continuing across chest; a Third anal spine 14.1 14.3 narrow dark-edged blue band from snout to eye, and First anal ray 21.0 22.6 two extending posteriorly from eye, the uppermost Longest anal ray 28.9 27.0 ending on fifth lateral line scale, the lowermost as a Caudal fin length 24.7 25.4 broken narrow band across operculum, reappearing Pectoral fin length 22.5 damaged on body above pectoral fin base and extending Pelvic spine length 10.7 10.6 slightly downward to end in middle of body below Pelvic fin length 18.9 16.6 base of first soft dorsal ray; a dark-edged blue stripe beginning just below seventh lateral line scale and Body depth 3.55 (3.4) in SL; body width 2.25 (2.1) in extending to caudal peduncle; a dark-edged blue body depth; head length 3.0 in SL; snout short, 3.55 stripe dorsally on body beginning two scales before (3.7) in head length; orbit diameter 4.5 (5.35) in head dorsal fin and continuing along base of fin; dorsal fin length; interorbital width 4.15 (4.05) in head length; yellow, the outer three-fourths of fin posterior to last least depth of caudal peduncle 2.35 (2.25) in head dorsal spine, including the dorsal filament, bright red; length; caudal peduncle length 1.7 (1.8) in head a small blue spot on fifth, sixth, and seventh mem- length. branes of dorsal fin, and a blue line across eighth and Mouth small, oblique, the maxilla nearly reaching a ninth membranes; anal fin yellow at base, shading vertical at front edge of orbit; dentition typical of genus; through orange to red distally, with a narrow pink mar- a fleshy flap on side of lower lip; gill rakers short, the gin, the soft rays deep red; unscaled part of caudal fin longest about one-third length of longest gill filaments bright red with a vertical row of pink spots in middle of on first gill arch; posterior nostril an oval opening about fin and row of small pink spots along upper and lower twice the size of sensory pores anterior to fleshy upper margins of basal half of fin; pectoral fins transparent edge of orbit and on a vertical at anterior bony edge of except for narrow light red edges on rays; pelvic fins orbit; anterior nostril small with a short fleshy rim ante- red anteriorly, shading through orange to yellow pos- rior and slightly ventral to posterior nostril and pre- teriorly. ceded by first sensory pore of supraorbital series; The colour of the paratype when fresh differs mainly internarial space about 3.5 in orbit diameter; a row of in having a yellow dorsal fin filament, the outer red nine prominent sensory pores rimming posterior and area of the fin beginning on the second dorsal soft ray ventral edge of orbit; four mandibular pores, followed and occupying only the outer two-thirds of remainder by five preopercular pores. of fin; the anal fin is yellow except for dark red rays Head scaled except for interorbital space, snout, and and a narrow pink margin. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 108 John E. Randall and Gerald R. Allen

Fig. 5. Holotype of Paracheilinus mccoskeri, male, CAS 35176, 55.7 mm SL, Comoro Islands. Photo by J. E. McCosker.

Fig. 6. Male and female of Paracheilinus mccoskeri, Persian Gulf. Photo by J. E. Randall.

109 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, a new species of flasherwrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from Fiji

Fig. 7. Male of Paracheilinus mccoskeri, Maldive Islands. Photo by J. E. Randall.

Fig. 8. Male of Paracheilinus mccoskeri, Andaman Sea. Photo by R. Lubbock. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 110 John E. Randall and Gerald R. Allen

Colour of holotype in alcohol: head and body pale References brownish yellow; a purplish line from front of snout to Allen, G. R. 1974. A review of the labrid genus eye and three lines diverging as they pass posteriorly Paracheilinus, with the description of a new species from eye, the uppermost continuing onto body to from Melanesia. Pacific. Science, 28 (4): 449-455. below fourth dorsal spine; a purplish line extending Allen, G. R. & M. Adrim. 2003. Coral reef fishes of posteriorly from behind opercular flap, ending below Indonesia. Zoological Studies, 42 (1): 1-72. pectoral fin; a purplish line along scale row under lat- Cornic, A. 1987. Poissons de l’Ile Maurice. Editions eral line starting below last dorsal spine and ending de l’Océan Indien, Ile Maurice, 335 pp. on middle of caudal peduncle; fins translucent, the Kuiter, R. H. & G. R. Allen. 1999. Descriptions of soft rays of median fins purple, the dorsal with a faint three new wrasses (Teleostoi: Perciformes: Labri- purplish spot at base of each membrane. dae: Paracheilinus) from Indonesia and north-western Australia with evidence of possible hybridization. Remarks aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology, 3 As mentioned in the introduction, the two type spec- (3): 119-132. imens of Paracheilinus rubricaudalis were first Randall, J. E. 1988. Five new wrasses of the gen- regarded as a colour variant of P. mccoskeri. They dif- era Cirrhilabrus and Paracheilinus (Perciformes: fer in colour from mccoskeri primarily in having a red Labridae) from the Marshall Islands. Micronesica, caudal fin and a broad red outer zone of the soft por- 21: 199-226. tion of the dorsal fin. When the similar P. flavianalis Randall, J. E. 1999. Paracheilinus attenuatus, a new was described from Indonesia, and no records of P. labrid fish from the western Indian Ocean, with a mccoskeri were reported from Indonesia or other redescription of P. piscilineatus. Journal of South islands of the western Pacific, it was suspected that Asian Natural History, 4 (2): 29-38. more than just colour might distinguish the Fiji fish Randall, J. E., N. Downing, L. J. McCarthy, B. E. from Indian Ocean P. mccoskeri. As noted above, the Stanaland & A. B. Tarr. 1994. Fifty-one new Fiji specimens have a more slender body and longer records of fishes from the Arabian Gulf. Fauna of pelvic fins on the average than P. mccoskeri. Saudi Arabia, 4: 220-258. We regret that no female of Paracheilinus rubricau- Randall, J. E. & M. L. Harmelin-Vivien. 1977. A dalis was collected or photographed, but underwater review of the labrid fishes of the genus Paracheilinus observation by the second author revealed it as very with description of two new species from the western similar to that of the female of P. mccoskeri (see lower Indian Ocean. Bulletin du Muséum National d’His- fish of Fig. 6). toire Naturelle, sér. 3, No. 436: 329-342. The second author encountered the aggregation Randall, J. E. & R. Lubbock. 1981. Labrid fishes of where he photographed the male of Fig. 4 on an the genus Paracheilinus, with descriptions of three extensive patch of rubble at the base of a relatively new species from the Philippines. Japanese Journal gentle slope (about 15-20 degrees). Approximately 30 of Ichthyology, 28 (1): 19-30. fish were in the aggregation, most of which were small Roux-Estève, R. & P. Fourmanoir. 1955. Poissons females. The fish were shy compared to other species capturés par la mission de la “Calypso” en Mer of the genus that he has observed, staying in close Rouge. Annales du Institut Océanographie proximity to the bottom. Prior to finding this aggrega- (Monaco), 30: 195-203. tion, he photographed a single male in 24 m on 16 Winterbottom, R., A. R. Emery & E. Holm. 1989. May 2003 on the outer reef off Wakaya Island An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Chagos (17°34.979’S, 178°58.87 0’E). No other individuals of Archipelago, central Indian Ocean. Life Sciences P. rubricaudalis were seen at this site. Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum, no. 145: vi + 226 pp. Etymology This species is named rubricaudalis from the Latin, in reference to its red caudal fin.

Acknowledgements We thank Anthony Nahacky for providing the specimens of the new species of Paracheilinus from Fiji, and John E. McCosker for his colour photograph of the holotype of P. mccoskerii. The second author is grate- ful to Rob Barrel and Cat Holloway of Nai’a Cruises for inviting him to participate in the Fiji survey and to Roger C. Steene for assistance in diving activities.

111 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, a new species of flasherwrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from Fiji

While this paper was in press, Mr. Larry Sharron, an aquarium fish collector in Vanuatu, sent these aquarium photographs of a male of Paracheilinus rubricaudalis (Fig. 9-10 – the latter with a female) which is clearly the same as males found in Fiji. He wrote that the species is found at various sites off the southwest coast of Efaté at depths of 40 to 60 m. The usual habitat is coral rubble.

Fig. 9. Male of Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, Vanuatu. Photo by L. Sharron.

Fig. 10. Male and female off Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, Vanuatu. Photo by L. Sharron. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 112 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology

Cirrhilabrus marjorie, a new wrasse (Pisces: Labridae) from Fiji

Gerald R. Allen1, John E. Randall2, and Bruce A. Carlson3

1) Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, WA 6000, Australia 2) Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817-2704, USA 3) The Georgia Aquarium, 2455 Paces Ferry Road, Atlanta, GA 30339, USA

Accepted: 01.09.2003

Keywords Die Schwanzflossenform in C. marjorie ist einmalig in Taxonomy, marine fishes, Cirrhilabrus, new species, der Gattung Cirrhilabrus, und kommt nur noch in C. Labridae, Fiji exquisitus aus dem Indo-West Pacifik vor; jedoch C. exquisitus unterscheidet sich deutlich von C. marjorie in Abstract der Färbung der männlichen Tiere. Die einzigen Cirrhilabrus marjorie, new species, is described from anderen Arten, in denen Flossenlappen vorkommen, 3 specimens, 52.4-60.1 mm SL, collected at the Fiji. sind C. lunatus von den Ryukyo Inseln (südliches Japan Males are distinctively patterned with a brilliant red und den Ogasaware Inseln) und C. johnsoni Randal back and bold black margins on the dorsal and caudal (1988) aus dem Marshall Inseln. Die Männchen beider fins. Although similar in general coloration to C. bathy- dieser Arten haben stark entwickelte, halbmondartige philus from deep reefs of the Coral Sea, it differs in hav- Schwanzflossen in denen die oberen und unteren ing a double emarginate caudal fin (with produced Strahlen fadenartig ausgezogen sind. Weiterhin haben lobes) in males, rather than slightly emarginate, and beide Arten auch weniger Kiemenreusen (13 – 17), und more gill rakers on the first branchial arch (18-19 ver- die Männchen unterscheiden sich deutlich in ihre sus 13-15). The caudal fin shape of C. marjorie is Gesamtfärbung (besonders in Rücken-, After- und unique among Cirrhilabrus, being shared only by C. Schwanzflossen), die in C. lunatus dunkel blau bis exquisitus from the Indo-west Pacific. However, the lat- schwärzlich, und in C. johnsoni hellrot ist. ter species differs markedly as regards male coloration. The only other species with produced fin lobes are C. Résumé lunatus from the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan, and Cirrhilabrus marjorie, espèce nouvelle, est décrite the Ogasawara Islands, and C. johnsoni Randall d'après 3 spécimens, 52,4 - 60, 1 mm LS, collectés aux (1988) from the Marshall Islands. Males of both these îles Fidji. Le patron des mâles est caractéristique: le species have strongly lunate caudal fins, with the upper dos est d'un rouge brillant et dorsale et caudale sont and lower rays forming filamentous extensions. More- bordées spectaculairement de noir. Quoique sem- over, both have fewer (13-17) gill rakers, and males dif- blable pour la coloration d'ensemble à C. bathyphilus fer markedly in overall coloration (especially the dorsal, des récifs profonds de la Mer de Corail, l'espèce se dis- anal, and caudal fins which are dark blue to blackish in tingue par une caudale doublement émarginée (à lobes C. lunatus and bright red in C. johnsoni). prolongés) chez les mâles, plutôt que légèrement émarginée, et par plus de branchiospines sur le pre- Zusammenfassung mier arc branchial (18-19 pour 13-15). La forme de la Cirrhilabrus marjorie, ein neuer Lippfisch, der bei den caudale de C. marjorie est unique parmi les Cirrhi- Fidschi Inseln gefangen wurde, wird anhand von 3 labrus, présente seulement chez C. exquisituus de Exemplaren, 52,4 - 60,0 mm SL, beschrieben. Die Män- l'Indo-Pacifique ouest. Toutefois, cette dernière espèce nchen sind mit einem leuchtend roten Rücken und se distingue nettement en ce qui concerne la coloration einem scharf hervortretenden, schwarzen Saum an der du mâle. Les seules autres espèces présentant des Rücken- und Schwanzflosse deutlich gezeichnet. lobes prolongés sont C. lunatus, des îles Ryukyu, Obwohl ähnlich in allgemeiner Färbung zu C. Japon du sud, et des îles Marshall. Les mâles de ces 2 bathythilus von den Tiefriffen des Korallenmeers, unter- espèces ont des caudales en croissant de lune, avec scheidet sich die neue Art jedoch durch die Anwesen- les rayons supérieurs et inférieurs prolongés en fila- heit einer doppelt gegabelten Schwanzflosse (wodurch ments. De plus, les 2 ont moins de branchiospines (13- Lappen gebildet werden) in Männchen (an Stelle von 17) et les mâles se distinguent clairement par la col- einer nur kurz eingeschnittenen Schwanzflosse), und oration d'ensemble (surtout les nageoires dorsale, einer höheren Anzahl von Kiemenreusen auf dem anale et caudale, bleu foncé à noirâtre chez C. lunatus ersten Kiemenbogen (18 – 19 im Vergleich zu 13 – 15). et rouge vif chez C. johnsoni.

113 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Cirrhilabrus marjorie, a new wrasse (Pisces: Labridae) from Fiji

Sommario Materials and Methods Cirrhilabrus marjorie, specie nuova, viene descritta Counts of fin spines are given in Roman numerals sulla base di tre esemplari, di 52.4-60.1 mm SL, rac- and soft rays in Arabic. Pectoral ray counts include colti alle Isole Fiji. Il maschio si contraddistingue per the rudimentary upper ray. The lateral line is inter- una livrea particolare caratterizzata dal dorso rosso rupted; the count of the anterior part is given first, fol- brillante a dal margine della pinna dorsale e della cau- lowed by a plus sign and the peduncular part. Only dale di un nero intenso. Sebbene la colorazione gen- lateral line scales with tubes are counted. All the erale sia simile a quella di C. bathyphilus, tipico abi- tubed scales of the peduncular part are counted, even tante delle acque profonde della Grande Barriera though one is usually located posterior to the base of Corallina, si distingue da questo per la forma della the caudal fin. The number of scales in the rows on coda, a doppia concavità (con lobi prolungati nei the cheek are counted from where they commence maschi), rispetto a lievemente concava, e un maggior below the front of the orbit to behind the centre of the numero di rastrelli branchiali sul primo arco branchiale orbit. Gill raker counts include all rudiments. Because (18-19 vs 13-15). La forma della pinna caudale di C. it may be difficult to determine which raker is at the marjorie è inusuale per il genere Cirrhilabrus, angle, only the total gill-raker count is given essendo presente solo in un’altra specie, C. exquisi- Lengths of specimens are given as standard length tus, dell’Indo-Pacifico occidentale. Tuttavia, quest’ul- (SL) except estimates of total length (TL) of fishes pho- tima si distingue facilmente per la colorazione del tographed underwater; this is the straight line mea- maschio. Le uniche altre specie con lobi caudali prol- surement from the front of the upper lip to the base of ungati sono C. lunatus, diffuso alle Isole Ryukyu, the caudal fin (end of hypural plate). Measurements in Giappone meridionale, e alle Isole Ogasarawa, e C. Table I are given as percentages of the standard johnsoni Randall (1988) delle Isole Marshall. I maschi length. Head length is the distance from the front of di entrambe le specie hanno pinne caudali decisa- the upper lip to the posterior end of the opercular mente lunate, con i raggi delle estremità inferiore e membrane. Body depth is the greatest depth to the superiore prolungati in filamenti. Inoltre entrambe le base of the dorsal fin (adjusting for any malformation specie hanno un minor numero di rastrelli branchiali of the abdomen due to preservation). Body width is (13-17) e, inoltre, i maschi differiscono in modo mar- measured just posterior to the opercular flap. Snout cato nella livrea (soprattutto le pinne dorsali, anali e length is taken from the front of the upper lip to the caudali che vanno dal blu scuro al nerastro in C. luna- fleshy edge of the orbit (if the upper jaw is protruded, tus, mentre sono rosso brillante in C. johnsoni). it is pressed back to the non-protractile position before the measurement is taken; the same is true of SLand Introduction head length measurements). Orbit diameter is the The labrid genus Cirrhilabrus Temminck and greatest fleshy diameter. Interorbital width is the least Schlegel contains small, colourful, sexually dimorphic bony width. Caudal peduncle depth is the least depth; fishes that inhabit Indo-west Pacific coral reefs. Prior caudal peduncle length is the horizontal measure- to 1974 only four species were known, but as a result ment between verticals at the rear base of the anal fin of numerous discoveries over the past three decades and the caudal fin base. Measurements of fin spines it is now the second largest genus in the family after and rays are taken to the extreme base of these ele- Halichoeres. These fishes typically live in rubble habi- ments. Caudal concavity is the horizontal distance tats, frequently below 20 m depth; hence, they easily between the tips of the longest and shortest caudal escaped notice until the use of scuba equipment by rays. Pectoral fin length is taken from the tip of the scientific divers became widespread. longest ray to the base of this ray. Pelvic fin length is The genus now contains 41 species. Allen (2000) measured from the base of the spine to the tip of the listed 36 species, but since then four additional longest ray. species have been described by Randall and Pyle Data in parentheses in the descriptions refer to (2001), and Randall and Nagareda (2002). The pre- paratypes, if differing from the holotype. Type speci- sent paper describes a new species which was col- mens are deposited at the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, lected and photographed underwater by the first Honolulu (BPBM) and the Western Australian Museum, author during a recent coral reef survey at the Fiji. Perth (WAM). However, we first became aware of it from an underwater photograph taken by Casey Mahaney and Astrid Witte near Namena Island, south of Vanua Cirrhilabrus marjorie n. sp. Levu, and sent to the second author for identification Marjorie’s Wrasse (Figs. 1-3; Table I) in 1998. This same colour photograph was published by Randall and Nagareda (2002) as an undescribed Holotype: WAM 32330-003, male, 57.9 mm, Fiji, species from Fiji. Additional photographs and video Lomaiviti Group, Wakaya Island, outer reef were taken in 2000 by the third author and his wife, (17°34.979’S, 178°58.870’E), 30-36 m, speared by G. Marjorie Awai, on a reef north-west of Viti Levu. R. Allen, 16 May, 2003. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 114 Gerald R. Allen, John E. Randall, and Bruce Allan Carlson

Fig. 1. Cirrhilabrus marjorie, freshly collected male holotype, 57.9 mm SL, Fiji. Photo by G. R. Allen.

Fig. 2. Cirrhilabrus marjorie, underwater photograph of male, approximately 70 mm TL, in 32 m depth, Wakaya Reef, Fiji. Photo by G. R. Allen.

Fig. 3. Cirrhilabrus marjorie, underwater photograph of female, approximately 65 mm TL, in 25 m depth, Wakaya Reef, Fiji. Photo by G. R. Allen.

115 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Cirrhilabrus marjorie, a new wrasse (Pisces: Labridae) from Fiji

Table 1. Proportional measurements of type specimens 4-5, the posteriormost segmented; lateral line 16 + 7; of Cirrhilabrus marjorie expressed as percentages of the scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 2; standard length. scales below lateral line to anus 6; median predorsal scales 5; median preventral scales 5; horizontal scale Holotype Paratype Paratype rows on cheek 2, the upper row with 6 and the lower WAM BPBM BPBM row with 9 (10) scales; circumpeduncular scales 16 P.32330 39137 39137 -003 (15-16); gill rakers 19 (18). Body moderately elongate, the depth 3.1 (3.1-3.2) in Sex male femalemale SL; body compressed, the width 2.2 (2.0-2.1) in Standard length (mm) 57.9 60.1 52.4 Body depth 32.3 31.6 32.6 depth; dorsal profile of head nearly straight, becoming Body width 14.9 14.8 16.4 slightly convex on nape; head length 3.1 (3.1-3.2) in Head length 32.5 30.8 32.4 SL; snout moderately pointed, its length 4.0 (3.5-3.6) Snout length 8.1 8.8 9.0 in head; orbit diameter 4.4 (4.0-4.1) in head; interor- Orbit diameter 7.4 7.7 7.8 bital space slightly convex medially, strongly convex Interorbital width 7.1 7.2 7.4 laterally, the least bony width 4.6 (4.3-4.4) in head; Upper jaw length 6.7 6.5 7.8 caudal peduncle depth 2.4 (2.3-2.4) in head; caudal Caudal peduncle depth 13.8 13.3 13.4 Caudal peduncle length 16.4 16.1 17.6 peduncle length 2.0 (1.9-1.8) in head. Predorsal length 33.0 32.4 32.4 Mouth terminal and oblique, forming an angle of Preanal length 62.2 62.4 60.1 about 30 degrees to horizontal axis of body; mouth Prepelvic length 37.0 34.1 34.7 small, the maxilla just reaching a vertical at anterior Dorsal fin base 54.6 53.7 57.1 nostril, the upper jaw length 4.8 (4.1-4.7) in head; First dorsal spine 5.5 6.2 6.3 dentition of female paratype typical of the genus with Last dorsal spine 12.4 12.1 13.0 Longest soft dorsal ray 13.3 13.0 14.5 three pairs of canine teeth anteriorly at side of upper Anal fin base 28.2 23.3 26.3 jaw, the first forward-projecting, the next two strongly First anal spine 6.4 5.0 5.9 recurved and outcurved, the third much the longest Second anal spine 9.7 9.0 9.4 (holotype missing medial pair of canines and male Third anal spine 11.9 10.8 11.1 paratype with two inner pairs of canines much Longest soft anal ray 14.2 13.6 15.5 reduced in size); an irregular row of very small conical Caudal fin length 26.9 23.3 30.0 teeth medial to upper canines; side of upper jaw of Caudal concavity 5.7 3.0 8.2 Pectoral fin length 22.3 24.3 21.6 holotype with 19 small conical teeth; lower jaw with a Pelvic spine length 11.2 11.3 11.8 single pair of forward-projecting canines and a row of Pelvic fin length 22.6 18.6 24.0 very small conical teeth in the symphyseal gap; side of lower jaw of holotype with a row of 23 small conical Paratypes (collected with holotype): BPBM 39137, teeth, decreasing in size posteriorly. Gill rakers small, male and female, 52.4 and 60.1 mm SL respectively. the longest on first branchial arch less than half length of longest gill filaments. Diagnosis Posterior margin of preopercle finely serrate, 25 ser- Dorsal rays XI,9; anal rays III,9; pectoral rays 15; lat- rae on holotype (31-33 on paratypes); margin of poste- eral line scales 16 + 7; median predorsal scales 5; rior edge of preopercle free to level of middle of pupil; horizontal scale rows on cheek below eye 2; gill rak- margin of ventral edge of preopercle free to below ante- ers 18-19; body depth 3.1-3.2 in SL; head length 3.1- rior edge of pupil or slightly anterior of this point. Ante- 3.2 in SL; snout length 3.5-4.0 in head; caudal fin of rior nostril small and inconspicuous, in a short mem- females truncate to slightly emarginate, that of males branous tube with a posterior flap, located anterior to lunate; pelvic fins of both sexes relatively short, not upper edge of eye nearly one-half distance to front of reaching anal fin origin when depressed; diagnostic upper lip; aperture of posterior nostril much larger than live colour pattern features of males include brilliant any head pores, without elevated rim, located posterior red upper half of head and body, greyish white lower, and slightly dorsal to anterior nostril on a vertical slightly with four or five purplish stripes on lower half of body, anterior to bony edge of orbit. Pores of cephalic later- yellow caudal fin, and bold black margins on dorsal alis system adjacent to ventroposterior half of orbit of and caudal fins; females mainly reddish pink with holotype 15, plus 4-5 pores of the same series anterior large black spot at base of uppermost caudal fin rays. to orbit; a series of 9 pores along margin of preopercle linking with 4 on mandible to front of chin; a series of 9- Description 10 pores from above upper edge of preopercle passing Dorsal rays XI,9; anal rays III,9; all dorsal and anal dorsal to orbit and ending in front of anterior nostril; a soft rays branched, the last branched to base; pec- series of 9 pores on each side of head (2 as double toral rays 15, the upper two unbranched; pelvic rays pores) from first lateral line scale to front of scaled part I,5; principal caudal rays 13, the upper and lower rays of nape, plus 2 mid-dorsal pores. unbranched; upper and lower procurrent caudal rays Scales cycloid; head scaled except snout, interor- aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 116 Gerald R. Allen, John E. Randall, and Bruce Allan Carlson bital space, and ventrally; lowermost of two horizontal toral fin base; pelvic fin length 1.4 (1.3-1.7) in head, rows of scales below eye larger than upper; naked the pelvic fin tips falling well short of anal fin origin flange of ventral edge of preopercle about half height when depressed in both sexes; length of pelvic fin of lower row of scales; base of dorsal and anal fins spine 2.9 (2.7) in head. with a row of large elongate scales, one per mem- Colour in life - males (Fig. 1): dorsal half of head brane (except first scale which covers membranes of and body brilliant red, lower half greyish white with 4- first and second spines), the longest about two-thirds 5 purplish stripes on body, one on each horizontal spine length (basal scales progressively shorter pos- scale row; whitish area on lower head extending dor- teriorly on membranes of soft portion of fin); peduncu- sally on preopercle to level of upper edge of pupil, and lar lateral line scales followed by one slightly larger on rear edge of opercle to level of upper pectoral fin pored scale (included in lateral line count) on base of base; pale lavender bar on nape, between and slightly caudal fin with a slightly posterior scale above and behind eyes; a dark grey patch covering centre of below, these three scales followed by a vertical row of opercle; iris red; upper lip yellowish; dorsal fin bluish three enormous scales, the middle one overlapping white to white except broad black stripe near margin the ones above and below, reaching two-thirds dis- and fine blue outer margin; caudal fin yellow with sub- tance to posterior margin of fin; pectoral fins naked; marginal white bar posteriorly and broad black poste- pelvic fins with a median ventral process of two elon- rior margin; anal fin light greyish white with narrow gate scales, the more pointed posterior scale extend- blue outer margin; pelvic fins greyish white with blue ing about two-thirds length of pelvic spine; slender margin along anterior edge; pectoral fins translucent axillary scale of each pelvic fin extending about one- with red bar across base. half length of pelvic spine. Colour in life - females (Fig. 2): generally pinkish Origin of dorsal fin above second lateral line scale; red except white on belly, thorax, and lower half of first dorsal spine 5.9 (5.0-5.2) in head; remaining dor- head; a series of slightly darker red stripes, one per sal spines progressively longer, the last 2.6 (2.5) in scale row, on middle of side; irregular black spot, head; interspinous membranes of dorsal fin extending about eye size or slightly smaller, at base of upper- above spine tips, supported by the terminal cirrus pro- most caudal fin rays; a dark reddish purple patch cov- jecting upward from just behind each spine tip; first to ering most of opercle; iris red; dorsal fin reddish with third dorsal soft rays of males longest, 2.4 in head, narrow blue margin; caudal fin reddish; anal fin white fifth dorsal soft ray of female paratype longest, 2.2 in basally, grading to reddish or pink with narrow blue head; origin of anal fin on a vertical with base of margin; pelvic fins whitish; pectoral fins translucent penultimate dorsal spine; first anal spine 5.1 (5.5-6.2) with pinkish hue. in head; second anal spine 3.4 (3.4-3.5) in head; third Colour in alcohol: male holotype primarily pale anal spine 2.7 (2.8-2.9) in head; fourth and fifth anal yellowish tan with hint of darkish stripe following each soft rays longest, 2.3 (2.1-2.3) in head; caudal fin horizontal scale row of body, and subdermal dark lunate in males, slightly emarginate in female greyish patch across interobital; dorsal fin semi- paratype to truncate in photographed females, its translucent whitish with broad black outer margin; length 1.2 (1.1-1.3) in head; caudal concavity of males caudal fin similar with broad black posterior margin; 5.7 (4.0) in head, that of female paratype very slight, remaining fins uniform semi-translucent, whitish. The 10.3 in head; third and fourth pectoral rays longest, male paratype is identical in colour. Coloration of the 1.5 (1.3-1.5) in head; origin of pelvic fins below pec- female paratype: overall pale yellowish on head and

Fig. 4. Cirrhilabrus exquisitus, underwater photograph of male during courtship display, approximately 70 mm TL, in 20 m depth, Maytag Reef, Fiji. Photo by G. R. Allen.

117 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Cirrhilabrus marjorie, a new wrasse (Pisces: Labridae) from Fiji body, shading to silvery whitish on belly, thorax, and author around the central (Lomaiviti) island group of ventrally on head; an eye-sized black spot at base of Fiji it was encountered regularly in large numbers at upper caudal fin rays; subdermal greyish patch across depths between 20-50 m in association with rubble interorbital; fins uniformly semi-translucent, whitish. bottoms. Females were particularly common, but are easily overlooked as they remain relatively close to Remarks the substrate and frequently mix with females of Cir- Randall and Nagareda (2002) illustrated C. marjorie rhilabrus punctatus, the most common member of the and suggested its closest relatives were possibly C. genus at Fiji. The more conspicuous males were bathyphilus Randall and Nagareda 2002 and C. luna- greatly outnumbered by females and frequently seen tus Randall and Masuda, 1991. While it is difficult to swimming up to about 1 m from the bottom. Unlike confirm this relationship until genetic studies are females they are sometimes seen in areas of more or undertaken, the three species share certain diagnos- less solid live coral cover, although adjacent to rubble tic features. Although the general coloration of C. mar- patches. Interactions between males were seen jorie and C. bathyphilus is similar, the two differ on several occasions in which the fins were noticeably with regard to gill raker counts (18-19 for C. fully extended and more vivid colour patterns were marjorie versus 13-15 for C. bathyphilus) and caudal exhibited. fin shape of males (double emarginate with acutely- The third author and Marjorie Awai obtained addi- pointed lobes for C. marjorie versus emarginate for C. tional observations in 2000 on a reef north-west of Viti bathyphilus). Moreover, there is a significant amount Levu (17°10.490’S 178°31.163’) at a depth of 27 m. of violet blue coloration on the middle portion of the The habitat consisted of rubble, soft corals (Stere- dorsal fin and a row of violet blue spots across on the onephthya sp.), hard corals (Fungia sp., Echinopora middle of the caudal fin of C. bathyphilus, features sp., and Acrhelia horrescens) and small sponges. that are lacking in C. marjorie. Finally, there is also a habitat difference, with C. bathyphilus generally Etymology restricted to deep reefs (60-217 m) of the Coral Sea. This species is named Cirrhilabrus marjorie in hon- The male caudal fin shape serves to separate C. our of Marjorie Awai, Curator of the Florida Aquarium, marjorie from nearly all other members of the genus and former Curatorial Assistant in the Ichthyology which generally have truncate, emarginate, rhomboid, Department at the Bishop Museum. The specific or lanceolate caudal fins. The fin often appears lunate name is treated as a noun in apposition. when viewed underwater, but when fully spread, the shape is clearly double emarginate (Fig. 1). The only Acknowledgements species with a similar fin shape is C. exquisitus Smith The first author expresses his gratitude to Rob Bar- (Fig. 4) , which ranges widely in the Indo-west Pacific. rel and Cat Holloway of Nai’a Cruises for inviting him Both species share the double-emarginate caudal to participate on the Fiji survey. Diving and research with produced upper and lower lobes. Comparisons of activities aboard Nai’a were assisted by Mary Jane the accompanying photographs (Figs. 1-4) reveal con- Adams, Elizabeth Collins, Didi Dulunaqio, Linda Far- siderable differences in male colour patterns between ley, Michael Marnane, Loraini Sivo, and Roger the two species. Steene. The only other species with produced fin lobes are C. lunatus from the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan, References and the Ogasawara Islands, and C. johnsoni Randall Allen, G. R. 2000. Description of a new wrasse (1988) from the Marshall Islands. Males of both (Pisces: Labridae: Cirrhilabrus) from northern Suma- species have strongly lunate caudal fins, with the tra, Indonesia. Aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and upper and lower rays forming filamentous extensions. Aquatic Biology, 4 (2): 45-50. Moreover, both species have fewer (13-17) gill rakers, Randall, J. E. 1988. Five new wrasses of the genera and males differ markedly in overall coloration (espe- Cirrhilabrus and Paracheilinus (Perciformes: Labri- cially the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins which are dark dae) from the Marshall Islands. Micronesica, 21: blue to blackish in C. lunatus and bright red in C. 199-226. johnsonii). Randall, J. E. & H. Masuda. 1991. Two new labrid Unlike many other species in the genus, C. marjorie fishes of the genus Cirrhilabrus from Japan. Revue has relatively large initial phase or female individuals française d’Aquariologie, 18 (2): 53-60. in comparison to males. The female paratype Randall, J. E. & B. H. Nagareda. 2002, Cirrhilabrus exceeds the size of the two male type specimens, and bathyphilus, a new deep-dwelling labrid fish from the relatively large females (75-80 mm TL), were com- Coral Sea. Cybium, 26 (2): 123-127. monly observed while diving. Randall, J. E. & R. L. Pyle. 2001. Three new species Cirrhilabrus marjorie is presently known only from of labrid fishes of the genus Cirrhilabrus from islands Fiji, but it might be expected to occur at Tonga. During of the tropical Pacific. Aqua, Journal of Ichthyology a recent (May 2003) two-week survey by the first and Aquatic Biology, 4 (3): 89-98. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 118 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology

Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): a new annual fish from the Rio Xingu floodplains, Brazilian Amazon

Wilson J. E. M. Costa1 and Dalton T. B. Nielsen2

1) Laboratório de Ictiologia General e Aplicada, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68049, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 2) Laboratório de Zoologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Taubaté, Praça Marcelino Monteiro 63, CEP 12030-010, Taubaté, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted: 15.09.2003

Keywords auch deutlich von allen Gattungsverwandten durch ihr Annual killifishes, Rio Xingu, Systematics, Simp- netzartiges Farbmuster und der Anwesenheit eines sonichthys, Rivulidae schwarzen und hellblauen, länglichen Fleckes an der Rückenflosse der Männchen. Abstract Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp., a small annual Résumé fish collected in the lower Rio Xingu floodplains, Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp., un petit poisson Brazilian Amazon, is described. It is similar to S. annuel collecté dans les plaines inondables du Rio costai in having fan-shaped dorsal and anal fins in Xingu inférieur, en Amazonie brésilienne, a été décrit. males, but differs from S. costai by its distinct colour Il est proche de S. costai par sa dorsale et son anale pattern, the number of dorsal and anal fin rays and by en éventail chez les mâles, mais s'en distingue par le the position of the dorsal fin origin in males. It is dis- patron de coloration, le nombre de rayons à la dorsale tinguished from all its congeners by its reticulate et à l'anale et par la position de la naissance de la dor- colour pattern and a black and light blue oblong spot sale chez les mâles. Il se distingue de tous ses con- on the dorsal fin in males. génères par son patron de coloration réticulé et par une tache oblongue noir et bleu clair sur la dorsale Resumo des mâles. Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp., um pequeno peixe anual coletado nas várzeas do baixo rio Xingu, Sommario Amazônia brasileira, é descrita. Ela é semelhante a S. Si descrive Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp., una pic- costai por possuir nadadeiras dorsal e anal em forma cola gambusia raccolta negli alvei del Rio Xingu inferi- de leque em machos, mas difere de S. costai pelo ore, Amazzonia, Brasile. Per avere la pinna dorsale e padrão de colorido distinto, número de raios das quella anale a ventaglio appare molto simile a S. nadadeiras dorsal e anal e pela posição da origem da costai, ma se ne discosta per la particolare colorazione, nadadeira dorsal em machos. Ela se distingue de il numero dei raggi delle pinne dorsale e anale e, nei todos os seus outros congêneres pelo padrão de col- maschi, per il punto d’origine della dorsale. Si distingue orido reticulado e pela mancha negra e azul clara da tutti gli altri congeneri per la colorazione reticolata e oblonga na nadadeira dorsal de machos. per la presenza, sulla pinna dorsale dei maschi, di una macchia oblunga nera e blu chiaro. Zusammenfassung Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp., ein kleiner ‚Annual’ Introduction Fisch aus dem unteren Rio Xingu Überschwemmungs- Simpsonichthys Carvalho is the most speciose gebiet (brasilianischer Amazonas), wird hier be- genus of South American annual fishes, with about 40 schrieben. Durch ihre fächerförmige Rücken- und After- valid species (Costa, 2003) and wide geographic dis- flossen, ist diese neue Art, S. costai recht ähnlich, unter- tribution. However, most species are endemic to scheidet sich aber von der durch eine unterschiedliche areas on the Brazilian Shield. Simpsonichthys costai Färbung, Anzahl der Rücken- und Afterflossenstrahlen is an exception, with a few records known from the sowie durch die Lage des Ansatzes der Rückenflosse in Amazonian lowlands of the Araguaia-Tocantins Männchen. Weiterhin unterscheidet sich die neue Art drainage. The new species has also been collected in

119 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp. a new annual fish from the Rio Xingu floodplains, Brazilian Amazon the Amazonian lowlands, which is the first record of Table I. Morphometric data of Simpsonichthys reticulatus Simpsonichthys for the Rio Xingu drainage. n. sp. H: holotype.

Materials and methods males females Measurements and counts follow Costa (1995). H Paratypes Measurements are presented as percentages of standard length (SL), except for head measurements MCP UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ which are expressed as percentages of head length. 34090 5871 5872 5871 5872 Counts of pectoral and caudal fin rays and vertebrae SL [mm] 20.1 17.1 17.1 16.7 15.5 were made only on cleared and stained (c&s) specimens, prepared in accordance with Taylor and Van In percents of standard length Dyke (1985). For vertebral counts, the compound Body depth 29.1 28.4 28.5 29.6 30.1 caudal centrum was counted as a single element. Caudal peduncle depth 13.1 12.8 12.0 12.0 12.4 Osteological features included in the description are Predorsal length 38.6 42.2 39.5 57.0 58.0 those considered phylogenetically informative in Prepelvic length 40.3 42.9 42.6 47.3 49.4 recent studies on Simpsonichthys (Costa, 2003) and Length of dorsal fin base 46.1 46.5 48.7 23.3 23.7 closely related genera (Costa, 2001, 2002). Nomen- Length of anal fin base 44.0 38.3 38.3 26.9 28.4 clature for frontal squamation follows Hoedeman Caudal fin length 39.6 39.3 40.3 39.0 39.8 (1958). Institutional abbreviations are: MCP, Museu Pectoral fin length 28.7 26.8 - 24.3 - de Ciências e Tecnologia, PUC-RS, Porto Alegre, and Pelvic fin length 11.0 8.2 9.1 10.6 9.3 UFRJ, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio Head length 29.8 31.3 32.0 32.5 31.0 de Janeiro. In percents of head length Head depth 90.8 81.9 83.5 81.9 89.0 Head width 57.2 51.6 55.4 58.8 60.0 Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp. Snout length 13.7 13.6 13.0 11.8 12.9 (Figs. 1-2; Table I) Lower jaw length 19.0 17.2 16.6 17.7 16.6 Eye diameter 34.0 35.3 36.7 36.6 38.0 Holotype: MCP 34090, male, 20.1 mm SL; Brazil: Estado do Pará: Altamira, about 3º15’S 52º20’W. Col- Diagnosis lected with a dip net by J. L. Diniz, 5 May 2003. Distinguished from all other congeners by males Paratypes: UFRJ 5871, 1 male, 17.1 mm SL, and 1 whose body sides are greenish blue, with dark red female, 16.7 mm SL; UFRJ 5872, 1 male, 17.1 mm crimson pigmentation concentrated on the exposed SL, and 1 female, 15.5 mm SL (c&s); same data as margin of each flank scale, producing a reticulate holotype. colour pattern, and by having a black and light blue

Fig. 1. Simpsonichthys reticulatus, MCP 34090, male, holotype, 20.1 mm SL; Brazil: Pará: Altamira (distal portion of dorsal fin and ventral portion of caudal fin damaged). Photo by W. J. E. M. Costa. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 120 Wilson J. E. M. Costa and Dalton T. B. Nielsen spot on the anterior portion of dorsal fin of males (vs. Table II. Meristic data of Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. never these colour patterns). Similar to S. costai, and sp. H: holotype. distinguished from the other species of the genus in males females having fan-shaped dorsal and anal fins in males (vs. tip of fins usually pointed, sometimes slightly rounded, H Paratypes but fins never fan-shaped). Distinguished from S. MCP UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ UFRJ costai by having more dorsal fin rays in males (23-25 34090 5871 5872 5871 5872 vs. 21-23) and fewer in females (13-15 vs. 16-19), fewer anal fin rays (21-22 in males and 18 in females, Dorsal fin rays 23 24 25 13 15 vs. 25-26 and 20-23 respectively), dorsal fin origin Anal fin rays 21 21 22 18 18 between neural spines of fourth and fifth vertebrae in Caudal fin rays - - 22 - 22 males (vs. between neural spines of seventh and Pectoral fin rays - - 14 - 14 ninth vertebrae in S. costai males), sides of body Pelvic fin rays - - 5 - 5 greenish blue, and unpaired fins brownish red in Longitudinal series scales 23 23 23 23 23 males (vs. flank, dorsal and anal fins black, caudal fin Transversal series scales 8 8 8 8 8 hyaline in S. costai males). Scale rows around caudal 12 12 12 12 12 peduncle Description Supraorbital neuromasts 11 10 10 11 10 Morphometric data are presented in Table I. Male Vertebrae - - 25 - 25 larger than female, largest male 20.1 mm SL. Dorsal Gill rakers of first arch - - 2+10 - 2+10 profile convex between snout and end of dorsal fin Branchiostegal rays - - 6 - 6 base, approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Second pharyngobranchial - - 2 - 1 Ventral profile convex from lower jaw to end of anal fin teeth base, nearly straight on caudal peduncle. Fairly deep, compressed body, about 1.7 times body width in fourth anal fin ray in male, and base of second anal fin larger males. Greatest body depth at level of pelvic fin ray in female. Bases of pelvic fins in close proximity. base. Caudal peduncle short, about two-thirds length Dorsal fin origin on vertical anterior to anal fin origin in of head. Eye dorsolaterally positioned on head. male, between neural spines of fourth and fifth verte- Dorsal and anal fins rounded in both sexes, fan- bra; anal fin origin on a vertical between base of third shaped in male; filamentous rays absent. Dorsal and and sixth anal fin. Dorsal fin origin on a vertical through anal fin rays unbranched. Caudal fin rounded. Pectoral base of second anal fin ray in female, between neural fin elliptical. Posterior margin of pectoral fin extending spines of eighth and ninth vertebra. Anal fin origin to base of eighth anal fin ray in male, and to anal fin between pleural ribs of sixth and seventh vertebrae in origin in female. Tip of pelvic fin reaching base of male, and seventh and eighth vertebrae in female.

Fig. 2. Simpsonichthys reticulatus, UFRJ 5871, female, paratype, 16.7 mm SL; Brazil: Pará: Altamira (distal portion of anal fin damaged). Photo by W. J. E. M. Costa.

121 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp. a new annual fish from the Rio Xingu floodplains, Brazilian Amazon

Scales large, cycloid. Trunk scaled; head scaled References except on its anteroventral surface. No scales on fins. Costa, W. J. E. M. 1995a. Pearl killifishes, the Cynolebi- Frontal squamation E-patterned. Contact organs of atinae: systematics and biogeography of a neotropical flank absent. Papillate contact organs on inner sur- annual fish subfamily (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). face of two dorsalmost pectoral fin rays of male. TFH, Neptune City, NJ, USA, 128 pp. Ventral process of angulo-articular moderate, about Costa, W. J. E. M. 2001. The neotropical annual fish one fourth angulo-articular length. Rostral cartilage genus Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): width about 40 % of its length. Anterior and ventral phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic revision and edges of quadrate forming angle of about 110º. Poste- biogeography. Ichthyological Exploration of Fresh- rior process of quadrate about 50 % of total ventral lon- waters, 12 (4): 333-383. gitudinal length of quadrate. Lateral rim of Costa, W. J. E. M. 2002. Monophyly and phylogenetic hyomandibula broad. Metapterygoid narrow, rod- relationships of the neotropical annual fish genera shaped. Basihyal subtriangular, greatest width about Austrolebias and Megalebias (Cyprinodontiformes: 55 % of its length; basihyal cartilage about 35 % of Rivulidae). Copeia, 2002 (4): 916-927. basihyal length. Anterior portion of fifth ceratobranchial Costa, W. J. E. M. 2003. The Simpsonichthys flavi- not elongated. Vomerine teeth absent. Dermosphe- caudatus species group (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivul- notic absent. Ventral process of post-temporal absent. idae: Cynolebiatinae): phylogenetic relationships, Coloration in life: Male: Side of body iridescent light taxonomic revision and biogeography. Ichthyological greenish blue, dark red crimson on scale margins. Side Exploration of Freshwaters, 14 (1): 31-60. of head iridescent light greenish blue with two black Hoedeman, J. J. 1958. Rivulid fishes of the Antilles. bars, one on suborbital region and another adjacent to Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other posterior edge of eye. Iris greenish blue with black bar. Caribbean Islands, 32 (3): 112-127. Unpaired fins and pelvic fin brownish red with small Taylor, W. R. & G. C. Van Dyke. 1985. Revised pro- round blue spots; anterior edge of dorsal fin with elon- cedures for staining and clearing small fishes and gate black and light blue spot. Pectoral fin hyaline. other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Female: Side of body pale yellowish brown with nine Cybium, 9 (2): 107-109. faint grey bars. Side of head pale yellowish brown, with pale green iridescence on opercular region, and two black bars, one on suborbital region and another adjacent to posterior edge of eye. Iris yellow with black bar. Unpaired fins hyaline with dark grey spots. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline.

Etymology From the Latin reticulatus (reticulate), an allusion to the colour pattern of the flank of males.

Distribution Known only from the type locality, lower Rio Xingu floodplains, Brazilian Amazon.

Relationships Probably closely related to S. costai, another small fish endemic to the Brazilian Amazon. The fan-shaped dorsal and anal fins in S. costai and S. reticulatus males are unique among cynolebiatines and thus possibly constitute a synapomorphy for a group comprising the two species. However, the most parsimonious phylogenetic position of S. reticulatus could only be inferred from analysis of a larger set of characters, which is beyond the scope of the present study.

Acknowledgements The first author received financial support from CNPq-MCT (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – Ministério de Ciência e Tec- nologia) and FAPERJ (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro). aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 122 aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology

The prospects for restoring the nearly extinct population of the Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte 1836 (Acipenseridae) in Greece

Ioannis Paschos, Cosmas Nathanailides, Ifigenia Kagalou, Eufrosini Leka, Maria Tsoumani and Costas Perdikaris

Department of Aquaculture & Fisheries, Technological Educational Institute (T. E. I.) of Epirus, Irinis & Filias 1, Igoumenitsa 46100, Greece. E-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author) Fax: 0030-26650-28131

Accepted: 15.09.2003 Keywords dere um die Insel Korfu herum sowie vor der Küste von Re-stocking, Acipenser, naccarii, sturgeon, Adriatic, Thesprotien, vorkam: jetzt scheint sie aber nahezu restoration ganz aus den Gewässern Griechenlands und den Ökosystemen seiner Flüsse verschwunden zu sein. Abstract Der Bau von Staudämmen, Überfischen und Habi- Once considered abundant, the Adriatic sturgeon tatzerstörung haben die Brutpopulation im Kalamas (Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte, 1836) is currently very Fluss in Thesprotien ganz ausgerottet. Im November rare in the Adriatic, with only a few individuals present 2000, wurden 1500 Jungfische von A. naccarii (aus der in some surrounding rivers. There is some evidence Lombardei [Italien] importiert) mit einem Durch- that in the past, the species was found in the coastal schnittskörpergewicht von 1,2 g, an ausgewählten waters of north-west Greece, around the island of Stellen im Kalamas ausgesetzt. Zum gleichen Zeit- Corfu and off the coast of Thesprotia, but now it punkt wurden 500 Exemplare vom gleichen Jungfis- appears to have virtually vanished from Greece’s chbestand zur intensiven Beckenaufzucht zurückbe- coastal waters and river ecosystems. Dam construc- halten. Während der folgenden 13 Monate ergaben tion, over-fishing and habitat destruction have com- Versuchsproben, dass die überlebenden Fische pletely eliminated the breeding population in the river gewachsen waren. Es liegt (jetzt) Beweismaterial vor, Kalamas in Thesprotia. On November 2000, 1500 A. dass die Population sich über mindestens eine Region naccarii fry, (imported from Lombardy, Italy) with a nahe der Aussatzstelle verbreitet hat. Die in Gefangen- mean body weight of 1.2 g, were released at selected schaft aufgezogenen Störe zeigten ein befriedigendes sites on the river Kalamas. At the same time, 500 fish Wachstum (spezifische Wachstumsrate SGR = 1,7%· from the same stock were held indoors for intensive day-1) und hatten unwesentliche Sterblichkeitsraten. rearing. During the succeeding 13 months, experimen- Von diesen Resultaten erscheint es das Aussicht auf tal sampling showed that the surviving fish had grown. eine erfolgreiche Wiedereinführung von A. naccarii im There is evidence that the population is distributed over Kalamas Fluß besteht. Solche Bemühungen können at least one region close to the site of release. The stur- durch intensive Aufzucht von Jungstören in Gefangen- geon reared indoors exhibited satisfactory growth, schaft zu größeren Exemplaren vor Aussatz (und somit (specific growth rate SGR=1.7%· day1) and had negli- zu erhöhten Überlebensraten in der freien Natur) noch gible mortality rates. From these results it seems that weiter verbessert werden. there is some prospect of successfully re-establishing A. naccarii in the river Kalamas. Re-stocking efforts can Résumé be improved by growing sturgeon fry under intensive Jugé abondant autrefois, l'esturgeon de l'Adriatique rearing conditions to achieve larger size prior to release (Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte, 1836) est à présent and to increase survival rates in the wild. très rare en Mer Adriatique, quelques exemplaires seulement survivant dans certaines rivières proches. Zusammenfassung Il paraît certain que, dans le passé, on trouvait l'e- Der Adriatische Stör (Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte, spèce dans les eaux côtières du nord-ouest de la 1836), einst als reichlich vorkommender Fisch ange- Grèce, autour de l'île de Corfou et au large de la sehen, kommt gegenwärtig sehr selten in der Adria Thesprotie, mais aujourd'hui elle a virtuellement dis- vor, mit nur noch wenigen Exemplaren in den ein- paru des eaux côtières grecques et de l'écosystème mündenden Flüssen. Es liegt Beweismaterial vor, dass des rivières. La construction de barrage, la surpêche in der Vergangenheit diese Art in den Küstenge- et la destruction de l'environnement ont éliminé toute la wässern des nordwestlichen Griechenlands, insbeson- population de reproducteurs dans la rivière Kalamas en

123 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 The prospects for restoring the nearly extinct population of the Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte 1836 in Greece

Thesprotie. En novembre 2000, 1500 alevins d'A. nac- huso Linnaeus, 1758 (Beluga sturgeon), Acipenser carii (importés de Lombardie, en Italie), d'un poids stellatus Pallas, 1771 (Stellate sturgeon), Acipenser moyen de 1,2 g, ont été lâchés sur des sites choisis de gueldenstaedtii Brandt & Ratzeberg, 1833 (Russian la rivière Kalamas. En même temps, 500 poissons du sturgeon), Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758 (Ster- même stock ont été maintenus à l'abri pour un élevage let sturgeon) and Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897 intensif. Pendant les 13 mois qui ont suivi, des échan- (Persian sturgeon) demand immediate action (Luk’ya- tillonnages de contrôle ont prouvé que les survivants nenko et al., 1999). In the Mediterranean sea, the sta- avaient grandi. Selon toute évidence, la population tus of Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte, 1836 (Adriatic s'est répandue au moins dans un secteur proche du sturgeon), Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758, (Euro- site de lâcher. Les esturgeons élevés à l'abri ont mon- pean sturgeon), A. stellatus and H. huso is also under tré une croissance satisfaisante (le taux spécifique de threat (Holcik et al., 1989; Birstein, 1993). Currently, croissance (SGR) est de 1,7 % jour-1) et une mortalité all 24 sturgeon species (17 Acipenserr, 2 Huso, 2 négligeable. Ces résultats renforcent les possibilités de Scaphirhynchus and 3 Pseudoscaphirhynchus) are réimplantation réussie d'A. naccarii dans la rivière Kala- highly protected by international treaties (Hilton-Tay- mas. L'extension de la population peut être stimulée lor, 2000) and the Convention on International Trade par une croissance intensive d'alevins d'esturgeon en in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna. milieu d'élevage pour obtenir une taille plus importante A. naccarii was once widespread and abundant in avant le lâcher et pour augmenter les taux de survie the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. Its natural distri- dans la nature. bution extended to the Iberian peninsula, suggesting that autochthonus populations may have existed Sommario (Garrido-Ramos et al., 1997; Hernando et al., 1999) Un tempo ritenuto abbondante, lo storione dell’Adri- (Fig. 1a). Today in the Mediterranean basin, seasonal atico (Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte, 1836) è attual- migrations of A. naccarii in low numbers have been mente molto raro in questo mare, essendone stati rin- reported in the north-east Italian rivers Po, Ticino and venuti solo pochi individui in alcuni fiumi che ivi sfo- Adige (Clementi et al., 1999) with occasional speci- ciano. I documenti testimoniano la sua presenza, in mens caught in Albania and Western Greece (Tor- passato, nelle acque costiere della Grecia settentri- tonese, 1987, 1989; Paschos et al., 2001a). onale, attorno all’isola di Corfù e al largo della costa Prior to the 1950s, A. naccarii still inhabited the river della Thesprotia, ma oggi sembra completamente Kalamas in north-western Greece and the Adriatic lit- scomparso da questi ecosistemi. La costruzione di toral areas around Thesprotia, and Corfu and Lefkas dighe, la pesca intensiva e la distruzione dell’habitat islands (Ontrias, 1971; Economidis, 1991). The last naturale hanno eliminato completamente i riproduttori recorded specimen was caught in 1989 close to dal fiume Kalamas nella Thesprotia. Nel novembre Lefkas island (Paschos et al., 2001a, Fig. 1b). Disap- 2000, 1500 larve di A. naccarii, dal peso medio di 1.2 g pearance of the local population in Greece can be ognuna (importate dalla Lombardia, Italia), sono state attributed to such factors as dam construction, envi- rilasciate in siti prescelti lungo il fiume Kalamas. Con- ronmental degradation resulting from agricultural temporaneamente, 500 individui dello stesso lotto sono runoff, domestic sewage outfall and over-exploitation stati mantenuti in vasche d’allevamento. Nei successivi (Paschos et al., 2001a). Recently, as a result of envi- 13 mesi, mediante campionamento nelle acque del ronmental protection measures, the water quality of fiume, si è potuto evidenziare un aumento della soprav- the river Kalamas has improved, and a fish ladder has vivenza degli storioni. I dati raccolti mostrano che la been built to bypass the Ragio dam. However, the popolazione si è distribuita in una regione attorno ad un sturgeon population had vanished before these mea- sito di rilascio. Gli esemplari allevati sono cresciuti in sures were taken. modo soddisfacente (velocità di crescita specifica, Restoration programs for A. naccarii have been SGR = 1.7% /giorno) e il tasso di mortalità è risultato implemented in Italy using broodstock management trascurabile. Da questi risultati sembra ci siano buone and artificial reproduction protocols. (Arlati et al., prospettive per una reintroduzione di A. naccarii nel 1988; 1999a). Production of the Siberian sturgeon fiume Kalamas. Gli sforzi per il ripopolamento potranno hybrid A. naccarii X Acipenser baeri Brandt, 1969 in ricevere ulteriore sostegno dall’allevamento intensivo 1993 presents a new candidate for freshwater aqua- dei giovani di storione, che consentirà di liberare nel- culture. This hybrid has better growth potential than l’ambiente individui di dimensioni maggiori e pertanto the pure strain (Arlati et al., 1999b). A White sturgeon aumentarne il tasso di sopravvivenza. hybrid [A. naccarii X Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836 (White sturgeon)] seems to be less Introduction adaptable and shows growth performance inferior to Sturgeon species represent a unique group of A. naccarii X A. baeri. The farming of A. nacarii and diadromous fish distributed in the northern hemi- hybrids in Italy and Spain represents 13% (>230t) of sphere; many of them are suffering serious population the total sturgeon production (1999 figures) in western decline. The diminishing Caspian Sea stocks of Huso Europe (Williot et al., 2001). aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 124 Ioannis Paschos, Cosmas Nathanailides, Ifigenia Kagalou, Eufrosini Leka, Maria Tsoumani and Costas Perdikaris

The only way to restore the vanished sturgeon pop- Table 1. Physico-chemical parameters recorded in the ulation is to implement a re-stocking programme with Kalamas river. A. naccarii. This will enhance biodiversity and is a pre- Minimum Maximum requisite for developing a fishery for this species. The re-stocking programme should involve securing highly pH 7,09 8,14 heterogeneous, good quality fry, identification of the Conductivity (μS/cm) 179 710 appropriate time, place, and release size, and adjust- ment of the pre-acclimatization period (St. Pierre, Temperature (°C) 9 16 1999). Study of the target ecosystem is one of the Dissolved oxygen (ppm) 9 12,7 most important tasks affecting the success of re- NO3-N (_g/l) 100 1300 stocking programs (Bohl and Negele, 1994). NH -N (_g/l) 10 190 Compared with other species, sturgeon have been 4 shown to be quite tolerant to variations in physico- PO4-P (_g/l) 70 1550 chemical parameters (Salin and Williot, 1991). Never- theless, it is important to assess seasonal fluctuations Table 2. Experimental sampling data. of basic nutrients and conductivity. These may increase because of human activities (i.e. sewage dis- Station Parakalamos Vrodismeni charge, especially during the summer, and agricultural fertilizer runoff). A* B** C** D** C *** Knowledge of the seasonal temperature profiles of NNNNN potential release sites may help in selecting the least Fishing session hostile sites and reducing the time needed for 2 hours 0 0 0 1 - acclimatization before release, improving survival and 4 hours - 2 2 1 - growth. Survival and growth can be influenced by energy expenditure during migration to warmer or 4 hours - - 2 2 - cooler waters, and by unavoidable exposure to differ- Netting (400m) - - - - 4 ent predatory risks. Netting (400m) - - - - 3 The river Kalamas is the longest, most northerly river Netting (400m) - - - - 3 ecosystem in Greece, and empties into the Adriatic sea (Fig. 2). The fish fauna includes Salmo trutta Lin- Total caught 0 2 4 4 10 naeus, 1758 (brown trout), Oncorhynchus mykiss (N = NUMBER OFFISH, *ELECTROFISHING, ** STATIC NET, ***SEINE NET) Walbaum, 1792 (rainbow trout), Pseudohoxinus stymhalicus Valenciennes, 1844 (minnow), Barbus evidence that extended sturgeon restoration pro- albanicus Steindachner, 1870 (barbel) and Anguilla grams can help to sustain or even re-establish a pop- anguilla Linnaeus, 1758 (European eel). Their prey ulation (Waldman, 1995; Holcik, 1996; Zakharov et consists of microflora, zooplankton, chironomids and al., 1998), including A. naccarii (Giovanini et al., 1989; other insects, fish larvae and fry (Alanc et al., 1971; Williot et al., 1993). In the Caspian Sea, the contribu- Economidis, 1991; Kottelat, 1997; Arapis et al., 1998). tion of hatchery-based stocking programs to overall The Kalamas is 113 km long with a mean annual stocks is estimated to be 26-28%, 30% and >90% for flow of 53.5 m3/sec. It descends some 1300 m, pass- A. gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus and H. huso, respec- ing through a mountain zone (70 km), a lowland zone tively (Secor et al., 2000). (25 km) and a delta zone (18 km). The most important The purpose of this work was to assess the suitabil- uses to which it is put are irrigation, the supply of ity of the river Kalamas ecosystem for the re-estab- potable water, fishing and the extraction of sand and lishment of A. naccarii, and to present the results of gravel (Paschos et al., 2001b). The flow characteris- the first re-stocking of the river with this species. tics have been radically altered since the 1950s, when the lower reaches of the river were diverted, a few Materials and Methods kilometres north of the old delta. In the Ragio area, a A. Data collection prior to re-stocking: Before the few kilometres upstream from the river mouth, dam sturgeon fry were released, a study was made of the building and dyking, as well as the construction of physico-chemical parameters, the benthic macro- cement side walls have obstructed access to the invertebrate community and fish fauna of the river upstream spawning grounds for diadromous species Kalamas. Existing bibliographical sources were and reduced the diversity of the aquatic habitat reviewed and water and macro-invertebrate fauna (Paschos et al., 2001b). sampling was carried out.

It is widely accepted that efficiency of re-stocking NO3-N, NH4-N and PO4-Pwere measured in the sur- programs relies on long-term re-stocking efforts. This face water, according to APHA (1985) at 2 stations was clearly shown in the former USSR, especially in (Neraida and Ragio). pH, conductivity, temperature the case of H. huso (Khodorevskaya, 1999). There is and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ at 4 sta-

125 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 The prospects for restoring the nearly extinct population of the Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte 1836 in Greece

Fig. 1 a-b. a) Geographical distribution of A. naccarii in south Europe (after Hernando et al., 1999). And on page 127: b) Natural distribution of A. naccarii along the Adriatic coastline (after Tortonese, 1989). The circle and arrow represent the re-stocked river Kalamas and the location of the last recorded specimen in Greek waters, respectively. tions (Neraida, Ragio, Vrosina and Soulopoulo), using recirculating system in the Department of Aquaculture portable WTW-type meters. All parameters were mon- & Fisheries’ aquarium. The initial stocking density was itored quarterly for a year. 0.1 g/liter and the feeding rate was adjusted to 3%/ Benthic macro-invertebrates constitute an ideal prey day using standard trout crumbs, the whole 180-day for A. naccarii (Griveli, 1996). They were studied at 5 growing period. The temperature and dissolved oxy- stations (Vrodismeni, Neraida, Ragio, Vrosina and gen fluctuated between 17° and 20°C and 7.5 to 11 Soulopoulo). Samples were taken with the 3-minute ppm, respectively. kick-sweep method (Stephenson et al., 1994), using D. Fish sampling: To estimate the survival of a standard pond net (surface 575 cm2, mesh size 9 restocked sturgeon, sampling took place on June 15 mm, depth 27.5 cm). The samples were placed in and 20, 2001 in two reaches of the river Kalamas at plastic bottles and preserved in 4% formaldehyde. each of two stations (Parakalamos-A, B and Vrodis- The animals were sorted using a 500 mm mesh sieve meni-C, D). In collaboration with the local fishermen’s and identification of the invertebrates was made down community, (Hans Grassl IG200/1) backpack electro- to the lowest possible taxonomic level. fishing gear and static nets (1cm mesh, 5m2 surface B. Re-stocking plan: 2000 A. naccarii fry of a pure area) were used. An area of 600 m2 was fished for 60 strain [1.2 g mean total weight (TW) and 25 mm mean min at station A (Parakalamos) and static nets were total length (TL)], were imported from Lombardy, Italy, positioned for 8 h at station B (Parakalamos), and sta- on 15 November, 2000. The fry were first held for a tions C and D (Vrodismeni). week at the premises of the Department of Aquacul- Sampling was also undertaken in the Vrodismeni ture & Fisheries, Technological Educational Institute area (station C) in October, November and December, (T.E.I.), Epirus and the Ioannina Lake Municipal Com- 2001. A 400 m-long stretch of river was isolated with pany (D.E.L.I.). They were then transferred to 3 nets and fished three times with a seine net. The nat- selected sites (Parakalamos, Vrodismeni and Vout- ural mortality rate was estimated according to Hearn saras) and released after gradual acclimatization. 500 et al., (1987). specimens were released at each site, in selected E. Public awareness campaign: The re-stocking areas covered by weeds, away from turbulent water effort was preceded by a campaign to raise aware- (Arlatti et al., 1999a). ness in the local communities and authorities C. Indoor rearing: Prior to release, a batch of 500 involved. Interviews on local radio and television sta- of the same fry were reared in a 1-m3 tank in closed tions, reports in the local press, and meetings with aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 126 Ioannis Paschos, Cosmas Nathanailides, Ifigenia Kagalou, Eufrosini Leka, Maria Tsoumani and Costas Perdikaris

Adriatic Sea

b the local communities were organized. The local fish- between 9° and 16°C, with the highest values in July ermen were informed about the release of the fish and August. Dissolved oxygen levels were always and agreed to report any accidentally captured A. high. Nutrient levels were higher during the summer naccarii. month at all stations and fluctuated between acceptable levels (Table I). The highest PO4 values were Results recorded at the Ragio station and in two cases A. Aquatic habitat: In the river Kalamas, the pH exceeded 300 _g/l. was slightly to moderately alkaline without significant Benthic macro-invertebrate fauna was dominated by seasonal variations. Higher values were recorded Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Oligochaeta and Trichoptera during the summer months (July, August) and the throughout the year. The greatest abundance of Vrosina, Neraida and Ragio stations showed highest macro-invertebrate fauna was found during June at values. Conductivity reached maximum values at the the Vrodismeni station (2521 individuals) and in July Soulopoulo station. The temperature fluctuated at the Neraida station (3076 individuals). The lowest

127 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 The prospects for restoring the nearly extinct population of the Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte 1836 in Greece abundance was recorded at the Ragio station (13 indi- naccarii is a omnivorous benthophage and its natural viduals) during December and the abundance at the prey is likely to include oligochaetes, ephemeropter- other stations varied between 366 (April) and 3076 ans , chironomids and other dipterans, which were the individuals (July). main taxa sampled in the river Kalamas. The mean B. Indoor rearing: After 180 days, the fish reached TW of captured sturgeon was 87.2% of that achieved 25±3 g total weight (TW). Their length (TL) was by their intensively-reared siblings. Their growth rate 210±20 mm (46±8 mm initially), specific growth rate was lower, compared with the results obtained by Gio- was 1.7%/day and mortality 0.6%. The final stocking vannini et al., (1989). However, the culture of A. nac- density in the rearing facility was 12.5 _g/l, carii is feasible and can be improved, at least for re- C. Fish sampling: Data from sampling trials are stocking purposes. presented in Table II. Given the estimated natural The highest survival rate appeared at Vrodismeni mortality rate for the Vrodismeni area, it is possible to station, downstream from the Parakalamos station. make preliminary estimates of the survival rates. The Nevertheless, the natural mortality was at least 50% natural mortality rate at the Vrodismeni station (low- at Vrodismeni and 80% at Parakalamos. These mor- land zone) was estimated to be around 50%. This is talities are higher than the 22% reported for sturgeon in contrast to the situation seen in Parakalamos sta- by Giovannini et al., (1989). These differences could tion (mountain zone), where the mortality rate may be at least partially attributed to variations in river have exceeded 80%. Mean TW of sampled fish was hydrological conditions. For example, the difference in 21.8±2.8 g and mean total length 179±15 mm. survival rate between the Parakalamos section of the Kalamas river (average width 2.0 m) and the Vrodis- Discussion meni section (average width 5.0 m) could be due to Evaluation of habitat suitability should be regarded their different flow rates. Future re-stocking efforts as an integral part of any restocking plan (St. Pierre, should take account of such differences during the 1999). River Kalamas seems to be favourable to A. process of selecting appropriate release sites. It naccarii, regarding the availability of benthic prey seems that survival can be enhanced when fry are organisms. According to Soriguer et al., (1999), A. released at slow-running lowland river sections.

Fig. 2. Overview map of river Kalamas area. The white arrow indicates the Ragio dam which was constructed in the 1950's and diverted the river northwards (white dotted line indicates the original route). aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 128 Ioannis Paschos, Cosmas Nathanailides, Ifigenia Kagalou, Eufrosini Leka, Maria Tsoumani and Costas Perdikaris

The recorded physical and chemical conditions of during the summer was possibly inadequate to stimu- the river water are suitable for most sturgeon species late the migration of any remaining brood fish to the to survive and grow (Holcik, 1996; Griveli, 1996), but unregulated part of the river below the dam. More- the nutrient levels may occasionally be high. Sources over, the absence of alternative natural routes of pollution in the region such as agricultural fertilizers upstream may have led to complete elimination of the runoff and sewage outfall (Arapis et al., 1998), still stock. exist. It should be stated that continuation of restock- Attempts to recolonize Italian rivers using hatchery- ing efforts should be accompanied by strict environ- reared A. naccarii have been successful (Arlati et al., mental management practices by the relevant water 1999a) and there is a great deal of interest in the cul- authorities the environmental agency. These mea- ture and re-stocking of various ecosystems around sures are obligatory in order to further minimize pollu- the Adriatic sea with this species (Giovanini et al., tion. The construction of sewage treatment plants 1989; Williot et al., 1993). In addition, sturgeon re- close to the cities of Ioannina and Igoumenitsa and stocking programs are carried out in Europe and the the recent introduction of environmentally-sound USA with satisfactory results (Waldman, 1995; practices in agriculture (i.e. biological farming, rational Zakharov et al., 1998). For example, fry are released use of fertilizers and pesticides) are expected to con- annually in the Volga river delta to support the tribute to pollution reduction. Caspian sea population (Khodorevskaya et al., 1997). Decline in sturgeon populations has frequently been The sturgeon population of the Pechora river in Rus- attributed to damming (Williot et al., 1997; Bacalbasa, sia was sustained between 1928 and 1950 by re- 1999; Chebanov et al., 1999; Duke et al., 1999). For stocking with A. ruthenus (Kynard, 1997). example, in the Guadalquivir river in Spain, natural Although the estimated mortality rate for the first stocks of A. sturio sank to a critical level, even though year old fish appears as high as 80%, it is within the the dam was constructed 100 km from the river mouth range reported from similar studies. According to (Fernández-Pasquier, 1999). Access to the spawning Chebanov and Billard (2001), the survival of reared grounds was limited (to 0.03-6% of the migrating sturgeon juveniles a few months after release in the brood fish) even when by-pass systems were Kuban river in the Azov sea basin, was 1-3%. Luk’ya- employed (Chebanov et al., 1999). In the case of the nenko et al., (1999) reported that for the Azerbaijan river Kalamas, the positioning of the Ragio dam close hatcheries, the coefficients of return for H. huso, A. to the delta zone left no downstream spawning gueldenstaedtii and A. stellatus were 0.006%, 0.02% grounds available to A. naccarii. The height of the and 0.4%, respectively, though the Volga hatcheries dam (10 m), the irregularity of water flow and the fluc- may achieve 12 times these values. It is also impor- tuation of water depth in the fish ladder completely tant to state that fishing at a consistent level has blocked migration. Apart from preventing free pas- resulted in an almost constant level of catches. This sage, the Ragio dam seriously changed the flow char- strongly indicates that the number of fish caught rep- acteristics downstream. The drastically reduced flow resents just a small part of the introduced population

Fig. 3. Indoor-reared A. naccarii juveniles.

129 aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 The prospects for restoring the nearly extinct population of the Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte 1836 in Greece

lower part of the river. The absence of information from local fishermen about brood fish arrivals in the delta zone is probably due to over-fishing in neigh- bouring countries and the overall decline in stocks (Waldman, 1995). Re-stocking efforts would benefit from the proper functioning, maintenance, inspection and checking of the fish ladder. It is widely accepted that the effectiveness of such devices is closely related to their speed and flow pattern (Larinier, 2001). In the future, larger fish should be used for re-stocking to see if this results in a higher survival rate. Secor et al. (2000) estimated that the survival and associated return rate for 3 g sturgeon fingerlings was one order of magnitude higher than that for larvae. Re-stocking planners in Italy and Spain tend to prefer sturgeon Fig. 4. A. naccariii fry prior to release in Kalamas river. more than a year old (>18 g), which adapt more rapidly to new environments and have higher survival rates (Seber, 1992). The recovery rate of A. naccarii during (Arlatti et all., 1999a; Domezain et all., 1999). This is sampling was 1.33%, which is 4.4 times higher than supported by satisfactory performance under intensive that reported by St. Pierre (1999) for Acipenser farming conditions. Survival rates could be further oxyrhynchus oxyrhynchus Mitchill, 1815 (American improved by providing fry with wet feeds consisting of Atlantic sturgeon) during a 6 month period at 57 sites wild prey organisms a few weeks prior to release, on the Hudson river, New York. careful selection of the release site to avoid predation Furthermore, according to the reports of the local by trout, higher water temperature, more abundant fisheries community, twelve specimens were acciden- food, and the use of controlled enclosures. tally caught with static nets during 2002, and six more Conventional observation and sampling techniques were reported by March 2003. These reports indicate depend to a great extent on environmental conditions. that at least a small part of the initial population have A future challenge would be the application of teleme- managed to survive. try to collect accurate data on the ecology and migra- Experimental release is a valuable tool for the eval- tory behaviour of A. naccarii and to assess the effec- uation of the suitability of a habitat for sturgeon, for tiveness of the fish ladder. The collection of telemetry the assessment of losses due to predation and other data on released juveniles of appropriate size would habitat constraints and for the study of other possible be essential in monitoring migrations of A. naccarii. It ecological effects (Secor et al., 2000). The first exper- would also contribute to the integrated management imental re-stocking of the river Kalamas with A. nac- of the natural resources of the river Kalamas, combin- carii can be considered successful. Possible factors ing the preservation of biodiversity with efficient fish- affecting re-stocking success are: ery management. In the long term, the restoration and a) The suitability of the physico-chemical environ- protection of habitat, coupled with an effective fishery ment and the abundance of benthic organisms regulatory framework, would have a favourable effect b) Low predatory pressure from carnivorous species on the sturgeon released. (S. trutta, O. mykiss and A. anguilla) due to heavy The artificial propagation of A. naccarii in Italy during fishing (including poaching) the 1990’s and of A. sturio in France (Williot et al., 2002) c) Fry quality. On-grown fish perform very well, with has proved successful, and is currently also under way minimal mortality and a good growth rate, in accor- in Germany (Kirschbaum and Gessner, 2000). dance with data from Hochleithner (1993). The results of the present experimental re-stocking From the existing data, the restoration of the A. nac- indicate that there is some prospect of successfully carii population in the river Kalamas should be based on re-establishing A. naccarii in the river Kalamas. The continuous re-stocking efforts. In the same manner, the chances of success might be improved by releasing stock enhancement of other species under threat (i.e. S. fish of larger size in order to increase survival in the trutta, P. stymphalicus, Astacus astacus Linnaeus, 1758 wild. However, it should be stated that in the long (noble crayfish), could be part of a comprehensive envi- term, a comprehensive re-stocking program should ronment restoration program. Such efforts need the involve the construction of special ladder for Adriatic help of local communities, therefore public awareness sturgeon at the Ragio Dam. and involvement of the local fishermen was a significant element of this re-stocking activity. Acknowledgements The upstream migration of brood fish from the delta Financial assistance was provided by E. U. under area has been prevented by the Ragio dam in the the LIFE 1999 – THYAMIS Program. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 130 Ioannis Paschos, Cosmas Nathanailides, Ifigenia Kagalou, Eufrosini Leka, Maria Tsoumani and Costas Perdikaris

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Practical Institute of Oceanog- Acipenser sturio, as the basis for a restoration pro- raphy and Fisheries Resources, Period C, Xa: 23- gramme in France. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 96. 48: 359-370. Paschos, I., Nathanailides, C., Kagalou, I., Leka, E. Williot, P., Sabeau, L., Gessner, J., Arlati, G., Bronzi, & M. Tsoumani. 2001a. Reintroduction of Acipenser P., Gulyas, T. & P. Berni. 2001. Sturgeon farming in naccarii (adriatic sturgeon) in river Kalamas. In: Pro- Western Europe: recent developments and prospects. ceedings of 100th Hellenic Conference of Ichthyolo- Aquatic Living Resources, 14: 367-374. gists (Ed. Hellenic Society of Ichthyologists): 241- Williot, P., Kirscbaum, F., Ludwing, A., Rouault, T., 244. 18-20 October 2001, Chania, Greece. Pelard, M., Mercier, D., Lepage, M., & B. Davall Paschos, I., Kagalou, I., Economou, A., Kokki- 2002. Setting up a farmed broodstock of the critically nakis, A., & P. Economidis. 2001b. Exploitation endangered sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, with special study of inland waters in Greece. Department emphasis on wild originated fish. Journal of Applied of Aquaculture and Inland Waters, Ministry of Agri- Ichthyologyy. culture. Zakharov, A. B., Krylova, V. D., & T. S. Osipova. Salin, D. & P. Williot. 1991. Acute toxicity of ammo- 1998. Results and Perspectives of Introduction of nia to Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri. In: Sterlet Acipenser ruthenus from the Severnaya Acipenser (Ed. P. Williot): 153-167. 3-6 October, Dvina to the Basin of Pechora River. Journal of 1989. Cemagref. Bordeaux, France. Ichthyology, 38: 795-799. aqua vol. 7 no. 3 - 2003 132 Instructions to Authors Day, J. H., Blaber, S. J. M., & J. H. Wallace. 1981. Estuarine Fishes. In: Estuarine Ecology with Particular Reference to South- aqua is an international journal which publishes original sci- ern Africa. (Ed. J.H. Day.) : 197-221. A. A. 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Contents

Karen Sanamyan and Dirk Schories: Ascidians from the Strait of Magellan...... 89-96 Richard Winterbottom: Feia ranta, a new species of gobiid fish (Acanthopterygii; Perciformes) from Vietnam ...... 97-102 John E. Randall and Gerald R. Allen: Paracheilinus rubricaudalis, a new species of flasherwrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from Fiji ...... 103-112 Gerald R. Allen, John E. Randall and Bruce Allan Carlson: Cirrhilabrus marjorie, a new wrasse (Pisces: Labridae) from Fiji...... 113-118 Wilson J. E. M. Costa and Dalton T. B. Nielsen: Simpsonichthys reticulatus n. sp. (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): a new annual fish from the Rio Xingu floodplains, Brazilian Amazon...... 119-122 Ioannis Paschos, Cosmas Nathanailides, Ifigenia Kagalou, Eufrosini Leka, Maria Tsoumani and Costas Perdikaris: The prospects for restoring the nearly extinct population of the Adriatic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte 1836 (Acipenseridae) in Greece ...... 123-132

Papers appearing in this journal are indexed in: Zoological Record; Biolis - Biologische Literatur Information Senckenberg; www.aquageo.com; www.Joachim-Frische.com

Cover: Male Cirrhilabrus marjorie, approx. 70 mm TL, underwater photograph at 32 m depth, Wakaya Reef, Fiji. Photo by G. R. Allen

Adult Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte, 1836, and ventral view. Specimen from the Po River. (See the Ms from Ioannis Paschos et al. in this issue on pages 123-132). Drawings after Miriam Baradlai (1989).