DOCSLIB.ORG

Spectral Signatures of Fractionalization in the Frustrated Heisenberg Model on the Square Lattice

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spectral Signatures of Fractionalization in the Frustrated Heisenberg Model on the Square Lattice Spectral signatures of fractionalization in the frustrated Heisenberg model on the square lattice Francesco Ferrari1 and Federico Becca2 1SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy 2Democritos National Simulation Center, Istituto Officina dei Materiali del CNR and SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy (Dated: September 3, 2018) We employ a variational Monte Carlo approach to efficiently obtain the dynamical structure factor for the spin-1/2 J1 − J2 Heisenberg model on the square lattice. Upon increasing the frustrating ratio J2=J1, the ground state undergoes a continuous transition from a N´eelantiferromagnet to a Z2 gapless spin liquid. We identify the characteristic spectral features in both phases and highlight the existence of a broad continuum of excitations in the proximity of the spin-liquid phase. The magnon branch, which dominates the spectrum of the unfrustrated Heisenberg model, gradually loses its spectral weight, thus releasing nearly-deconfined spinons, whose signatures are visible even in the magnetically ordered state. Our results provide an important example on how magnons fractionalize into deconfined spinons across a quantum critical point. Introduction. The existence of fractional excitations is Z2 gauge theory [14, 15]. Examples of deconfined excita- a phenomenon due to the strong interaction between the tions have been detected in the Kitaev model [16] or its particles. It refers to the emergence of quasiparticle ex- generalization including Heisenberg terms [17, 18]. Frac- citations having quantum numbers that are non-integer tionalization has been also invoked to describe continu- multiples of those of the constituent particles (such as ous phase transitions, where, in contrast to the conven- electrons) [1]. In two or three spatial dimensions frac- tional Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson paradigm, characterized tionalization is generally associated with emergent gauge by critical fluctuation of the order parameter, the criti- fields and can be described in terms of deconfinement of cal theory contains emergent gauge fields and deconfined quasiparticles that are free to move, rather than forming quasiparticles with fractional quantum numbers [19, 20]. bound states. There are several examples of fractional- In this context, dynamical signatures of the fractionalized ization, ranging from high-energy physics to condensed excitations have been recently considered within a spin matter, where gauge theories show transitions between model with ring-exchange interactions [21]. Furthermore, confining and deconfining phases [2]. One of the most the possibility for a coexistence of nearly-free spinons prominent examples is the fractional quantum Hall ef- and conventional S = 1 magnon excitations has been fect, where the quasiparticles carry fractions of the elec- suggested by recent neutron-scattering experiments on tron charge [3]. Another important case is given by the Cu(DCOO)2 4D2O, which have revealed the presence of spin-charge separation in one-dimensional electronic con- a very broad· spectrum around the wave vector q = (π; 0) ductors: here, the electron splits into a spinon, which [and (0; π)] together with a strong magnon peak around carries spin S = 1=2 and no charge, and a holon, with q = (π; π)[22]. The experimental results were com- S = 0 and unit charge e [4,5]. Also one-dimensional in- bined with a theoretical analysis based upon variational sulators exhibit fractionalization in the spin sector, e.g., wave functions and the unfrustrated Heisenberg model. the Heisenberg model [6], where elementary excitations However, their theoretical description was not fully sat- are S = 1=2 free spinons and not conventional S = 1 spin isfactory, since the magnon branch in the whole Bril- waves [7]. louin zone was recovered by a variational state that in- cludes magnetic order, while a broad continuum of decon- In recent years, motivated by the discovery of high- fined excitations was obtained when using a spin-liquid temperature superconductors, there has been an increas- (i.e., RVB) wave function. Still, an intriguing interpre- ing effort to understand whether spin-charge separation is tation of these results involves the existence of nearly- also possible in two-dimensional Mott insulators. In fact, deconfined spinons [23], while a more conventional one re- in two dimensions, magnetic order is likely to develop in sorts to magnons with a strong attraction at short length the ground state, entailing conventional spin-wave exci- scales [24]. tations (i.e., S = 1 magnons)[8]. In this regard, frus- trated systems are ideal candidates, since the competi- In this paper, we report variational calculations for tion among different super-exchange couplings may pre- the frustrated J1 J2 spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on the vent the system from developing long-range order [9, 10]. square lattice. Different− numerical approaches suggested There have been several attempts to obtain fractional the existence of a quantum critical point at J2=J1 0:5, excitations in two-dimensional antiferromagnets, ranging separating an ordered N´eelantiferromagnet and a≈ non- from the earliest approaches based upon the resonating- magnetic phase [25{31], whose precise nature is still un- valence bond (RVB) theory [11{13] to alternative theo- der debate. By using a recently developed variational retical frameworks based on boson-vortex dualities and technique that can deal with low-energy states with given 2 6 6 5 5 100 100 4 4 1 1 ω 3 10− ω 3 10− 2 2 2 2 10− 10− 1 1 3 3 0 10− 0 10− π π π π π π π π ( 2 , 2 ) (π, 0) (π, π) ( 2 , 2 ) (0, 0) (0, π) ( 2 , 2 ) (π, 0) (π, π) ( 2 , 2 ) (0, 0) (0, π) q q 6 6 5 5 100 100 4 4 1 1 ω 3 10− ω 3 10− 2 2 2 2 10− 10− 1 1 3 3 0 10− 0 10− π π π π π π π π ( 2 , 2 ) (π, 0) (π, π) ( 2 , 2 ) (0, 0) (0, π) ( 2 , 2 ) (π, 0) (π, π) ( 2 , 2 ) (0, 0) (0, π) q q Figure 1: Dynamical spin structure factor of the spatially anisotropic Heisenberg model with J2 = 0. Different values of the ? k inter-chain couplings are reported: J1 =J1 = 0:1 (upper-left), 0:3 (upper-right), 0:5 (lower-left), and 0:7 (lower-right). The square cluster contains N = 22 × 22 sites. Spectral functions have been convoluted with normalized Gaussians with standard k deviation 0:1J1 . momentum q [32, 33], we report the evolution of the dy- model on the square lattice with N = L L sites: × namical structure factor from the N´eelto a gapless 2 Z k X ? X = J Si Si+y + J Si Si+x spin-liquid phase, which is obtained within our approach. H 1 · 1 · The gradual softening and broadening of the spectral i i X signal around q = (π; 0) and (0; π) when approaching +J2 (Si Si+x+y + Si Si+x−y) ; (1) · · the critical point represents an important hallmark of i the spin model. A gapless continuum of free spinons in x y z the spin-liquid phase is ascribed to four Dirac points at where Si = (Si ;Si ;Si ) is the spin-1/2 operator on the q = ( π=2; π=2). Moreover, our results suggest the site i; the Hamiltonian contains both nearest-neighbor ± ± ? k possibility that nearly-deconfined spinons already exist terms along x and y spatial directions (J1 and J1 , re- within the N´eelphase close to the critical point. This spectively) and next-nearest-neighbor ones along x + y ? k work provides the evidence that the dynamical signa- and x y (J2). Here, we consider J1 = J1 only when tures of fractionalization observed for the sign-free model − ? k 6 J2 = 0, while we take J1 = J1 = J1 when J2 > 0. of Ref. [21] is a generic feature of continuous quantum The central aim of this work is to assess the dynamical phase transitions in frustrated spin models. structure factor at zero temperature, defined by: a X q a 2 q S (q; !) = Υα Sq Υ0 δ(! Eα + E0); (2) α jh j j ij − Model and method. We consider the J1 J2 Heisenberg where Υ0 is the ground state of the system with energy − j i 3 q E0, Υα are the excited states with momentum q (rel- fj ig q a 0.35 ative to the ground state) and energy Eα, and Sq is the a Fourier transform of the spin operator Si . 0.30 For generic values of the frustrating ratio J2=J1, there 0.25 are no exact methods that allow us to evaluate the dy- namical structure factor. Therefore, we resort to consid- 0.20 ering a suitable approximation, by employing Gutzwiller 0.15 projected fermionic wave functions to construct accurate 0.10 variational states to describe both the ground state and magnetization low-energy excitations. In particular, we consider an aux- 0.05 iliary superconducting (BCS) Hamiltonian: 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.48 X y X y y J /J 0 = ti;jc c + ∆i;jc c + h:c: 2 1 H i,σ j,σ i;" j;# i;j,σ i;j X iQRi y y + ∆AF e ci;"ci;# + ci;#ci;" ; (3) Figure 2: Variational results for the ground-state magne- i tization of the J1 − J2 Heisenberg model. The results are obtained in the thermodynamic limit, by extrapolating the y where, ci,σ (ci,σ) creates (destroys) an electron with spin isotropic spin-spin correlations at the maximum distance in σ = 1=2 on the site i; ti;j is a complex nearest-neighbor the L × L clusters with L ranging from 10 to 22.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Arxiv:2007.11161V3 [Cond-Mat.Str-El] 13 Mar 2021
    Topological phase transition and single/multi anyon dynamics of /2 spin liquid Zheng Yan,1 Yan-Cheng Wang,2 Nvsen Ma,3 Yang Qi,4, 5, 6, ∗ and Zi Yang Meng1, y 1Department of Physics and HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 2School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China 3School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Measurement-Manipulation and Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 4State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 5Center for Field Theory and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China 6Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China Among the quantum many-body models that host anyon excitation and topological orders, quantum dimer models (QDM) provide a unique playground for studying the relation between single-anyon and multi-anyon continuum spectra. However, as the prototypical correlated system with local constraints, the generic solution of QDM at different lattice geometry and parameter regimes is still missing due to the lack of controlled methodologies. Here we obtain, via the newly developed sweeping cluster quantum Monte Carlo algorithm, the excitation spectra in different phases of the triangular lattice QDM. Our resultsp revealp the single vison excitations inside the /2 quantum spin liquid (QSL) and its condensation towards the 12 × 12 valence bond solid (VBS), and demonstrate the translational symmetry fractionalization and emergent O(4) symmetry at the QSL-VBS transition. We find the single vison excitations, whose convolution qualitatively reproduces the dimer spectra, are not free but subject to interaction effects throughout the transition.
    [Show full text]
  • Observing Spinons and Holons in 1D Antiferromagnets Using Resonant
    Summary on “Observing spinons and holons in 1D antiferromagnets using resonant inelastic x-ray scattering.” Umesh Kumar1,2 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA 2 Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA (Dated Jan 30, 2018) We propose a method to observe spinon and anti-holon excitations at the oxygen K-edge of Sr2CuO3 using resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS). The evaluated RIXS spectra are rich, containing distinct two- and four-spinon excitations, dispersive antiholon excitations, and combinations thereof. Our results further highlight how RIXS complements inelastic neutron scattering experiments by accessing charge and spin components of fractionalized quasiparticles Introduction:- One-dimensional (1D) magnetic systems are an important playground to study the effects of quasiparticle fractionalization [1], defined below. Hamiltonians of 1D models can be solved with high accuracy using analytical and numerical techniques, which is a good starting point to study strongly correlated systems. The fractionalization in 1D is an exotic phenomenon, in which electronic quasiparticle excitation breaks into charge (“(anti)holon”), spin (“spinon”) and orbit (“orbiton”) degree of freedom, and are observed at different characteristic energy scales. Spin-charge and spin-orbit separation have been observed using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) [2] and resonant inelastic x-ray spectroscopy (RIXS) [1], respectively. RIXS is a spectroscopy technique that couples to spin, orbit and charge degree of freedom of the materials under study. Unlike spin-orbit, spin-charge separation has not been observed using RIXS to date. In our work, we propose a RIXS experiment that can observe spin-charge separation at the oxygen K-edge of doped Sr2CuO3, a prototype 1D material.
    [Show full text]
  • Topological Quantum Compiling Layla Hormozi
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 Topological Quantum Compiling Layla Hormozi Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES TOPOLOGICAL QUANTUM COMPILING By LAYLA HORMOZI A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Physics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2007 The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Layla Hormozi defended on September 20, 2007. Nicholas E. Bonesteel Professor Directing Dissertation Philip L. Bowers Outside Committee Member Jorge Piekarewicz Committee Member Peng Xiong Committee Member Kun Yang Committee Member Approved: Mark A. Riley , Chair Department of Physics Joseph Travis , Dean, College of Arts and Sciences The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my advisor, Nick Bonesteel, I am indebted at many levels. I should first thank him for introducing me to the idea of topological quantum computing, for providing me with the opportunity to work on the problems that are addressed in this thesis, and for spending an infinite amount of time helping me toddle along, every step of the process, from the very beginning up until the completion of this thesis. I should also thank him for his uniquely caring attitude, for his generous support throughout the years, and for his patience and understanding for an often-recalcitrant graduate student. Thank you Nick — I truly appreciate all that you have done for me.
    [Show full text]
  • Physics of Resonating Valence Bond Spin Liquids Julia Saskia Wildeboer Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) Summer 8-13-2013 Physics of Resonating Valence Bond Spin Liquids Julia Saskia Wildeboer Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation Wildeboer, Julia Saskia, "Physics of Resonating Valence Bond Spin Liquids" (2013). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 1163. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/1163 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Physics Dissertation Examination Committee: Alexander Seidel, Chair Zohar Nussinov Michael C. Ogilvie Jung-Tsung Shen Xiang Tang Li Yang Physics of Resonating Valence Bond Spin Liquids by Julia Saskia Wildeboer A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2013 St. Louis, Missouri TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ................................ v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................. ix DEDICATION ................................... ix ABSTRACT .................................... xi 1 Introduction .................................. 1 1.1 Landau’s principle of symmetry breaking and topological order .... 2 1.2 From quantum dimer models to spin models .............. 5 1.2.1 The Rokhsar-Kivelson (RK) point ................ 12 1.3 QDM phase diagrams ........................... 14 1.4 Z2 quantum spin liquid and other topological phases .......... 15 1.4.1 Z2 RVB liquid ........................... 16 1.4.2 U(1) critical RVB liquid ....................
    [Show full text]
  • Charge and Spin Fractionalization in Strongly Correlated Topological Insulators
    Charge and spin fractionalization in strongly correlated topological insulators Predrag Nikolić George Mason University October 26, 2011 Acknowledgments Zlatko Tešanović Michael Levin Tanja Duric IQM @ Johns Hopkins University of Maryland Max Planck Institute, Dresden • Affiliations and sponsors The Center for Quantum Science Charge and spin fractionalization in strongly correlated topological insulators 2/33 Overview • TIs with time-reversal symmetry – Introduction to topological band-insulators – Introduction to interacting TIs • Experimental realization of strongly correlated TIs – Cooper pair TI by proximity effect – Exciton TI • Theory of strongly correlated TIs – Topological Landau-Ginzburg theory – Charge and spin fractionalization Charge and spin fractionalization in strongly correlated topological insulators 3/33 Topological vs. Conventional • Conventional states of matter – Characterized by local properties (LDOS, order parameter...) • Topological states of matter – Characterized by non-local properties (entanglement, edge modes, torus spectra...) • Examples of topological quantum states – Quantum Hall states & “topological insulators” – Spin liquids, string-net condensates... Charge and spin fractionalization in strongly correlated topological insulators 4/33 The Appeal of Topological • Macroscopic quantum entanglement – What makes quantum mechanics fascinating... – Still uncharted class of quantum states • Non-local properties are hard to perturb – Standard for measurements of resistivity – Topological quantum computation •
    [Show full text]
  • Spin Liquids with Topological Order
    Spin Liquids with Topological Order 2d Mott Insulators with one electron per unit cell Quantum s=1/2 magnets Will show that topologically ordered spin liquids have: • an emergent “gauge structure” • Quantum number fractionalization • Ground state degeneracy on a torus Focus on Spin liquids with: • Z2 Topological order • Fully gapped with bosonic “spinons” and “visons” • 2d square lattice and Kagome lattice Resonating Valence Bond “Picture” 2d square lattice s=1/2 AFM = Singlet or a Valence Bond - Gains exchange energy J Valence Bond Solid Plaquette Resonance Resonating Valence Bond “Spin liquid” Plaquette Resonance Resonating Valence Bond “Spin liquid” Plaquette Resonance Resonating Valence Bond “Spin liquid” Gapped Spin Excitations “Break” a Valence Bond - costs energy of order J Create s=1 excitation Try to separate two s=1/2 “spinons” Valence Bond Solid Energy cost is linear in separation Spinons are “Confined” in VBS RVB State: Exhibits Fractionalization! Energy cost stays finite when spinons are separated Spinons are “deconfined” in the RVB state Spinon carries the electrons spin, but not its charge ! The electron is “fractionalized”. Gauge Theory Formulation of RVB Spin liquid Focus on the Valence bonds and their quantum dynamics - “A Quantum Dimer model” Place a “spin” on each link i j of the lattice vector of Pauli matrices no bond on link ij Define: Plaquette “Flux” bond on link ij 1 -1 -1 1 Hamiltonian: Need a Constraint: One valence bond coming out of each site Z2 Gauge Theory: Qi = -1 implies one or three bonds out of each
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Symmetry Fractionalization in Gapped
    Classification of symmetry fractionalization in gapped Z2 spin liquids Yang Qi1, 2 and Meng Cheng3 1Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada 2Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China∗ 3Station Q, Microsoft Research, Santa Barbara, California 93106-6105, USAy In quantum spin liquids, fractional spinon excitations carry half-integer spins and other fractional quantum numbers of lattice and time-reversal symmetries. Different patterns of symmetry fraction- alization distinguish different spin liquid phases. In this work, we derive a general constraint on the symmetry fractionalization of spinons in a gapped spin liquid, realized in a system with an odd 1 number of spin- 2 per unit cell. In particular, when applied to kagome/triangular lattices, we obtain a complete classification of symmetric gapped Z2 spin liquids. I. INTRODUCTION of central importance to the understanding of SET phases, but also essential to the studies of quantum spin Gapped spin liquids [1, 2] are strongly-correlated quan- liquids. Spin liquids with different patterns of symmetry tum states of spin systems that do not exhibit any fractionalization belong to different phases, and thus are Laudau-type symmetry-breaking orders [3], but instead represented by different symmetric variational wave func- are characterized by the so-called topological order [4{ tions [11{15]. Hence, a complete classification exhaust- 7]. The existence of the topological order manifests as ing all possible universality classes of topological spin the emergence of quasiparticle excitations with anyonic liquids greatly facilitates the numerical studies of such braiding and exchange statistics. Although no symme- exotic states. Furthermore, symmetry fractionalization tries are broken, the nontrivial interplay between the may lead to interesting physical signatures [11, 16{19], symmetries and the topological degrees of freedom fur- which can then be detected both numerically and experi- ther enriches the concept of topological orders, leading mentally.
    [Show full text]
  • Parton Theory of Magnetic Polarons: Mesonic Resonances and Signatures in Dynamics
    PHYSICAL REVIEW X 8, 011046 (2018) Parton Theory of Magnetic Polarons: Mesonic Resonances and Signatures in Dynamics F. Grusdt,1 M. Kánasz-Nagy,1 A. Bohrdt,2,1 C. S. Chiu,1 G. Ji,1 M. Greiner,1 D. Greif,1 and E. Demler1 1Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 2Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany (Received 30 October 2017; revised manuscript received 18 January 2018; published 21 March 2018) When a mobile hole is moving in an antiferromagnet it distorts the surrounding N´eel order and forms a magnetic polaron. Such interplay between hole motion and antiferromagnetism is believed to be at the heart of high-temperature superconductivity in cuprates. In this article, we study a single hole described by the t-Jz model with Ising interactions between the spins in two dimensions. This situation can be experimentally realized in quantum gas microscopes with Mott insulators of Rydberg-dressed bosons or fermions, or using polar molecules. We work at strong couplings, where hole hopping is much larger than couplings between the spins. In this regime we find strong theoretical evidence that magnetic polarons can be understood as bound states of two partons, a spinon and a holon carrying spin and charge quantum numbers, respectively. Starting from first principles, we introduce a microscopic parton description which is benchmarked by comparison with results from advanced numerical simulations. Using this parton theory, we predict a series of excited states that are invisible in the spectral function and correspond to rotational excitations of the spinon-holon pair.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Fractionalization and Topology in Strongly Correlated Systems from Zero to Two Dimensions Yichen Hu University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2019 Studies On Fractionalization And Topology In Strongly Correlated Systems From Zero To Two Dimensions Yichen Hu University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Condensed Matter Physics Commons Recommended Citation Hu, Yichen, "Studies On Fractionalization And Topology In Strongly Correlated Systems From Zero To Two Dimensions" (2019). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 3282. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3282 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3282 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Studies On Fractionalization And Topology In Strongly Correlated Systems From Zero To Two Dimensions Abstract The interplay among symmetry, topology and condensed matter systems has deepened our understandings of matter and lead to tremendous recent progresses in finding new topological phases of matter such as topological insulators, superconductors and semi-metals. Most examples of the aforementioned topological materials are free fermion systems, in this thesis, however, we focus on their strongly correlated counterparts where electron-electron interactions play a major role. With interactions, exotic topological phases and quantum critical points with fractionalized quantum degrees of freedom emerge. In the first part of this thesis, we study the problem of resonant tunneling through a quantum dot in a spinful Luttinger liquid. It provides the simplest example of a (0+1)d system with symmetry-protected phase transitions. We show that the problem is equivalent to a two channel SU(3) Kondo problem and can be mapped to a quantum Brownian motion model on a Kagome lattice.
    [Show full text]
  • Topological Quantum Computing with Majorana Zero Modes and Beyond
    UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Topological Quantum Computing with Majorana Zero Modes and Beyond Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04305656 Author Knapp, Christina Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Topological Quantum Computing with Majorana Zero Modes and Beyond A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics by Christina Paulsen Knapp Committee in charge: Professor Chetan Nayak, Chair Professor Leon Balents Professor Andrea F. Young June 2019 The dissertation of Christina Paulsen Knapp is approved: Professor Leon Balents Professor Andrea F. Young Professor Chetan Nayak, Chair June 2019 Copyright ⃝c 2019 by Christina Paulsen Knapp iii Of course it is happening in your head, Harry, but why on earth should that mean it is not real? -J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows To my grandparents, John and Betsy Tower, and Harold and Barbara Knapp, for instilling in me the value of learning. iv Acknowledgements I am immensely grateful to many people for making graduate school a successful and en- joyable experience. First, I would like to thank my advisor Chetan Nayak for introducing me to the field of topological phases and for his patience and guidance throughout my Ph.D. Chetan’s balance of providing direction when necessary and encouraging independence when possible has been essential for my growth as a physicist. His good humor and breadth of expertise has fostered a particularly fun and vibrant group that I feel incredibly fortunate to have joined.
    [Show full text]
  • Spin Liquid in the Kitaev Honeycomb Model
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08459-9 OPEN Emergence of a field-driven U(1) spin liquid in the Kitaev honeycomb model Ciarán Hickey 1 & Simon Trebst 1 In the field of quantum magnetism, the exactly solvable Kitaev honeycomb model serves as a Z paradigm for the fractionalization of spin degrees of freedom and the formation of 2 quantum spin liquids. An intense experimental search has led to the discovery of a number of 1234567890():,; spin-orbit entangled Mott insulators that realize its characteristic bond-directional interac- tions and, in the presence of magnetic fields, exhibit no indications of long-range order. Here, we map out the complete phase diagram of the Kitaev model in tilted magnetic fields and report the emergence of a distinct gapless quantum spin liquid at intermediate field strengths. Analyzing a number of static, dynamical, and finite temperature quantities using numerical exact diagonalization techniques, we find strong evidence that this phase exhibits gapless fermions coupled to a massless U(1) gauge field. We discuss its stability in the presence of perturbations that naturally arise in spin-orbit entangled candidate materials. 1 Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.H. (email: [email protected]) NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:530 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08459-9 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08459-9 uantum spin liquids are highly entangled quantum states to be a descendent of it.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Abelian Anyons and Topological Quantum Computation
    Non-Abelian Anyons and Topological Quantum Computation Chetan Nayak1,2, Steven H. Simon3, Ady Stern4, Michael Freedman1, Sankar Das Sarma5, 1Microsoft Station Q, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93108 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547 3Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs, 600 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 4Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel 5Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Topological quantum computation has recently emerged as one of the most exciting approaches to constructing a fault-tolerant quantum computer. The proposal relies on the existence of topological states of matter whose quasi- particle excitations are neither bosons nor fermions, but are particles known as Non-Abelian anyons, meaning that they obey non-Abelian braiding statistics. Quantum information is stored in states with multiple quasiparticles, which have a topological degeneracy. The unitary gate operations which are necessary for quantum computation are carried out by braiding quasiparticles, and then measuring the multi-quasiparticle states. The fault-tolerance of a topological quantum computer arises from the non-local encoding of the states of the quasiparticles, which makes them immune to errors caused by local perturbations. To date, the only such topological states thought to have been found in nature are fractional quantum Hall states, most prominently the ν = 5/2 state, although several other prospective candidates have been proposed in systems as disparate as ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices and thin film superconductors. In this review article, we describe current research in this field, focusing on the general theoretical concepts of non-Abelian statistics as it relates to topological quantum computation, on understanding non-Abelian quantum Hall states, on proposed experiments to detect non-Abelian anyons, and on proposed architectures for a topological quantum computer.
    [Show full text]