DOCSLIB.ORG

Design, Synthesis and Physicochemical Analysis of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes for Application in Phototherapy and Nucleic Acid Sensing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Design, Synthesis and Physicochemical Analysis of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes for Application in Phototherapy and Nucleic Acid Sensing University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Chemistry Chemistry 2016 Design, Synthesis and Physicochemical Analysis of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes for Application in Phototherapy and Nucleic Acid Sensing Erin Melissa Wachter University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2016.229 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Wachter, Erin Melissa, "Design, Synthesis and Physicochemical Analysis of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes for Application in Phototherapy and Nucleic Acid Sensing" (2016). Theses and Dissertations-- Chemistry. 60. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_etds/60 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemistry at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Chemistry by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Erin Melissa Wachter, Student Dr. Edith C. Glazer, Major Professor Dr. Dong-Sheng Yang, Director of Graduate Studies DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF RUTHENIUM(II) POLYPYRIDYL COMPLEXES FOR APPLICATION IN PHOTOTHERAPY AND NUCLEIC ACID SENSING _______________________________________________________ DISSERTATION _______________________________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Science at the University of Kentucky By Erin Melissa Wachter Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Edith C. Glazer, Associate Professor of Chemistry Lexington, Kentucky 2016 Copyright © Erin Melissa Wachter 2016 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF RUTHENIUM(II) POLYPYRIDYL COMPLEXES FOR APPLICATION IN PHOTOTHERAPY AND NUCLEIC ACID SENSING Current chemotherapeutics exhibit debilitating side effects as a result of their toxicity to healthy tissues. Reducing these side effects by developing chemotherapeutics with selectivity for cancer cells is an active area of research. Phototherapy is one promising modality for selective treatment, where drug molecules are “turned on” when irradiated with light, reducing damage to healthy tissues by spatially restricting the areas exposed to irradiation. A second approach to improve selectivity is to exploit the differences in cancerous versus healthy cells, such as increased metabolism and/or upregulation of cell surface receptors. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes are candidates for phototherapy due to their highly tunable photophysical and photochemical properties. The addition of strain to the metal center is a general approach used to render complexes susceptible to light-induced ligand loss. Upon ejection of a ligand, the Ru(II) center is capable of covalently binding biomolecules within cells to produce a cytotoxic effect. The ligands surrounding the metal center are amenable to chemical modification through the incorporation of pendent functional groups as chemical “handles”, allowing for different directing molecules to be attached. Nucleic acids are important targets for drug discovery, and the development of selective probes to either visualize or selectively damage nucleic acids within the cell is an ongoing area of research. Specifically, G-rich regions are abundant in the human genome, and the presence of G-quadruplexes in telomeres and promoter regions of oncogenes make them potential therapeutic targets. Ru(II) complexes are known to bind nucleic acids, and some have been shown to induce and/or stabilize G-quadruplex Structures. Multiple series of Ru(II) compounds have been synthesized and tested to improve the functional range for Ru(II) complexes for in vivo applications, where they act as “light switches” for DNA. These molecules are “off” when in an aqueous environment but turned “on” in the presence of DNA. Several hit compounds were identified that showed selectivity for specific G-quadruplex structures. KEYWORDS: Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, cancer, phototherapy, nucleic acid sensing, G-quadruplexes Erin Melissa Wachter 05/12/2016 DESIGN, SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF RUTHENIUM(II) POLYPYRIDYL COMPLEXES FOR APPLICATION IN PHOTOTHERAPY AND NUCLEIC ACID SENSING By Erin Melissa Wachter Dr. Edith Glazer Director of Dissertation Dr. Dong-Sheng Yang Director of Graduate Studies 05/12/2016 TO MY FAMILY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Without the support of many people I would not have been able to accomplish the things I have while pursing my Ph.D. I would first like to thank my advisor, Dr. Edith Glazer, for her continued support, guidance, and inspiration. Over the course of 6 years she has helped me discovery things about myself and become the scientist I am today. Her passion for the research is admirable and I can only hope to show that much passion in my future career. Many other people played an important role in my scientific development. To my committee members Drs. John Selegue, Allan Butterfield, and Ed Pavlik, I would like to thank each of them for their scientific input and encouraging conversations over the years. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. David Heidary for his continued input on my research projects, biological expertise and overall support. Next, I would like to thank each of the Glazer group members, past and present, for the role they played in my Ph.D. career. I would especially like to thank Catherine, for not only being a labmate but a friend who has continuously helped me become a better scientist and person, and Achmad Hidayatullah, for the enjoyable conversations, continued motivational chats and teaching me shorthanded phrasing for everything. Lastly, I would like to thank John May and Tricia Coakley for their guidance and conversations while using the ERTL facilities. Next, I want to thank my family and friends who has been supportive and encouraging since the beginning. Mom and Dad: even though they do not understand all of the science, they still want to read all of my papers and know what I’ve been doing each week in the lab. Siblings: for always being supportive and interested in the entire process. Amber: thank you for all of your “checking in” texts, job postings, and someone to not talk science with. Thy: thank you for being that silly friend that can put you in a good mood no matter how bad the day was. Christine: thank you for the “stimulating” walks and always being there to vent to.. Last but definitely not least, I want to thank Jahmai Turner for being my rock during this process. You’re one of the most supportive people in my life. Thank you for always being my sanity when things were stressful and always finding the positive out of a situation. I have learned countless things from you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi LIST OF SCHEMES...................................................................................................... xviii ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... xix RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS .................................................................................. xxii Chapter 1. Introduction. ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 What is cancer and how is it treated? ........................................................................ 1 1.2 Metal-based anticancer agents. ................................................................................. 2 1.3 Light-activated therapies. .........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identification of a Chemical Fingerprint Linking the Undeclared 2017 Release of 106Ru to Advanced Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing
    Identification of a chemical fingerprint linking the undeclared 2017 release of 106Ru to advanced nuclear fuel reprocessing Michael W. Cookea,1, Adrian Bottia, Dorian Zokb, Georg Steinhauserb, and Kurt R. Ungara aRadiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 1C1, Canada; and bInstitute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany Edited by Kristin Bowman-James, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Marcetta Y. Darensbourg May 1, 2020 (received for review February 7, 2020) The undeclared release and subsequent detection of ruthenium- constitutes the identification of unique signatures. From a radiologi- 106 (106Ru) across Europe from late September to early October of cal perspective, there is none. Samples have been shown to be radi- 2017 prompted an international effort to ascertain the circum- opure and to carry the stable ruthenium isotopic signature of civilian stances of the event. While dispersion modeling, corroborated spent nuclear fuel (10), while stable elemental analysis by scanning by ground deposition measurements, has narrowed possible loca- electron microscopy and neutron activation has revealed no detect- tions of origin, there has been a lack of direct empirical evidence to able anomalies compared to aerosol filter media sampled prior to the address the nature of the release. This is due to the absence of advent of the 106Ru contaminant (1, 11). We are, then, left with the radiological and chemical signatures in the sample matrices, con- definition of a limiting case for a nuclear forensic investigation. sidering that such signatures encode the history and circumstances Fortunately, we are concerned with an element that has sig- of the radioactive contaminant.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Trends in the Main Group Elements
    Chemistry of The Main Group Elements 1. Hydrogen Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but it accounts for less than 1% (by mass) in the Earth’s crust. It is the third most abundant element in the living system. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen: hydrogen (1H) - the most abundant isotope, deuterium (2H), and tritium 3 ( H) which is radioactive. Most of hydrogen occurs as H2O, hydrocarbon, and biological compounds. Hydrogen is a colorless gas with m.p. = -259oC (14 K) and b.p. = -253oC (20 K). Hydrogen is placed in Group 1A (1), together with alkali metals, because of its single electron in the valence shell and its common oxidation state of +1. However, it is physically and chemically different from any of the alkali metals. Hydrogen reacts with reactive metals (such as those of Group 1A and 2A) to for metal hydrides, where hydrogen is the anion with a “-1” charge. Because of this hydrogen may also be placed in Group 7A (17) together with the halogens. Like other nonmetals, hydrogen has a relatively high ionization energy (I.E. = 1311 kJ/mol), and its electronegativity is 2.1 (twice as high as those of alkali metals). Reactions of Hydrogen with Reactive Metals to form Salt like Hydrides Hydrogen reacts with reactive metals to form ionic (salt like) hydrides: 2Li(s) + H2(g) 2LiH(s); Ca(s) + H2(g) CaH2(s); The hydrides are very reactive and act as a strong base. It reacts violently with water to produce hydrogen gas: NaH(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g); It is also a strong reducing agent and is used to reduce TiCl4 to titanium metal: TiCl4(l) + 4LiH(s) Ti(s) + 4LiCl(s) + 2H2(g) Reactions of Hydrogen with Nonmetals Hydrogen reacts with nonmetals to form covalent compounds such as HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2O, H2S, NH3, CH4, and other organic and biological compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • The Noble Gases
    INTERCHAPTER K The Noble Gases When an electric discharge is passed through a noble gas, light is emitted as electronically excited noble-gas atoms decay to lower energy levels. The tubes contain helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. University Science Books, ©2011. All rights reserved. www.uscibooks.com Title General Chemistry - 4th ed Author McQuarrie/Gallogy Artist George Kelvin Figure # fig. K2 (965) Date 09/02/09 Check if revision Approved K. THE NOBLE GASES K1 2 0 Nitrogen and He Air P Mg(ClO ) NaOH 4 4 2 noble gases 4.002602 1s2 O removal H O removal CO removal 10 0 2 2 2 Ne Figure K.1 A schematic illustration of the removal of O2(g), H2O(g), and CO2(g) from air. First the oxygen is removed by allowing the air to pass over phosphorus, P (s) + 5 O (g) → P O (s). 20.1797 4 2 4 10 2s22p6 The residual air is passed through anhydrous magnesium perchlorate to remove the water vapor, Mg(ClO ) (s) + 6 H O(g) → Mg(ClO ) ∙6 H O(s), and then through sodium hydroxide to remove 18 0 4 2 2 4 2 2 the carbon dioxide, NaOH(s) + CO2(g) → NaHCO3(s). The gas that remains is primarily nitrogen Ar with about 1% noble gases. 39.948 3s23p6 36 0 The Group 18 elements—helium, K-1. The Noble Gases Were Kr neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and Not Discovered until 1893 83.798 radon—are called the noble gases 2 6 4s 4p and are noteworthy for their rela- In 1893, the English physicist Lord Rayleigh noticed 54 0 tive lack of chemical reactivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Argon: Systematic Review on Neuro- and Organoprotective Properties of an “Inert” Gas
    Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 18175-18196; doi:10.3390/ijms151018175 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Review Argon: Systematic Review on Neuro- and Organoprotective Properties of an “Inert” Gas Anke Höllig 1,2, Anita Schug 1, Astrid V. Fahlenkamp 2, Rolf Rossaint 2, Mark Coburn 2,* and Argon Organo-Protective Network (AON) † 1 Department of Neurosurgery, University RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.H.); [email protected] (A.S.) 2 Department of Anesthesiology, University RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.V.F.); [email protected] (R.R.) † Members are listed in Appendix. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-241-80-88179; Fax: +49-241-80-82406. External Editor: Katalin Prokai-Tatrai Received: 14 August 2014; in revised form: 12 September 2014 / Accepted: 23 September 2014 / Published: 10 October 2014 Abstract: Argon belongs to the group of noble gases, which are regarded as chemically inert. Astonishingly some of these gases exert biological properties and during the last decades more and more reports demonstrated neuroprotective and organoprotective effects. Recent studies predominately use in vivo or in vitro models for ischemic pathologies to investigate the effect of argon treatment. Promising data has been published concerning pathologies like cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. However, models applied and administration of the therapeutic gas vary. Here we provide a systematic review to summarize the available data on argon’s neuro- and organoprotective effects and discuss its possible mechanism of action.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry 20 – Lesson 2 Atoms, Ions, Compounds /100 Part 1 Group 1 18 Group IA VIIIA
    Chemistry 20 – Lesson 2 Atoms, ions, compounds /100 Part 1 Group 1 18 Group IA VIIIA 1 2 1e– 2 13 14 15 16 17 2e– 1p+ 2p+ hydrogen IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA helium H He 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 – 10 – 1e 2e 3e 4e 5e 6e 7e 8e – – – – – – – – 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 3 p+ 4p+ 5p+ 6p+ 7p+ 8p+ 9p+ 10p+ lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon Li Be B C N O F Ne 11 1e– 12 2e– 13 3e– 14 4e– 15 5e– 16 6e– 17 7e– 18 8e– – – – – – – – – 8e 8e 8e 8e 8e 8e 8e 8e – – – – – – – – 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 2e 11p+ 12p+ 13p+ 14p+ 15p+ 16p+ 17p+ 18p+ sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorous sulfur chlorine argon Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Questions: 1. What is the relationship between the old American system group number and the number of valence electrons? The roman numeral matches the number of valence electrons. 2. What is the relationship between the period number and the number of energy levels in which electrons are accommodated? The period number is the same as the number of electron energy levels for the atoms in the period. 3. What is the relationship between the maximum number of electrons in each energy level and the number of atoms in each period of the periodic table? The number of atoms in a period equals the maximum number of electrons that can exist at that energy level. 4. According to the above abbreviated periodic table, how many electrons can be accommodated before a new energy level is started in each of the first three energy levels? 1st energy level 2 2nd energy level 8 3rd energy level 8 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Argon out of Thin Air Markku Räsänen Remembers Making a Neutral Compound Featuring Argon, and Ponders on the Reactivity of This Inert Element
    in your element Argon out of thin air Markku Räsänen remembers making a neutral compound featuring argon, and ponders on the reactivity of this inert element. he discovery of the noble gases shows improper handling of the reactive precursor how innovative researchers have HF, the first signals of this new species were Tbeen when it came to separating and obtained in my group on 21 December identifying minor amounts of components 1999 — a time of the year conducive to from mixtures using relatively simple tools. experimentation, with no interfering students First indications of an inert component present in the lab. Conclusive experimental in air appeared in 1785 through results were obtained from the vibrational Henry Cavendish’s experimental studies, spectral effects of H/D and36 Ar/40Ar isotopic when he found about 1% of an unreactive substitutions3. A neutral molecule containing component. He could not, however, identify argon — I couldn’t have wished for a better the unreactive species, which turned out to Christmas present. be argon, and the names connected with its A number of stable argon compounds discovery are Lord Rayleigh and Sir William have been computationally predicted, and Ramsay (pictured). In 1892, Rayleigh and are waiting for experimental verification. Ramsay’s exceptionally skilful eudiometric Recent extensions of this chemistry measurements, after chemical separation of include, for example, the preparation and the constituents, revealed that the density / ALAMY © THE PRINT COLLECTOR characterization of ArBeS (ref. 4) and ArAuF of nitrogen prepared by removing oxygen, (ref. 5). Our chemical understanding of the carbon dioxide and water from air with chemically.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard High School Zzana the Periodic Table
    STANDARD HIGH SCHOOL ZZANA S.2 CHEMISTRY NOTES 1 Instructions: Read and copy these notes then after you copy Bonding NOTES Please THE PERIODIC TABLE This is the arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number with elements of similar properties in the same vertical column. There are 8 groups and 7 periods Horizontal rows are called periods Vertical columns are called groups A period number is written in Arabic numerals where as the group number is written in Roman numerals. GROUP An element is put in a particular group depending on the number of electrons it has in its last or outermost orbital e.g. oxygen 2:6 has 6 electrons in its last orbital so it’s in group 6. Sodium 2:8:1 has 1 electron in its outermost shell, so it’s put in group 1 etc. PERIOD An element is put in a particular period depending on the number of orbitals it has e.g. oxygen 2: 6; Has 2 orbitals so it is period 2 and group 6 UNIQUE POSITION OF HYDROGEN Hydrogen occupies the unique positions on the periodic table appearing on the top of group (I) elements and also at the top of group (VII) elements. This is because the hydrogen element has only one electron in its energy level. It may therefore be considered as group (I) element in reactions in which it can lose that one electron to form a positive ion (H+). On the other hand, it may be considered an element which is only one electron short to a complete energy level.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Characterization of Photolabile Ruthenium Polypyridyl Crosslinkers with Applications in Soft Materials and Biology
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 Synthesis And Characterization Of Photolabile Ruthenium Polypyridyl Crosslinkers With Applications In Soft Materials And Biology Teresa Rapp University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Biochemistry Commons, Biomedical Commons, and the Inorganic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Rapp, Teresa, "Synthesis And Characterization Of Photolabile Ruthenium Polypyridyl Crosslinkers With Applications In Soft Materials And Biology" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2808. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2808 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2808 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Synthesis And Characterization Of Photolabile Ruthenium Polypyridyl Crosslinkers With Applications In Soft Materials And Biology Abstract Since its discovery in 1844, ruthenium has solidified its position as the most widely used transition metal in catalysis and excited state chemistry. Its lower toxicity and relatively low price (compared to other platinum group metals) have enabled many applications of ruthenium coordination compounds. In this dissertation I discuss ruthenium polypyridyl complexes that undergo photoinduced ligand exchange, and how this unique property can be harnessed to develop next-generation smart materials and responsive chemical biology tools. Ru(LL)2X22+
    [Show full text]
  • The Uptake and Elimination of Krypton and Other Inert Gases by the Human Body
    THE UPTAKE AND ELIMINATION OF KRYPTON AND OTHER INERT GASES BY THE HUMAN BODY C. A. Tobias, … , J. H. Lawrence, J. G. Hamilton J Clin Invest. 1949;28(6):1375-1385. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI102203. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/102203/pdf THE UPTAKE AND ELIMINATION OF KRYPTON AND OTHER INERT GASES BY THE HUMAN BODY1 By C. A. TOBIAS, H. B. JONES, J. H. LAWRENCE, AND J. G. HAMILTON (From the Divisions of Medical Physics 2 and Medicine, and the Radiation Laboratory, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley, California) INTRODUCTION After Zuntz (5) postulated a mechanism for the Chemically inert gases, such as nitrogen, helium, exchange of dissolved nitrogen between the tissues neon, argon, krypton and xenon, apparently do not and the lungs, Boycott et al. (6) carried out ex- participate at normal pressures in biochemical re- periments on goats and men subjected to excess actions of the human body. These gases are pres- pressure and determined the general shape of the ent in physical solution, chiefly in the body water nitrogen desaturation curve. Bornstein (7) and and fat. In recent years much interest has been later Campbell and Hill (8, 9) made further stud- focused on the exchange of these gases between ies of nitrogen exchange, showing that rates of ex- body fluids and external air, through the lungs, change are different in various parts of the body. skin and intestinal wall. A number of important Shaw et al. (10) demonstrated on dogs that under physiological processes may be studied by means conditions of equilibrium at pressures up to four of inert gas exchange measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Noble Gases Periodic Table
    Noble Gases Periodic Table Sometimes winding Ralph trichinize her annexations trustworthily, but Palladian Maurie profiling physiognomically or episcopized backstage. Barn utilises her creep emergently, unwoven and antediluvian. Meagerly Fremont sometimes massaged his insalivations paradoxically and expunges so reputed! Add at the rightful place, periodic table noble gases, partition between two electrons in the noble gases and sensitive chemicals but remember that the Is inert gas and neat gas the same? Just pick a number roughly halfway between the two. Stay informed, stay ahead. They superior thermal chiral rate of gases table with flashcards, but it consists of flammable or use your account is. Creating your own custom memes is a great way to get your students super engaged! Each column is a group of elements. Something went wrong while deleting the quiz! Was this answer helpful? Noble gases were not known at the time when Mendeleev gave the periodic table. Do noble gases are: pergamon press finish editing it simply fill in gases periodic table noble gases called noble gases give off energy electron waves when it is also interact with your class. Food and Drug Administration alerts consumers and retailers of the potential for serious injury from eating, drinking, or handling food products prepared by adding liquid nitrogen at the point of sale and immediately before consumption. Some of the newer features will not work on older apps. He could dwell into horizontal rows have the heavier elements to make reattempts meaningful and memes is formed by electrical discharge tubes and noble gases periodic table are monotomic gases. The Atomic radius tend to increase when moving down a group from top to bottom.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical and Chemical Properties of Noble Gases
    Physical And Chemical Properties Of Noble Gases Enhancive and melodious Damon preconstructs her centuplicate medicates unaptly or symbolizes infinitesimally, is Rod gallooned? Brute Tracy sometimes fasten any bijou catnap feudally. Which Reinhold frivols so fined that Kirby satirizing her sustenances? Top of neon does not give a shiny, and have suggested that several isotopes are not form? These are called noble gases and premature of creature are non-reactive or inert. The procedure of neon is used with z also between those gases and properties of chemical noble gases in his more common misconceptions in a template reference. Chemistry Glossary Search results for 'me gas'. Compounds because atoms of noble gases do not you gain lose. With noble gases properties of chemical property variations, chemically inert gasses, and physical appearance, believed to be? Neon Ne Discovery Occurrence Production Properties. These elements to extract helium, dyes and gases and physical properties of chemical noble gases. New avenues of elements emit under standard conditions to share credit for chemically removing those of chemical element increases which they emit visible light bulbs. The nitrogen cycle Science Learning Hub. Noble Gases The Gases In Group 1 Properties of blood Chemistry FuseSchool Have you certainly heard. Depending upon the properties and of chemical reality being taken when placed with trace elements. Nitrogen N nonmetallic element of Group 15 Va of the periodic table It between a colourless odourless tasteless gas input is it most plentiful element in Earth's atmosphere and offer a constituent of innocent living matter. Been seen and The scientists named the game gas neon which sent new in Latin.
    [Show full text]
  • Helium: an Important Natural Resource
    Helium: An Important Natural Resource Grade/Subject: Chemistry Standard CHEM.3.5 Develop solutions related to the management, conservation, and utilization of mineral resources (matter). Define the problem, identify criteria and constraints, develop possible solutions using models, analyze data to make improvements from iteratively testing solutions, and optimize a solution. (PS1.B, ESS3.A, ETS1.A) Lesson Performance Expectations: ● Students will develop solutions related to well drilling of helium, its conservation and utilization. ● Students will focus on the geochemistry associated with nuclear decay that produces helium in granitic rocks and why drilling is used to recover the gas. A granitic rock is a common, coarse-grained, light-colored, hard igneous rock consisting chiefly of quartz used in monuments and for building and commonly referred to as granite. Materials: Students need a computer for each pair or individual student. Time: 50 minutes Teacher Background Information: ● Watch this video about helium https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLCfFugIuog&t=9s ● Basic Geology ○ Helium is an element, which means that it cannot be manufactured under normal conditions. ○ Commercial concentrations of helium are formed under unusual geologic conditions, often in conjunction with natural gas. ○ Helium often forms in Paleozoic-age rocks from radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. ○ Following faults, fractures, and igneous intrusive, helium migrates upward into sedimentary rocks. Igneous intrusions form when lava flows cool and solidify before it reaching the Earth’s surface. ○ The atomic radius of helium is so small that it easily moves upward through most of the Earth’s layers. Helium can be trapped by non-porous cap-rock such as halite (rock salt) or anhydrite.
    [Show full text]