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The Digestive System

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The Digestive System Overview of the Digestive System 23 PART 1 • Organs are divided into two groups The Digestive System • Alimentary canal • Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus • Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine • Accessory digestive organs • Teeth and tongue • Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas • Accessory organs are connected to the alimentary canal by ducts PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Leslie Hendon • Secretions contribute to breakdown of foodstuffs University of Alabama, Birmingham © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.1 The alimentary canal and the accessory digestive organs. Abdominal Regions Mouth (oral cavity) Parotid gland Sublingual gland • Four lines divide abdominal wall into nine Tongue Salivary glands Submandibular gland regions • Midclavicular lines—vertical lines of grid Pharynx Esophagus Stomach • Subcostal plane—superior horizontal line Pancreas (Spleen) • Connects inferior points of costal margin Liver Gallbladder Transverse • Transtubercular plane—inferior horizontal line colon Descending Duodenum colon • Connects tubercles of iliac crests Small Jejunum Ascending intestine Ileum colon Large intestine Cecum Sigmoid colon Rectum Appendix Anus Anal canal © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.2a Divisions of the anterior abdominal wall. Figure 23.2b Divisions of the anterior abdominal wall. Liver Diaphragm Right Left Epigastric hypochondriac hypochondriac region region region Gallbladder Stomach Transverse colon Right Left Ascending colon Umbilical of large intestine lumbar lumbar of large intestine region region region Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac Initial part of (pubic) (inguinal) (inguinal) Appendix sigmoid colon region region region Urinary bladder Nine regions delineated by four planes Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Figure 23.3 Peritoneum and the Digestive System Organs (1 of 2) Abdominal Quadrants • A simpler method of sectioning the anterior abdominal wall • Right upper quadrant • Left upper quadrant • Right lower quadrant • Left lower quadrant © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.3 Peritoneum and the Digestive System Organs (2 of 2) The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum • Peritoneum—a serous membrane • Visceral peritoneum—surrounds digestive organs • Parietal peritoneum—lines the body wall • Peritoneal cavity—a slitlike potential space © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum • Mesentery—a double layer of peritoneum • Ventral mesenteries • Holds organs in place • Falciform ligament • Sites of fat storage • Binds anterior part of liver to anterior abdominal wall • Provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves • Lesser omentum • Attaches liver to the lesser curvature of stomach © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Figure 23.4a The mesenteries. The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum Falciform ligament Liver • Dorsal mesenteries Gallbladder • Greater omentum Spleen Stomach • Connects greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall Ligamentum teres • A “fatty apron” Greater omentum • Transverse mesocolon Small intestine • Holds transverse colon in place • Sigmoid mesocolon Cecum • Connects the sigmoid colon to posterior pelvic wall © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.4b The mesenteries. Figure 23.4c The mesenteries. Greater omentum Liver Gallbladder Transverse colon Lesser omentum Transverse mesocolon Stomach Duodenum Transverse colon Descending colon Mesentery Small intestine Sigmoid mesocolon Jejunum Cecum Sigmoid colon Urinary bladder Ileum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.4d The mesenteries. The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum Ligamentum teres Gallbladder Lesser omentum Spleen • Retroperitoneal organs Liver Gastrosplenic ligament Behind the peritoneum Transverse Pancreas • mesocolon Stomach, pyloric part Duodenum, • Peritoneal organs superior part Transverse colon Duodenum, Duodenojejunal flexure horizontal part • Digestive organs that keep their mesentery Greater omentum Descending colon Ascending colon Mesentery (cut) Sigmoid mesocolon Rectum Ileum Cecum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Table 23.1 Summary of Intraperitoneal and Secondarily Retroperitoneal Digestive Organs in the Abdomen and Pelvis Secondarily Retroperitoneal Organs • Initially formed within peritoneum • Become retroperitoneal • Fuse to posterior abdominal wall © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Digestive Processes Digestive Processes • Ingestion—occurs in the mouth • Chemical digestion—complex molecules broken down to chemical components • Propulsion—movement of food • Mouth • Peristalsis—major means of propulsion • Stomach • Mechanical breakdown—prepares food for chemical digestion • Small intestine • Chewing, churning food in stomach, • Absorption—transport of digested nutrients segmentation • Defecation—elimination of indigestible • Segmentation is rhythmic local constrictions of substances as feces intestine © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.5 Activities of the gastrointestinal tract. Peristalsis Ingestion Food Mechanical breakdown Pharynx Major means of propulsion • Chewing (mouth) Esophagus • • Churning (stomach) • Segmentation Propulsion (small intestine) • Swallowing (oropharynx) • Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal • Peristalsis (esophagus, Digestion stomach, small intestine, relax and contract large intestine) Stomach Absorption Lymph vessel Small intestine Blood Large vessel intestine Mainly H2O Feces Anus Defecation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Figure 23.6a Peristalsis and segmentation. From mouth Segmentation • Rhythmic local contractions of the intestine • Mixes food with digestive juices Peristalsis: Adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving food along the tract distally. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.6b Peristalsis and segmentation. Histology of the Alimentary Canal Wall • Same four layers from esophagus to anus • The mucosa—innermost layer • Consists of • Epithelium • Lamina propria • Muscularis mucosae Segmentation: Nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract • The submucosa—external to the mucosa organs alternately contract and relax, moving the food forward • Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve then backward. Food is mixed and slowly propelled. fibers © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.7a Histological layers of the alimentary canal. Histology of the Alimentary Canal Wall Intrinsic nerve plexuses Myenteric nerve plexus • The muscularis externa—external to the Submucosal nerve plexus submucosa Glands in submucosa • Two layers Mucosa Epithelium Lamina propria • Circular muscularis—inner layer Muscularis mucosae • Longitudinal muscularis—outer layer Submucosa Muscularis externa • The serosa—the outermost layer Circular layer Longitudinal layer • Is the visceral peritoneum Serosa Epithelium Connective tissue Nerve Lumen Artery Gland in mucosa Vein Duct of gland outside Mucosa associated Mesentery Lymphatic vessel alimentary canal lymphoid tissue Longitudinal and cross-sectional views through the small intestine © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Figure 23.7b Histological layers of the alimentary canal. Smooth Muscle • Primarily found in walls of viscera Mucosa • Fibers elongated • Have one centrally located nucleus Submucosa • Grouped into sheets Muscularis externa • Longitudinal layer—parallel to long axis of Serosa organ • Circular layer—deeper layer, fibers run around circumference of organ Light micrograph cross section through the small intestine (85×) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.8 Arrangement of smooth muscle in the walls of hollow organs. Smooth Muscle Contraction • Mechanism of contraction • Myofilaments operate by interaction with cytoskeleton Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle (shows smooth muscle fibers in cross section, 215×) • Dense bodies—correspond to Z-discs of skeletal muscle Small intestine • Sliding myofilaments shorten the muscle cell by Mucosa pulling on cytoskeleton Location and plane of Cross section of the intestine Circular layer of smooth section shown in (b) showing the smooth muscle muscle (shows longitudinal layers (one circular and the views of smooth muscle 2+ other longitudinal) running at fibers, 215×) • Entry of Ca into sarcoplasm stimulates right angles to each other contraction © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.9 Cytoskeletal elements involved in the contraction of smooth muscle. Smooth Muscle Contraction Intermediate Caveolae Gap junctions filament • Contraction is slow and sustained • Takes 30x longer to contract and relax Nucleus Dense bodies • Resistant to fatigue Relaxed smooth muscle fiber (note that gap • Smooth muscle of arteries and visceral organs junctions connect adjacent fibers) must sustain contraction over long periods Nucleus • Energy requirements are low Dense bodies • Mitochondria are not abundant Contracted smooth muscle fiber © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Figure 23.10
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