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Home , Atacama Fault, Bohemian Massif, Conglomerate Ridge

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Aegean Sea, North, map 77 Brasilia Plate, map 235 Africa, SE, break-up 203-14 Brazil, Precambrian transpression, strain partitioning Agulhas Plateau 210, 211 231-52 , Central, tectonic map 4 Campo de Meio strike-slip shear belt (CMSB) Altai, Jargalant and Sutai Domains 75 231-6, 238-40 Mongolia 75 map 233 Alterosa Zone 232, 235 evolution of regional strain regime 247 analogue modelling Guaxup6 Syntaxis 233,241,248 brittle-ductile regimes, SE Africa 209-10 physical experiments 244-7 comparison with natural examples 74-7 regional geological structural map 233 faulting in transpression/transtension zones 59-80 regional strain regime 242-3 materials and scaling 60-1 regional tectonic maps 232, 234 summary and discussion 69-4 Rio Paraiba do Sul shear belt (RPSSB) 231-48 transpression experiments 64-6 map 232 transtension experiments 66-9 structural framework 234-42 , slip vector ENE 5 tectonic setting of plutonism 243 Andorra, Mont Louis-Andorra pluton, map 269 British Variscides, SW, transpression rotation in anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) 267-73 external orogenic zones 253-66 , kinematic partitioning, California dextral transpression zone 28%306 Confidence Hills, Death Valley 74-5 and Gondwana breakup 211-12 Eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) 185, 188 Apennines see Pollino Ridge, Calabria-Lucania Franciscan Complex 30 boundary W, kinetic deformation model 116 40Ar/39Ar dating 320-1 see also San Andreas ; Sierra Nevada Asia, East, Tertiary extensional basins, contrasting ; Trans Mojave-Sierran shear zone models 220 Campania-Lucania Apennines see Pollino Ridge, Atacama Fault System 127-142 Calabria-Lucania boundary Cenozoic/Mesozoic 129 Campo de Meio strike-slip shear belt (CMSB), Brazil Avalon Zone, NE Newfoundland Appalachians, 231-6, 238-40 ductile transpressional structures 8, 42 Canadian Appalachians Avalon Zone 8 Baja-British Columbia , Canadian Cordillera Cape Breton Island, map 42 28 Roper Lake shear zone 41-57 Baltica and Laurentia, transtension and oblique plate Canadian Cordillera divergence 176-7 Baja-BC terrane 28-9 Baltoro , Karakoram Fault Zone 308-9, Coast shear zone 28 314-15 Cape Breton Island, Canadian Appalachians 41-57 blueschist belts, exhumation, terrane collision 30 map 42 Bocono Fault, dextral faulting 76 carbonate structures, Campania-Lucania Apennines Bohai Basin, N China, transtensional deformation 341-54 215-29 Carpathians, Western, transpression rotation in initial Tertiary deformation 219-21 external orogenic zones 255-6, 262-4 kinematics of Tertiary transtension 224-7 regional geological maps 255,256 Mesozoic compressional structures, map 221 summary and discussion 262-4 Middle Eocene to deformation 221-3 Castrovillari basin, Italy, map 352 other Tertiary extensional basins 216 Cauchy-Green tensor 49 pre-Tertiary structure and stratigraphy 218-19 Cauterets-Panticosa, Pyrenees, plutonic complex 269 regional setting 217-18 map 270 Tertiary structures 217 Cerro Chuculay Fault 135, 136 Bohemian Massif, see Salar Grande 3D retromodelling of transpression 281 China deep continental borehole (KTB) 275,277-81 Tertiary extensional basins 216 geological setting 275-80 see also Bohai Basin Mesozoic and Cenozoic crustal movements 279-80 cluster analysis, stress tensors calculated from fault Upper deformation event 280-1 groups 261 Variscan units, map 276 coal-bearing foreland basins, Variscan northern Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss (ZEV) 277, 283 margin in SW Britain 259 Bolsa Point Syncline 110, 115 computerized tomography (CT), in analogue bounding faults and shear zones 27 modelling 63 Bozhong depression 222-3 Confidence Hills, Death Valley 74-5 356 INDEX

Conglomerate Ridge Formation, Ellsworth Europe, W, Variscan northern margin, coal-bearing Mountains, Antarctica 292-300 foreland basins, map 258 Cordillera de la Costa, Chile 127-9 exhumation of deep crustal rocks Cordillera, Southern see Trans Mojave-Sierran shear by transtension, Western Gneiss Region, zone Scandinavian Caledonides 159-82 Cretaceous mechanism, oblique plate interactions 177 deformation event, West Bohemian Massif, migmatites and leucogranites, Karakoram Fault transpression retro-modelling 275-88 Zone, North Ladakh 323 Salar Grande pull-apart basin, Atacama Fault Sierra Nevada batholith 328-30 System 138 terrane accretion 29-30 Sierra Nevada batholith 328-40 Falklands-Agulhas Fracture Zone 210-11 Dead Sea Transform, Lebanon, restraining bend Fichtelnaab Fault 277-8 81-106 finite strain 19-22 Hasbaya and Rachaiya Faults, maps 93-4 finite strain ellipsoid Horns Basalt, K-Ar ages 92 principal axes, stereonet 39 kinematic evolution 102 shapes 52 linking evolution to 103-4 finite strain geometry 19-22 Niha syncline area, map 100 finite strain-related lineations 50-1 rotation pole 82 Fitzgerald Marine Reserve 111,113 search for transcurrent faulting 92-5 Flinn space and diagram 20, 37-8, 52 seismicity 87-8 flow apophyses 22 tectonic setting 83-7 foreland basins, Sandersonian strain computation tectonics and landscape evolution 95-9 259-64 Tyre-Nabatiy6 plateau 88, 94-5, 98 Franciscan Complex, California 30 Yammouneh Fault 89-92 Frankonian Lineament 276-85 maps 88, 97-8 Death Valley, Confidence Hills 74-5 Garlock fault, junction with San Andreas Fault 75, dextral faulting 120, 122, 152, 186 Bocono Fault 76 Gastre-Agulhas Fault Zone, Triassic-Jurassic 137 210-11 dextral shear German Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB) Hercynian , Pyrenees 268-9 277-81 Conglomerate Ridge Formation, Ellsworth Germany see Bohemian Massif Mountains, Antarctica 293-300 gneiss, Western Gneiss Region 159-81 rates, cooling and exhumation, Karakoram Fault Gondwana break-up Zone, North Ladakh 322-3 Antarctica-Africa fit 210 dextral transpression fold belts of southern continents 290 coalescence pattern 74 transtension in SE Africa 203-14 kinematic partitioning, Antarctica 289-306 Karoo Supergroup 206 Pyrenees 267-74 Gondwana break-up transtension in SE Africa (continued) Early collapse, Trans-Mojave-Sierran shear KwaZulu-Natal coastal faulting 206-9 zone, North America 183-202 Lebombo monocline 205-6 Eastern California, shear zone, Pacific-North map 204, 211 America plate boundary, map 185 Margate and Mzumbe , analogue model Einardsdalen D6collement Zone (EDZ) 175 208-10 Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica palaeogeology at time of faulting 210-12 Conglomerate Ridge Formation 292-3 Renken Fault 207,209 dextral shear domains 293-300 Guaxup6 Syntaxis, Brazil Precambrian transpression Drake Icefall Formation 292-3 233,241,248 geological setting 289-92 Gulf of California, opening 119, 121 290-2, 303-4 progressive strain partitioning within domains of Har Us Naar Fault 75 distributed shear 300-1 Hasteinen Basin, Standal Fault (NSD) 165-8 Sentinel Range 289 Hercynian orogeny, Pyrenees 267-73 Southern Soholt Peaks evidence for compression during D2 269-71 kinematic partitioning 292-300 evidence for dextral shear component of D2 268-9 map 294 map 268 transpressional model for Heritage Range 301-3 syntectonic origin of granitoids 268 Union glacier Formation 292-3 Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica Watlack Hills and Mount Dolence Faults, map 290-2, 3034 290 Highland Boundary Fault Zone, Scotland 304 Erbendorf Lineament 276-7 Hoeppener plot, Gondwana thrust faults 292 INDEX 357

Hornelen Detachment, Standal Fault (NSD) 16%70, magmatic arcs 175 3D geometry 336 hydrocarbons, Tertiary basins, China 215-16 interactions between tectonic and magmatic forces 333 India-Asia collision and transpressional kinematics 327-40 Tibetan plateau 322 Mercure Basin, S Italy 344, 349 see also Karakoram Fault Zone, North Ladakh Merida Andes, Venezuela, structural map and block infinitesimal stretching axes (ISAs) 18-19 diagram 76 Italy see Pollino Ridge, Calabria-Lucania boundary Meso-Cenozoic platform carbonates, Campania-Lucania Apennines 341-54 Jargalant structural domain 75 migmatites, and leucogranites, Karakoram Fault Jizhong and Liaohe Depressions, China, maps 222 Zone, North Ladakh 323 Juan de Fuca and North American plates, subduction modelling see analogue modelling; angle 331 transpression/transtension models Mojave Desert Kaapvaal 204 Eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) 185, 188 Rooi Rand dyke swarm 206 Kramer Hills, multiple vertical axis rotations 194 Karakoram Fault Zone, North Ladakh 307-26 see also Trans Mojave-Sierran shear zone 4~ dating 320-1 (TMSSZ) Baltoro granites 308-10, 313-15 Mojave Extensional Belt 187 cross-sections 312 , Bohemian Massif 275-87 Darbuk-Tangste area 322 Mongolia, Altai, Jargalant and Sutai Domains, maps exhumation of migmatites and leucogranites 323 75 geological offsets and timing of initiation 321-2 Mono Creek , Sierra Nevada batholith 334-5 K2-Gasherbrum range 309 Mont Louis-Andorra pluton 270 maps 308, 310, 311 map 269 offset Karakoram granites 313-15 Montara Mountains Pangong Injection complex 315 La Honda Block 110-14 Pangong Range 311-13,323 maps 113 Karakoram Fault Zone, North Ladakh (continued) More-Trondelag Fault Zone (MFTZ) 160-1,168, Pliocene- transpression 323 171,173-7 rates of dextral shear, cooling and exhumation Moro Calabro Basin, S Italy 350 322-3 Mount Lebanon Tangtse granite, U-Pb dating 315-20 uplift, Laklouk, Qartaba horst, map 99-103 Tashkurgan 309 Yammouneh Fault and Homs Basalt relationship, Tibetan extrusion 323-4 map 90 transpression and transtension 309-13 U-Pb SHRIMP dating 316-20 Nazca Plate Karoo Supergroup, SE Africa 206-7, 211 and , ENE slip vector 5 kinematic partitioning, dextral transpression zone, subduction, dextral faulting 137 South Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica New Zealand, transpression/transtension 26 289-306 Newfoundland Appalachians, Avalon Zone, ductile kinematic vorticity 18, 47-8 transpressional structures 8 kinematics, transpressional see transpressional Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment (NSD) see kinematics Scandinavian Caledonides KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Project) North America, Trans-Mojave-Sierran shear zone, 277-81 Early Miocene collapse 183-202 Kvamhesten Basin, Standal Fault (NSD) 171 North American plate KwaZulu-Natal coastal faulting 206-9 and Juan de Fuca plate, subduction angle 331 see also Pacific-North America plate boundary , Salar Grande 129-31 North Salinian see Salinian Block, Northern Ladakh batholith 309 Norway, W, tectonigraphic map 160 Laurentia and Baltica, transtension and oblique plate divergence 176-7 oblique plate interactions Lebanon see Dead Sea Transform convergence Lebombo monocline, SE Africa 205-6 basal boundary condition, transpressional Liaohe depression, structural map 222 kinematics 148-50 London Brabant Massif 256-7 five reference models 17, 24 Luhe Lineament 276-85 partitioning 5-6 divergence, as exhumation mechanism 177 magma overpressuring, buoyancy and tectonic forces flow apophyses and angle of convergence 17 331-3 simple shear, transpression zones 35-40 magma-facilitated strike-slip partitioning 330-1 transpression/transtension models 15-33 Sumatra 330, 337 Orogenic collapse, 159-77, 183-212. 358 INDEX orogenic zones, transpression rotation, British Salar Grande pull-apart basin, Atacama Fault System Variscides 253-66 127-142 Ox Mountain igneous complex 329 maps 128, 131,133 reconstruction, Early Cretaceous 138 Pacific Ocean (proto), subduction beneath Patagonia regional geology and structure 127-35 Block 210-12 structural evolution 139 Pacific-Asia plate boundary, Tertiary reconstruction summary and discussion 135-8 226 Salinian Block, Northern Pacific-North America plate boundary 152 Bodega Head Peninsula 114 California, USA, map 197 Bolsa Point Syncline 110,115 Salinian Block, tectonic significance of Palaeogene Salinian Block, Northern (continued) to Recent shortening 115-16 geological setting and structure 107-10 strike-slip partitioning 115-16 La Honda Block 110-15 Trans Mojave-Sierran shear zone 183-202 map 108 palaeostress determination and analysis 254-6 Pigeon Point Block 110 Patagonia Block, subduction of proto-Pacific Ocean Point Reyes Peninsula 114 210-12 tectonic significance of Palaeogene to Recent Pigeon Point Block, California, map 110 shortening 115-16 Pilarcitos Fault 113 San Andreas Fault pluton emplacement, magma overpressuring, contractional and extensional structures (Big buoyancy and tectonic forces 332-3 Bend) 119-126 Point Reyes Peninsula, California, map 114 transpressional tectonics 119-20 Pollino Ridge, Calabria-Lucania boundary 341-54 cross-section and schema 154-5 Bifurto Formation 345,346 geological setting 107-8 Castrovillari basin 350-2 junction with Garlock fault 75, 120, 122, 152,186 cross-section 346 maps 108, 113, 120-1,184 density diagrams of fracture systems 348 Northern Salinian Block 107-18 geological framework of Calabria-Lucania Point Arena 115 boundary 343-4 Ross diagram 124 geological setting of S Apennines 342-3 San Andreas discrepancy 143, 151-2 Lauria Mountains 342, 345 strike-slip partitioning 143-158 maps 342, 344, 345 application of model to central California Mercure Basin 342, 344, 349 150-5 Morano Calabro Basin 342, 350-1 simulation 144-50 Mt Bulgheria 345 see also strain partitioning and oblique plate stereograms of fault systems 347, 350 interactions tectonic maps 345,346 San Gregorio Fault 110 polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS), analogue modelling Sandersonian strain computation 259-64 60-3 Sao Paulo Plate, map 235 Precambrian transpressional tectonics, SE Brazil Scandinavian Caledonides, Western Gneiss Region 231-52 159-81 Precordillera Fault System 136 Caledonian P-T-t evolution 163-4 Pyrenees Devonian basins 161 dextral transpression 267-74 east-west trending folds 168-71 Hercynian plutons, map 268 geological setting 159-62 see also Cauterets-Panticosa; Trois Seigneurs late orogenic extension 164-5 Standal Fault (NSD) 165-8 Quaternary tectonics, Pollino Ridge, strain estimation 171 Calabria-Lucania boundary 341-54 Vestranden Gneiss Complex 175 Scotland, Highland Boundary Fault Zone 304 restraining bends Sensitive High-Resolution Microprobe (SHRIMP) Dead Sea Transform, Lebanon 81-106 dating San Andreas Fault Big Bend 119-26 4~ 316-20 Rio Paraiba do Sul shear belt (RPSSB), Brazil U-Pb 316-20 231-48 Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica 289 Rio Seco Fault 135, 137 shear Roper Lake shear zone, Canadian Appalachians strain analysis 35-9 41-57 see also dextral shear strain geometry 53~5 Sierra Crest shear system 334 theoretical modelling 46-9 Sierra Nevada batholith Ross diagram, San Andreas Fault 124 emplacement model, Mono Creek granite 334-5 Roum and Yammouneh Faults, Lebanon, map 88 interactions between tectonic and magmatic forces 333-5 Salar Grande Fault 133, 135 Kern canyon 334 INDEX 359

magma overpressuring, buoyancy and tectonic Pacific-Asia plate boundary, map 226 forces 331-3 Tibet see Karakoram Fault Zone, N Ladakh 307-26 magma-facilitated strike-slip partitioning 330-1 Trans Mojave-Sierran shear zone (TMSSZ) 183-202 map 328 Early Miocene markers 189-90 transpression and exhumation 328-30 Early Miocene palinspastic reconstruction 185-7, see also Salinian Block, Northern 191,195 Silurian, Laurentia and Baltica, oblique plate maps 186, 189-91 divergence 176-7 Pacific-N America transform boundary, maps 184, sinistral transpression, coalescence pattern 74 185 sinistral transtension, strain and displacement shear strain profile 193 indicators 172-4 structure 187-96 Soledad Formation 129-31 summary and discussion 196-200 South America transform fault-bounded continental fragment Andes, slip vector ENE 5 (Salinian Block), Palaeogene to Recent Merida Andes, Venezuela, structural map and shortening 107-18 block diagram 76 transpression proto-Pacific Ocean, subduction beneath Patagonia analogue modelling experiments 61-6 Block 210-12 basic definitions 2, 15 see also Salar Grande dextral 74, 267-74, 289-306 South American Plate, and Nazca Plate, ENE slip four plane strain components 37 vector 5 general model 54 South Wales coalfield 257 non-partitioned 6 stress tensors calculated from fault groups 261 passive planar markers 22-3 Southern Soholt Peaks, Ellsworth Mountains, rotation, external orogenic zones, British Antarctica 292-300 Variscides 253-66 Standal, Western Gneiss Region, Scandinavian sinistral, coalescence pattern 74 Caledonides, map 166 various boundary wall orientations 9 stereonet, principal axes, finite strain ellipsoid 39 see also exhumation strain transpression/transtension models 15-33 analysis, simple shear 35-40 analogue modelling 59-80 and displacement indicators, sinistral transtension five reference models 17, 24 172-4 movement and slip rates 25-6 ellipsoid retro-modelling, West Bohemian Massif, Late principal axes of stereonet 39 Cretaceous deformation 275-88 variation in shape 21, 36-8, 52 tectonic applications 24-7 finite 19-22 transpression/transtension zone properties 1-14 geometry 48-53 basic definitions 2, 15 finite strain-related lineations 50-1 constant-volume, with vertical stretch 3, 4 infinitesimal stretching axes (ISAs) 18-19 deformations, spectrum 16 patterns 2-5 fabric patterns and structural style 6 strain partitioning 5-6 lateral stretch, extrusion and escape 10 Precambrian transpression, Brazil 231-52 modelling 16-33 stress, palaeostress determination and analysis 254-6 oblique simple shear 35-40 stress tensors, calculated from fault groups, S Wales partitioning styles 7 coalfield 261 strain partitioning 5-6, 231-52 strike-slip basins see Salar Grande strain patterns 2-5, 12 strike-slip deformations see termination modes 11 transpression/transtension zones triclinic symmetry strike-slip partitioning Roper Lake shear zone 42-6 bulk kinematics simulation, San Andreas Fault theoretical modelling 46-53 143-158 transpressional kinematics calculation 47 basal boundary con0ition, oblique convergence magma-facilitated 327-40, 330, 337 148-50 Sumatra, magmatic arc system 330, 337 Central California 150-5 horizontal extension 146-8 terrane accretion 27-30 magmatic arcs 327-40 Baja-British Columbia terrane 28-9 mantle and crustal relationship 153 exhumation of deep crustal rocks 29-30 rotation, W Carpathians and SW British Variscides speeds 28-9 253-66 terrane collision transpressional tectonics exhumation of blueschist belts 30 Baja-British Columbia terrane 28-9 India-Asia 322 North America terrane accretion 27 Tertiary Precambrian, Brazil 231-52 extensional basins, China 215-16, 219-27 Pyrenees, Hercynian 267-73 360 INDEX transtension Venezuela, structural map and block diagram 76 analogue modelling experiments 63, 66-9 Vestranden Gneiss Complex 175 examples 59 Vit6ria Plate, map 235 sinestral, strain and displacement indicators 172--4 vorticity-normal section (VNS) 47-9 Trois Seigneurs, Pyrenees, maps 268, 271 Tyre-Nabatiy6 plateau, Miocene marine terrace 88 Wales, S Wales coalfield, stress tensors 257, 261 Weddell Sea, Antarctica, and Gondwana breakup U-Pb SHRIMP dating 316-20 211-12 UHP rocks, exhumation by transtension, Western Gneiss Region, Scandinavian Caledonides Scandinavian Caledonides, Western Gneiss 159-81 Region 159-81 Zone of Erbendoff-Vohenstrauss (ZEV) Variscan northern margin in SW Britain 256454 Bohemian Massif, Germany, map 277,283 coal-bearing foreland basins, maps 259 NW-SE section 284 Variscan tectonometamorphic unit, Zone of tectonic thickening and uplift 284-5 Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss (ZEV) 275-87