m mm m m ·f mm m m m , lUI( ¨'I(""I( "'1(''-'I( "'1( "'1( .'1( "'1( "'1( "'1( "fJ( ",I( " I 1("f I( "'1(",I( "'I( )1.,1(,.,1( "'I( "'I( .,1( "'I( "'I( MI( .,1( "'I( "'I(MI( )1.'1( "'I( .,1( '"" )I. I( . ą "'J( "I( "'I( "I( Jr... • •• £ m ••" y." lm B I Iii �I Iii �; LAW ENFORCEMEN1 !:,;! "I( i� BULLETIN iii "'I( "" I( m lfI1C If•• tii tlx lPl( y•• m m 1m ;1 m m m m lfI1C 1m �I m Ă f., *¡lPl( m"I( m )fftC )ft'" ¤! § "'I( "'A: ¢fIC ¦lI'. m lIl'l( "'J( . m ā . ;t; "•• .... !! .i; JII,. IiI Liberale Parrino, with others, was indicted by a Federal Grand IiI IiI Jury for the Southern District of New York at New York City, Sep- III III tember 26, 1934, for conspiracy to kidnap and hold for ransom and III til transport in interstate commerce Gui Ilaume Yves Rozen, on August 2, III IiI 1934 at New York, New York. His apprehension is desired by the III III Federal Bureau of Invest igat ion for that offense. III .. flIe Jr.'" ¥ .. flo ••• . .n: .f. !!! 111rbrrul iurruu of lIuurstigutiou !!! iii 11. . Irpurtmrut of :1JustUl' iti m Ą .,. IiIJlt. J114u £bgar Jll1l1Utf. Itnrtl1r IiI lff1l: m if'''' ;\l B1a.u,iuglnn. I. Gr. 1[1; lIf'" 1',11: m ;iJ /OL. 5 NO. 7 JULY I, 1936 UI lIR ă m lfI1C lfI1ClfI1C lfI1ClfI1C lfI1C lfI1ClfI1ClfI1Cmlfl1ClfI1ClfI1ClfI1ClfI1C lfI1C lfI1ClfI1C .,;: Ii tix "i tii ;i ,Ii ©;; ,i; lSi tfi tii,,'i If; "it"fi ti; tii tli ""; tii tii tfi tii tii m"ii _ii tii "tiCtt; tiitii tii tii)if; The Federal Bureau of Investigation, U. S. Department of Justice, is charged with the duty of investigating violations of the laws of the United States and collecting evidence in cas s in which the United States is or may be a party in interest.
The fOllowing list indicates some of the major violations over which the Bureau has investigative jurisdiction:-
National Motor Vehicle Theft Act Interstate transportation of stolen property valued at $5,000 or more National Bankruptcy Act Interstate flight to avoid prosecution or testifying in certain cases White Slave Traffic Act Impersonation of Government Officials Larceny of Goods in Interstate Commerce Killing or Assaulting Federal Officer Cases involving transportation in interstate or foreign commerce of any persons who have been kidnaped Extortion cases in which interstate commerce or interstate communication is an element Theft, Embezzlement or Illegal Possession of Government Property Antitrust Laws Robbery of National Banks and Member Banks of Federal Reserve System National Bank and Federal Reserve Act Violations, such as embezzlement. abstraction or misapplication of funds Crimes on any kind of Government reservation, including Indian Reserva tions or in any Government building or other Government property Neutrality violations, including the shipment of arms to friendly nations Frauds against the Government Crimes in connection with Federal Penal and Correctional Institutions Perjury, embezzlement, or bribery in connection with Federal Statutes or officials Crimes on the high seas Federal Anti-Racketeering Statute The location of persons who are fugitives from justice by reason of vio lations of the Federal Laws over which the Bureau has jurisdiction, of escaped Federal prisoners, and parole and probation violators.
The Bureau does not have investigative jurisdiction over the violations of Counterfeiting, Narcotic, Customs, Immigration, or Postal Laws.
Law enforcement officials possessing information concerning violations over which the Bureau has investigative jurisdiction are requested to promptly forward the same to the Special Agent in Charge of the nearest field office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, U. S. Department of Justice. The address of each field office of this Bureau appears on the inside back cover of this bulletin. Government Rate Cullect telegrams or telephone calls will be accepted if information indicates that immediate action is necessary. FBI
LAW ENFORCEMENT
BULLETIN
Vol. 5 JULY 1930 No. 7
PUBLISHED BY THE
FEDERAL BUR EAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPART ENT OF JUSTICE
WASH INGTON, D. c.
TABL1 OF CO NTENTS
Introduction John Edgar Hoover, Director
Why Compile Crime Statistics 2
The Youth Problem in Crime 3
Recent Futile Efforts 3t Mutilation II
Medicolegal Aspects of Alcoholism 12
Third FBI Police Training School 19
1 Questionable Pattern 20
Fingerprint ing By Rai I road Pol ice 22
Identifying Unknown Dead Through Fingerprints 24
Fugiti ve Notations 25
Interesting Identifications 26, 27
Crime Statist ics 28
Fugit i ves Wanted 29
Apprehensions 30 The FBI LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN is published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , United States Department of Justice each month. Its material is compiled for the assistance of all Law Enforcement Officials and is a current catalogue of continuous reference for the Law Enforcement Officers of the Nation .
l I 31nQl1 £ilgur Itnnnrr. !lir.ertnr 3l1rllrral ur.ea1t Df ]nnt!iUgatinn 11. g;. IJrvartUl2ltt nf iJ1Ultirr DUDQingtDl1. !I. C!!.
The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin has been published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation with the hope of assisting law enforcement officials and to encourage a comprehensi va and enthu siastic cooperation among those engaged in combating crime. It has been the purpose of this publication to provide a clearing house for successful police methods and a disseminating medium for important police information. Likewise, the publication of material pertain ing to sci entific methods in crime detection and cr iminal apprehen sion has been intended to make readily available, material and data which might not otherwise be accessible .
Welcoming every opportuni ty to improve the Bulletin and thereby increasing its value to the law enforcemen·t officer, we have considered every suggestion received concerning possible future pract ices designed to lend additional aid to the police officials.
In this connection the at.tention of the Bureau has been called to the desirabi lity of printing the month and year of the publication of the issue of the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin to which each fugi ti ve entry appearing in the Bulletin relates. This suggestion has been adopted and each entry of the fugitive status of an individual appearing in this Bulletin indicates the month and year of the publication .
The adoption of this practice will enable officers who clip these entries and mount them on fingerprint cards to identify the exact Bulletin in which they appeared and to determine upon that basis whether the entry is of a recent character.
The interest of law enforcement officers in the Bulletin which has prompted their suggestions is deeply appreciated by me and I wish to extend again, to law enforcement officials everywhere , a sincere welcome to afford themselves of the advantages which may be obtained through their use of the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin.
Director . WHY COMPILE CRIME STATISTICS
The International Association of Chiefs of Police initiated in 1930 the project of compiling police statisti cs on a nation-wide basis. In August of th at year this work was talŠen over by the Federal Bureau ofIn ves tigation and since that time the Bureau has collected and comp i led for pub lication the various reports submitted by police agencies. The number of such agencies cooperati ng in thi s project has grown so that at the present
time there is a total of 3,037 such agencies submitting crime data to the Bureau. The value of the data compiled by the Bureau becomes of greater im portance as the number of contributing units increases . Agencies which are not now contributing monthly reports to the Bureau are urged to do so in or der that the information gathered by the FBI may be as comprehensive as pos sible.
The system of uniform crime reporting was insti tuted in order to supply a long felt need for adequate police statisti cs comp i led on a nation wide basis. Prior to that time, the only data available were those based on lo cal reports of police departments , and in a few instances certain State organizations were engaged in collecting information on crime conditions within the State. However , th ere ex isted no basis for comparisons of such data with the general crime conditions throughout the country . The poli ce themselves are responsible through theInt ernational Association of Chiefs of Police for the institution of the system .
Successful law enforcement work is to a consi derable extent de pendent upon the opinion and cooperation of the public. In order to foster such opinion , it is necessary that certain basic types of information be dis seminated among the public. The public should be informed concerning the enormity of police problems , and the achievements of the police in combating crime. It is to the advantage of all law enforcement officials to cooperate in the compilation of date. which when properly presented will result in greater public support of law enforcement agencies. By the maintenance of adequate records , the police department can make avai lable to th e public such information as comparative figures showing the increased number of offenses , which increase may be caused by growth in population, and consequently call attention to the fact that a greater police personnel should be avai lable to the particular department, the relationship between the average police personnel and the crime rate ex isting witšin the particular community, and the percentage of cleared cases for the local police department as compared to the average for otŢer cities of th e same size. If the individual depart ment has few crimes , it is to its advantage to have such a report on file.
The contribution of crime data to a national clearing house is urged . The FBI is pleased to compile these statisti cs and to serve law en forcement officials in th is respect. Those desiring to cooperate in the pro ject can obtain the necessary supplies by communicating with the Director of the Federal Bureau ofIn vestigation, U. S. Department of Justice, Wash ington, D. C. 3
THE YOUTH PROBLEM IN CRIME
This address delivered by Director J. Edgar Hoover , before the
Thirtieth Annual Convention of the Boys I Clubs of America , at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 20, 1936, is being reproduced herein for interested law enforcement officers throughout the country who have made numerous requests for copies of the address.
"In appearing before you , the patrons and supporters of the
Boys I Clubs of America, I hope that I am addressing the entire country . The problems of youth in crime which I shall discuss are not limited to sectional or local boundaries--th ey reach from border to border and coast to coast. . They disclose a malign threat over every home in this nation. ' They reveal a tremendous responsi bility which should be undertaken by our every citizen. They are the problems which confront us because of the awful fact that a great part of todayls crime is committed by our youth .
"We have youth in crime because we have failed to provide youth with proper outlets and upbringing . Only in the rarest instances of diseas ed minds can we say that the first offender commits crimes out of sheer anti-social sen.timents. Children are driven to crime decause of deep-laid faults in society such as p07erty , degeneracy and because their elders neglect them.
"When youth commits a crime , generally it is because older persons have committed a greater crime ; it is bocause of laxity in early disc ipline; because of apathy on the part of parents. and neglect by those of the community wllo should help the helpless i because of distorted views held by those who should know better and who have allowed adolescent minds to take a downward direction which can lead only to destruction.
"Today , as you know , 20% of our crime is the work oŞ persons who have not yet even reached the voting age . This means that one-fifth of all murders , of 8,:'son , thievery, robbery, and the other malignant outrages against our commonwealth are comillitted by pel sons of immature bodies and immature minds , persons who sl10uld be reaching the thl-eshold of useful life. However , this 20% falls tragically short of the ideal of American citizen ship . It is not a pleasant picture . It is not a healthful outlook. It is not a normal condition when a nation such as America must bow under the disgrace of a set of circumstances in which one-fifth of our most deadly outlaws our murderers , our machine-gunning desperadoes , are little beyond childhood . It becomes incumbent upon all of us , t.'1erefore , to recognize and admi t the causes for such scandalous conditions , and, reaching beyond , to sRarch for the means by which they may be remedi ed .
"1 believe that a prime factor in the disregard by youth for law lies in an equal or gre:lter disrespect for le,w and order on the part of the adult of our generation . Seel< to evade it though you may; seek to apologize; seek to excuse yourselves; nevertheless , upon the shoulders of grown-up America rests the burden for ş.his condition . You may allege that youth has made a hero of the gangster. I insist that no youth ever develop- ed an heroic ideal that was not first centered about his father or his mother, and when the youngster begins to show disrespect of law and order you can be sure that he learned something of that attitude at home, or be cause those in his home failed to keep him in the right company and isolat ed from bad examples.
"I have only to look at the stack of mail upon my desk since the capture of Alvin Karpis, Harry Campbell, Wi lliam Mahan and Thomas H. Robinson, Jr., to realize that these blots of scum from the boiling po t of the underworld were looked upon by many persons as worthy of emulation . These correspondents express sorrow for the "poor" kidnappers, and regret that they must be placed behind bars . Th is is what u8ual ly happens when the Federal Bureau of Investigation eradicates what I prefer to cal l not "public enemies" but "public rats ." Each of them has his aud ience like a motion picture star ; each of them has his publ ic; each of them has his great gathering of sentimental yammerheads, who utter remonstrances at his apprehension a,nd detection. So long as that as inine behavior continues, I insist that the cr ime problem as affects youth today is also a crime pr oblem involving the moronic adults of this country, who, through ill considered actions, and idiotic idolatry of cowardly outlaws, develop an ever-increas ing tendency toward crime by the youth of America.
"Our first problem, therefore, is to change this mistaken at ti tude ; to carry on a campaign of education through which the unthinking American shal l be forced to realize his disgrace in looking upon men of desperate crime as anything other than what they really are-- the lowest dregs of society. This can be accompl ished . Indeed, I take pleasure in informing you that while thousands expressed sorrow at the eradication of Di llinger, only hundreds lamented the capture of Alvin Karpi s or Campbell or Mahan or Robinson. Our job is to steadily reduce that number until such maudlin sentiment is non-exi8tent . Once this is done, we truly can throw our every effort into keeping boys and girls out of jail. We must work with a dual purpose, never failing to real ize that while we combat the growth of cr iminal instincts in youth, we also must combat the inheren"t cr iminal worship in many of our men and women.
"W e , of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, are constantly working toward not only the capture and conviction of the enemies of soci ety, but toward the building of a new viewpoint which we hope will result in fewer violators of the law. It was toward this end that, sometime ago, wi th the assistance of the law-enforcement agencies of America, we began the compi lation of cr ime statistics, not as mere figures, but as guide po sts in our endeavor to combat the degradation of otherwise good citizens . We have no desire to be known solely as hunters of men ; we would much rather be looked upon as preventers of crime .
"Behind the spectacular efforts of the Bureau in its necessary campaigns against the more desperate of our outlaws, lies the never-fai ling desire to build a barrier between the law and its violation. We have no happier days in the Federal Bureau of Investigation than when vast throngs of boys under the guidance of friendly Special Agents are taken through the 5
big building and are shown how we operate. We hope our young visitors will take pride in honesty rather than worship for the gangster thereafter. We hope to see the day when every law-enforcement officer in America will realize that the best weapon against crime is a feeling of confidence and friendship upon the part of every boy and girl in his neighborhood .
"It is our ideal to possess in the 37 nationally distributed field divisions of the Federal Burel'!u of Investigation a type of Special Agent whose history has been traced almost from babyhood to assure us that he is an upright, honest, courageous citizen. We are gratified that our files contain numerous letters from boys throughout Amel"ica who want to so live that they, upon reaching maturity, can fulfill these obligations and become candidates for positions in this organization . I earnestly hope that the time will come when every local law-enforcement agency in America can arouse the same ambition in the boys of its community.
"Now, let us try to trace the growth of a criminal. True , there are instances where the following conditions do not apply . Their divergence , however, only proves the rule . All too often, we find that the 18, the 19 , the 20-year-old offender has come from a family where selfish ness is predominant . It may take the form of incompati bili ty leading to the divorce of the parents. It may be that parents are concerned only with their own pleasures, leaving the youth to drift as he will . Or it may be that they are poverty-ridden, ignorant people , not realizing their responsi bili ties. No matter what the foundation may be , it is almost inevitable
that the att.i tude of the parents has 11 great bearing upon the future of the young criminal. We find that he has mixed with street-corner gangs at an age when his every attention should have been upon the furtherance of his education. We find , for instance , that practically every one of these public rats--"Baby Face" Nelson , John Dillinger , Alvin Karpis, "Pretty Boy" Floyd and numerous others--started their career of crime when they Vlere Ii ttle more than children, reared in neglect and poverty . We find them engaged in petty thefts , stealing tires from automobiles, acting as runners and delivery boys for bootleggers , engaging in robberies with older men
at such ages as 14, and 15, and 16, a time at which, in the older and more conservative days of America , parents were accustomed to hold serious talks wi th their boys about their future , instilling into their immature and pliable minds the desire for honorable careers, for achievement , for accom plishment, for a future of honesty and worthwhile endeavor. But these boy criminals and thousands upon thousands of others like them were allowed to drift . Without remonstrance , they were permitted to gather in surroundings and companionships which bore no ot.her possible future than that of outlawry. The saloon, the tavern, the pool hall , the gang at the corner, were places prohi bi ted to the average youth , and infraction of these rules received well-deserved punishment . The sentimental theorists who dominate present day child-guidance, however, believe that if a child is chastised, it may develop an inhi bi tion or affect its later self-expression. So long as we fail to recognize that discipline is an essential part of human develop ment , just so long will we have an aimless, directionless milling of the herd which can result only in mental panic and a thorough disregard for the rights of society to peace and order . "It is time for America to resurrect that standard of discipline which did much to give this country its rugged , stalwart honesty of purpose, i ts determination, its achievements. I refer to that parental discipline and guidance which did so much to create law-abiding, successful , and for ward-looking citizens. Today, however , that old-fashioned standard has been transformed into the wine card of the cocktail bar; into the sap ient belief that an i mmature mind can be granted utter freedom of action without dis astrous results. Its lesson has been supplanted by the dangerous one of the roadside tavern, the parked automobile upon a lonely road , by the con stant apathy-engendered desire to have everything which youth wants, in ev i tably leading to a desire on the part of youth to get what it wants by fair means or foul .
"I hope you look upon me as old-fashioned in the enunc iation of such bel iefs. I much rather would be old-fashioned than to have upon my conscience the knowledge that some boy or some girl is condemned for year after year to live in the fetid atmosphere of a prison cell-bl ock , identity destroyed , future forever marred , possibility of good citizensh ip severely bl ighted .
"Therefore, to return to our young cri minal, we find that our youth has been handicapped froID the beginning--that he had a bad start for which he is not responsible. If we try to tell youth today that crime does not pay , we are confronted with the question of why it does not pay . If we answer that the price of crime is prison , youth answers that it is easy to get probation, a pardon , or a par01e. Youth , in sp ite of all its imagi na tion, is literal . Youth is factual. Youth possesses a certain clad ty of visi on which of ten is lost in the more mature mind. One child in a neighborhood , who has learned the fallacy of our all-too-often mal -adminis tered law-enforcement , can become a professor of law evasion for a hundred other neophytes in crime . Do not for a moment think that youth today knows nothing of the tricl{s by which it can avoid punish ment . You must remember that civilization as it ex ists today is in direct conflict with the guiding impulses in the days of the cave men. Law as such is an artificial barrier reared by soci ety for the protection of all against individual desires for the gratification of greGd. Once we fail to teach reverence for these laws from infancy onward, and the reason for them , then indeed have we a re calcitrant and rebel lious being wh ose very inst inct inclines him toward crime.
"So what happens when youth , hampered by a lack of parental guidance, indulges in his first infraction? He receives the benef it of that most necessary and most laudatory system, known as probation. It is right that he s:1ould have probation. It is a crime for any child upon his first offense , to be incarcerated without a chance to reform, always excepting the very rare anti-soc ial degenerate. But under our mal-administered system, we find that often the probation officer is ignorant ; that he some times is himself a criminal; or that he is merely a political panderer willing to debauch the most sacred of tasks--that of the protection of our youth--merely to keep a job . And so in this modern Pilgrim 1 s Progress toward the inevitable Slough of Despond , we find our child-criminal sunk deeper and deeper, first through poorly administered probation, then into 7
reform schools which are not reform schools, but crucibles wherein boil the worst instincts of humanity and where innocence vanishes and insolence' takes its place . We find him educated, step by step, not in law obedience but in law avoidance. We find him travelling from the reform school to the reformatory , from the reformatory to the prison with rarely a thought toward his true reformation, but always with the association of the vicious, the foul-minded , and the dangerous older criminal. At last, he himself becomes a professor of crime and he , like others, carries on his recruiting in an ever-widening circle which at last has brought us to the degrading po sition wherein each year in America 12 ,000 human beings - approximately one-fourth of those killed in battle during the World War - die by murder. Each year , the army of those who suffer from major crimes in the United States equals about one-third of the entire number of enlisted and drafted men who were summoned to protect America in th e most cruci al hour of our recent history - the Wo rld War.
"Furthermore , if our army of potential murderers and po tential victims of murder were to be gathered into battalions and regiments they would out-number the peace-time Army and Naval forces of the United States by more than 200 ,000 . If our entire band of criminals who operate co nstant ly throughout the United States and against whom the law-enforcement agents of America are engaged in endless battle were to be assembled in one mu nici pality it would be almost double the population of Philadelphia.
IITake that thought with you tonight , as you drive along the streets of your horne city . Think of what it would mean if block after block, traffic light after traffic light, boulevard after boulevard , office building after office building, residence section stretching into other residence sections and beyond that into suburbs; if all of these should be peopled by robbers , by thieves, by firebugs , rapists, desperadoes and mur derers. That is your present-day crime picture in America. Go further and remember that one-fifth of all of these--in every fifth house--would live some youth who should be looking forward to a life of accomplishment and worthwhile purpose but who is doomed to be nothing but prison fodder.
"What is the answer? The only answer can be that this condition consti tutes a national cr isis calling for a re-awakening of our patriotic instincts . It demands that we give of our time; that we give of our energy; that we contribute our best thought and endeavor toward the wiping out of conditions by which such an emergency is created. It means that our children must be taught that adventure lies no t along the road of violation but that there are advsntures in honest endeavor - greater ones, laudable ones, happy ones. They must be taught that there is only one road in the world of cr ime and that ,road travels downward to the swamps and morasses of suffering. They must be shown the true ch aracter of the criminal--that law infraction can lead only to disillusionment, to the weakening , physically and moral ly, of anyone who follows its teach ings. They must be taught that a great career lies before them--more exciting than that of any criminal's life--the career of law-enforcement. They must be urged to fight for honesty and the thought be insti lled wi thin them that they are crusaders , the volunteers in a new battle for American character and integrity. They must be inculcated with a new political economy--the economy of political honesty . e
"I would like to say, at this point , that I am not a critic of our political system. Our country lives by that system . It has prospered by it. In the final analys is , our greatest men--Washington, .Jefferson , Lincoln and all such national figures--were in poli tics . However , there is a sharp line of demarcation between the man in poli tics working always wi th Amer ica uppermos t in his thoughts and the poli tician who thinks only about his job and cares not how he gets it. It is to this la tter influ ence that much of today 's crime problem can be traced . The poli tical hanger on, who wants a job as head of a poli ce department for what he can get out of it; the crooked or ignorant vote-getter ; the legislator who impedes law enforcement for private or poli tical reasons ; the poli tical pa rasite, who for selfish ends , wants to be a warden or a probation officer or a police man or a detective or a guardian of paroled pr isoners, is the type to which I refer . They are enemies of America and of every honest man in politics. They are bringing disrepute upon what should be the mos t laudable career to which any youth of America could aspi re. These are the scuttling rats in the ship of politics, gnawing at its timbers , besmirching its ideals and doing their utmost to wreck our system of Government . Against them the many fine and honorable men , who, at a personal sacrifice to themselves , have entered political careers , are battling alm'ost in va in. Why must this be so?
"Do you believe for a moment that the honest men in poli tics will ingly suffer the degradation which these parasites bring upon them? Qui te the oppos ite! Yet , time after time, they must stand impotent and wa tch the very persons whom they despise go before the people with all sorts of fantastic and bombastic schemes and be enthus ia.stically re-elec ted . I need not say that this statement does not refer to any par ty or any person. It refers to the American habit of enthus iasm for fine promises and failure to demand solid achievement from political self-seekers . You allow crooked people in your county , your city, and your community to come before you, often flaunting their crookedness, and you vote for them because they are shrewd , because they are clever or because they know how to be good cam pa igners and I submit that no elected crook ever willingly appointed an honest man . The same applies for the ignorant , for the mere office grabber ,
for the hanger-on , for the panderer and the man who wants a poli tical pos i tion only because it is a job .
"Politics should not be concerned with jobs . It should be con cerned wholly with pr inciples and careers and unt il we offer careers, unt il we have in government men and women who have built their lives toward the honorable objective of serving their country in public positions , just so long will we have 12,000 murders a year ; 1,500,000 major crimes and an army of malefactors who could march by this building for days on end with out once the end being sighted .
"In this connection, I desire to draw a contrast--that of the achievements of Boys ' Clubs under intelligent pr ivate direction and the la ck of reformation accompl ished by the average State insti tution. One turns out men ; the other turns out more desperate criminals . Why is this so? The pr i va te institution often works with li mited funds and against many ob stacles ; the state or community institution has heavy appropr iations , full 9 time employees, large buildings and expansive grounds, yet it can do little more than send forth graduates of crime who are bound , in many instances , for that larger college known as the penitentiary . The answer is that private institutions are built with a desire for rehabilitation and accom plishment . The community insti tutl.on has fallen into the grasping hands of the renegades of our political system, too often diverted to personal ends . That I s the word for which I have been seeking - the renegade - the trai tor , the vile enemy in our poE tical family which seeks to disrupt our institutions of government ; who knifes from within; who has only selfish purposes; who is the antagonist of everything that is honorable in our present-day form of Government. As such , he is a friend of crime and a barrier to law-enforcement. In his constant undermining of the finer ideals of our political system, he crawls into our court rooms ; he assembles the crooked doctors to change the faces of our outlaws ; he telephones the crooked lawyer to be on hand not only for the protection of the criminal but for the planning of the crime ; he contacts the crooked aviator , the crooked shopkeeper, the crooked hotel and hid0-out owner, the criminal gunsmith and every other member of that undercover army , the support by which crime lives , thrives and plunders . He sneaks into our reformatories ; into our probation system ; into our priscns , always with one foul purpose - the realization of personal gain at the expense of the commonwealth. He encour ages suspended sentences . He is in the lobby rooms of legislatures to fight against the passage of proper laws for the hampering of criminal activi ties. He is the whining pleader before the elected judge , who , all too often , must answer to his command that the proper process of law be set aside and a criminal walk free from the court room . This is the man whom every high-minded person in politics abhors . This is the man whom it is our duty as American citizens to eradicate from our political pic ture , so that the honest man who so often thanklessly strives in your behalf and under the cloud of ignominy may be given a free hand and encour agement in the battle for the sanctity of our political system.
"Therefore, your campaign as the friend of the boy and girl in crime must be a constant one . We must carry education into the home . We must follow it into the school . A knowledge of the ill-effects of crime and the benefits of crime prevention should be required of every school teacher in America . What is the sense of spending hours in teaching our youth the history of America when many of those boys and girls are doomed to recall that history while sitting in a dank prison cell? Teachers should spend more time ¸uilding the future of America , a future which can be made as clean , as high-minded, and as progressive as we , the people, desire it. We need a new viewpoint - not one of sentimentality, but of wise adjudication and administration. We need to know that the problem of crime is the prob lem of the family and we need above all things to incessantly instill in the pliable mind of youth the unalterable fact that seek as it will , try and twist and squirm though it may to beat society at the game of crime , it cannot win. To that end , we must have adequate avenues of detection , swift apprehension, and certain punishment . This does not mean that law-enforce ment officers are eager to reap a harvest of arrests and prison sentences. Instead , the honest law-enforcement agencies of America are eager to see the day when anyone , youth or adult, faced with the temptation of crime , wi 11 be bolstered in his fight against it by the knowledge that if he commits this 10
crime , he will be punished. There is no country in the world which has the proper law-enforcement that also has a real crime problem - the two can not exist.
"We must strike on all fronts and particularly at the one which toda.y is doing, perhaps , more than any other factor to undermine our national respect for law . I refer to that filth-encrusted scandal , the parole problem . I am not an opponent , but an advocate of the wise, intel ligent administration of the highly laudable theory of parole. However, I do object , and object most strenuously, to the administration of that system
as it is administered in some of our States. Practically every Special Agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who has died on the field of battle against criminals , has been sent to his death by a gun in the hands of a paroled convict. I object to the fact that of the 13,010 most desperate , vicious enemies of society listed in the identification files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 3, 734 of them have been touched by the magic wand of parole or pardon clemency. I equally protest against the fact that even the most honest advocates of the parole system have adopted an ostrich-l ike attitude in attempting to cover up atrocious defects.
"Time after time, we hear these men to whom I give all credit for 3inceri ty and honesty of purpose, insist that only a certain per cent of parolees fail to live up to their promises . This is the group which brings about our secondary crimes. This is the group which heads our des perato gangs, which commits our kidnappings , our train robberies, our bank hold-ups , and our murders . These are post graduates of outlawry and profes sors of crime . These are the select minority which the parole champions dis pose of so glibly. These are the men who , like a prisoner in Florida, com mitted two murders , received clemency for each, then committed a double mur der to show how much he was reformed. Or like the man in Montana, who , when paroled, kidnapped the daughter of his benefactor and carried her away to become a white slave victim in a mountain cabin . Or the man in a middle western penitentiary who committed four murders , who was paroled four times , and then graduated into kidnapping . This group contains the John Dillingers , the "]3aby Facen Nelsons , the "Pretty Boy" Floyds and the Alvin Karpises and Barker boys , each of whom piled murder upon murder until he became a national menace.
nAgainst this condition I protest with all the strength in my being and I say that our penal system cannot come from behind the cloud of disgrace until the sentimentalists and convict-indulging theorists recognize the fact that every time they allow such men to go free upon the streets, they are building an example to the youth of America that you can get away wi th crime i that you can beat our system of law-enforcement . I appeal to you as represent¹tive citizens of America to fight this problem into the open and to insist that this dangerou.s policy be sweepingly and constructively changed.
"To those who loyally and enthusiastically support the Boys I Clubs of America may I address a few words of admiration and sincere appreciation for the wonderful work which they are accomplishing . The up building of the morale of the youth of our country through these organiza 11
tions is of inestimable value, not only to th ose directly benefiting by the opera tions of the Boys' Clubs, but ·to each and every individual who loves his country and who is interested in its development and progress. The char acte r and personality development which the Boys' Clubs of America accom pli6h will return manifold gold dividends throughout the generations to come. I know of no greater work, I know of no better work, I know of no work better entitled to receive the enthusiastic support of every man and woman interested in law-enforcement and cur country's institutions ."
RECENT EFFORTS AT hUTILATION PROVE FUTILE
There recently has been receive d in the Identification Division of 'Lhe Fe deral Bureau of Investigation the fingerprints in two specific cases wherein attempts were made to so mutilate th e finger tips that clear and legible prints could not be taken . These efforts were apparently made in an attempt to defeat identification .
One case involved a fingerprint card submitted by officers of the Maryland State Police at Baltimore in the case of an individual who, at the time of his arrest, represente d himself to be one Jack Mason. The finger impressions were readily classified and searched through the file s of the Identification Division, and in le ss than two minutes were identifi ed as being those of on9 He rbert Dornberg, FBI-I013041 , who was possessed of a criminal record consisting of four arrests on various charges.
The second case involved a set of fingerprints received from the Police Depa.rtment, Owensboro, Kentucky, reflecting the digital impressions of one Elijah Fossee, wh o was arrested there on May 7, 1936 , on a charge of being drunk . Information received with the finger impressions indicated that the subject had rubbed his fingers on the brick '.'18,11 of the county jail in an effort to so mutilate th e ridges that le gible impressions could not be taken. As in the other case, the efforts of the subject in this di rection were entirely futile, and the finge rprint patterns were readily classified and searc.led th rough the files of the Identification Divis ion . It was found that they were identical with those of one Elijah Fossee, FBI 194914, who was possessed of a criminal record consis ting of six arrests since 1925 . He had been sentenced to serve a term of one year at the State Penitentiary in Eddyville, Kentucky, on a charge of store-house breaking.
The two cases illustrate vividly how criminals fear the finger print science, and how they will resort to many schemes in an effort to de feat th is method of identification . These cases also illustrate how inef fective efforts toward mutilation are, and how the subjects can be quickly and accurately identifie d in most cases despite these efforts at mutilation of th eir fingerprints .
WOMEN ARREST RECORDS
Data compiled from fingerprint records examined during the first quarter of 1936 disclosed that 7.3% of the arrest records examined were th ose of women. MED ICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF ALCOHOLISM
The following article is publi shed through the courtesy of the Wisconsin Medical Journal and the author F. L. Kozelka , Toxicologist, of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, in order to further ac quaint law enforcement officers with the Medicolegal Aspects of Alcohol ism.
"The tremendous increase of automotive traffic, with its great er speed, and , consequently, greatly increased potentialities for serious accidents, has thrown on the physician many more problems and greatly in creased respons ibilities in connection with the diagnosis of acute alcoholic intoxication and the determination of the relationship between the degree of intoxication and the actions of the individual. The diverse op inion of the investigators of the problem of alcohol ism as to what constitutes drunk enness seems to center about tte lack of a clearcut def inition of the term . Carlson (1) suggests that 'alcoholic intoxication' should be defined as that degree of intoxication at wh ich the individual becomes a nuisance or a dan ger to his fellowmen.
"The police courts have repeatedly maintained that the recog nition of drunkenness is a simple matter because of the readily discernible symptoms, such as the odor of alcohol, dilated pupils ,. flushed face , stag gering gait, confused thick spE:>ecb., tachycardia, and boisterous , euphoric or abusive behavior . A person, hov!ever, may be under the influence of alcohol to an extent that seriously affects Il is faculties and behavior , especially in such a responsible position as driving an automobile , without exhibit ing these commonly recognized symptoms of drunkenness and , conversely, an in divid ual may exhi bi t any or all of these symptoms without be ing under the influence of alcohol, particularly after a severe shock as would occur in an automobile accident . Likewise , there are many individuals who have some acquired or congenital defect, or pathological condition, who continually exhibi t some of the characteristics of alcoholic intoxication. As examples , one may cite individuals afflict ed with neurological conditions which may , cause ataxia, stuttering or stammering, or cases of vasomotor instability or acute febrile disturbances, which may cause dilated pupils, flushed face , tachycardia, or tremors .
"To be sure t the differentiation between all of these condi tions and acute alcoholic intoxication may be made readily by the trained clinician in the majority of instances, but it is not always so easy for the medically untrained peace officer, especially in the borderline cases in which the symptoms exhibited a.re doubtful. In such in!?tances, the alco holic odor of the breath cannot be used as a criterion of the degree of in toxica tion bece.use the intensity of the odor does not increase with the amount of alcohol ingested.
"A chemical examination of the urine or blood will, however, defini tely establish \'lhether alcohol has or has not been taken and approx imately how much has been ingested . This test, is of special value in cases where the individual continually exhi bi ts some of these symptoms , because of some congeni tal or acquired defect , and has imbibed enough 13 alcohol to give the characteristic alcoholic odor to the breath but not a sufficient amount to affect his faculties . Under the present methods of diagnosis, such an individual might be adjudged intoxicated. On the other hand , an individual imbibing a sufficient amount of alcohol to materially affect his reflex actions , but not enough to produce the more obvious symp toms of intoxication, might be declared sober. Such oc currences may be en countered frequently among automobile drivers . A drunken driver may exhib it marked signs of depression if left alone ; however, a sudden stimulus , such as may occur in an automobile accident , may be sufficient to overcome to a certain extent the depressing effect of the alcohol, and the individ ual may appear fairly normal. It is a recognized fact that any strong stim ulus tends to overcome depression.
"During the past year , many specimens of stomach contents or vo mitus have been submitted to this laboratory for examination , from individ uals involved in serious automobile accidents or from persons dying sudden ly , in which alcohol we.s suspected of being the cause of death . While the establishment of the presence or absence of alcohol in such materials is of value in demonstrating that alcohol has or has not been taken, nevertheless the data obtained are worthless in estimating the degree of intoxication, since the alcohol present in the stomach must still be considered as being outside of the body. An accurate determination of the concentration of al cohol in the tissues or body fluids is the only satisfactory means of ascer taining the degree of alcoholic intoxication. Uumerous experiments and clinical observations are on record which indicate that alcohol, like most other drugs , produces toxic effects in direct proportion to the quantity of the substance in the tissues and body fluids .
"It has been demonstrated that alcohol taken by mouth is rapidly absorbed ; reaches its highest concentration in the blood within an hour af ter ingestion, the concentration then gradually diminishing as the alcohol is oxidized and excreted . The rate of oxidation is approximatsly 10 cubic centimeters per hour for the average individual, and less than 10 per cent is excreted by way of the lungs and kidneys . Newman and Cutting (2) , work ing with two human subjects, found that they metabolized 0. 167 co. and 0. 179 cc. per kilogram per hour, respectively, and that the rate of metabolism proceeded at a constant rate regardless of the concentration in the blood stream . The highest concentration attained is approximately the total amount of alcohol ingested , divided by the total weight , and if given in sufficient amount , will soon produce the characteristic subjective and ob jective effects.
"The reliability of using the results obtained from an analys is of the various body fluids , as an index of inebriety, has been the subject of a cons iderable amount of research. Those most commonly used are the blood and urine . Most investigators beli eve that the spinal fluid should yield a more reliable index because the concentration of alcohol in the spinal fluid should closely approximate that of the brain, and consequently reflect the degree of inebriety. In support of this contention, Gettler and Freireich (3) showed , in a series of cases coming to autopsy, that there was a more constant relationship between the alcoholic content of the brain and spinal fluid than between the brain and the blood , and suggest 14
the use of a series of spinal fluid-brain ratios, ranging from 2 .5 to 1.1, for estimating t.he amount of alcohol in the brain of living individuals, depending upon the concentration of alcohol found in the spinal fluid. If the concentration of alcohol in the spinal fluid is 0.03 to 0.1%, the result is divided by 2.5 to estimate the amount of alcohol in the brain. If the concentration in the spinal fluid is 0.5 to 0.7%, the result is di vided by 1.1. They determined that the spinal fluid values more nearly approach those for the brain as the quantity in the latter organ increases. They also found that the alcoholic content of the blood cannot be correlated with that of the brain, being higher in some cases and lower in others. These data, however, throw little light on the problem , because the time intervals between the last imbibitions of alcohol and the determinations were not known , and evidently the wide variation found was due to the stage of absorption at which death occurred . The relationship of the alcoholic concentra tion of the spinal fluid (obtained by lumbar puncture) and the blood , was determined by Schumm and Fleischmann (4), Abramson and Linde (5), and. Gettler and Freireich (3). They demonstrated that the alcoholic content of the lumbar fluid rises more slowly than that of the blood, and , during the period of decline , the alcohol in tho spinal fluid remains high , er than that in the blood.
"Mehrtens and Newman (6) corroborated these findings by single intravenous injections of alcohol. They observed that the curve of the alcohol level of the spinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture attains the height of the diminishing alcohol level of the blood in about 80 minutes, reaches a maximum less than that of the blood, and during the period of decline re:nains higher than that of the blood. In the series of seven subjects investigated , the curves for the alcohol levels of the blood and lumtar fluid crossed between 80 and 120 minutes after injection . The signs of drunkenness in no way showed the lag that one might expect from t.he slow rise in the alcohol level of the lumbar fluid. The subject was invariably more intoxicated, judging from the actions and subjective symptoms , at the end of the injection when the alcohol of the blood was at its maximum than when the lumbar fluid reached its maximum . On the other hand , they found that the alcohol in the cisternal fluid rises promptly and closely approximates that in the blood . From their observations they concluded that alcoholic content of the cisternal fluid is a better index of intoxication than that of the lumbar fluid, wh ile that of the blood is probably the best of all. Apparently an analysis of the spinal fluid has no particular advantage over the analysis of the blood .
Ur ine Analysis
"Blood samples are often difficult to procure and the question arises as to whether an analysis of urine gives as good an indication of intoxication as the alcoholic concentration in the blood. Miles (7) found that, during the first 20 or 30 minutes after ingestion, the urine alcohol is about the same , or a little higher, than in the blood; then for one hour or more it is 35 to 50 per cent higher . Southga te and Carter (8) , working with human subjects, found that the ratio of alcoholic concentration in the blood to that in urine varied between 1.34 and 1.4 after one-half hour . The mean concentration ratio after one hour was 1.35. 15
They also observed that this ratio is not changed if the alcohol is taken on an empty stomach or preceded by the ingestion of food. Suosequent diuresis also did not alter the ratio. These results indicate that , from a practical standpoint , the analysis of urine is almost as satisfactory as of blood in estimating the degree of intoxication .
"Haggard and Greenberg (9) studied the solubility of alcohol in urine and blood and found that alcohol is more soluble in urine than in blood ; the ratio of distribution at body temperature was 1.0 for the blood and 1.144 for the urine . They found the same distribution of the alcohol, af ter ingestion between arterial blood and urine obtained by catheterization. The apps.rent discrepancy between the results of Haggard and Greenberg and those of Miles and of Southgate and Carter, is due undoubtedly to the fact that the former investigators obtained their urine specimens by cathe terization , and their ratio represents the distribution of alcohol between the two fluids at the time the urine was excreted and would be comparable to the ratio found during the first half hour after the alcohol was ingested . However, during the period (one to two hours after ingestion of alcohol) when the alcoholic concentration in the blood is decreasing, the ratio in creases if the urine is permitted to accumulate in the bladder. This lat ter ratio was found by Miles and by Southgate and Carter.
"The relationship of the concentration of alcohol in the urine to the degree of intoxication of the subject was strikingly demonstrated by Bogen (10) who had the opportunity of observing 500 cases and correlating the symptoms , upon which the clinical diagnosis is usually based , with the alcoholic concentration in the urine . Those with an alcoholic concentration in the urine of 0 to 1 mg . per I cc. included not only a number who had not taken any alcohol but some who had imbibed small quanti ties . Forty per cent had the odor of alcohol on their breath but only a few showed the flushed face , dilated pupi ls, unst eady gait, or slurred or confused speech of alcoholic intoxication. In none was the combination of symptoms suff iciently marked to justify a diagnosis of drunkenness . In the group hav ing an alcoholic concentration in the urine of from 1 to 2 mg . per 1 cc.,
the diagnosis of 'acute alcoholic intoxication I was made in over 50 per cent of the cases . The group having a concentration of from 2 to 3 mg . of alcohol in 1 cc. of urine showed an increase in the inc idence of nearly all the symptoms of alcoholic intoxication. Fifteen per cent of these individ uals were either in an alcoholic coma or were unable to stand or walk. The group having a concentration of from 3 to 4 mg . of alcohol in 1 cc. of urine contained only a few individuals who were not unmistakably intoxicat ed i!1 the sense of the term , drunkenness. Above 4 mg. of alcohol per 1 cc. of urine , practically all the cases were in a state of alcoholic
coma - the traditional I dead drunk . 1 This level of alcohol approaches the
lethal dose. These stages are well illustrated in Emerson I s book on al cohol (11) .
"Heise (12) studied the effects of small amounts of alcohol and found a measurable loss of efficiency and judgment in the operation of a typewriter even when the concentration of alcohol in the urine or blood did not exceed 0.02 per cent . In another series of experiments, he test ed the effect of alcohol on automobile drivers and found that , without exception, these subjects were able to pass creditably the ordinary tests "" used to determine drunkenness and were able to perform the routine actions involved in driving . However, he found a definite variation from the nor mal in actions that had not become a habit, such as the avoidance of obsta cles , backing the car , or any unusual action from one that was routinely used . In none of these subjects did the alcoholic concentration of the urine exceed 0.1 per cent . 'l'hese results are in close agreement with those ob tained by Carlson (1) who observed some functional impairment when the con centration of alcohol reached 1.17 mg . per cc.
The Cri terion
"Turner (13) , on the other hand , concludes that an individual is not intoxicated until the concentration of the alcohol in the blood ranges from 2 to 3 mg. per cc. However, he does not consider an individual ! intoxicated unless he is unable to talk and walk normally . If one is • to subscribe to this intorpretation, then a driver would not be adjudg ed intoxicated so leng as he was able to stand , and no cognizance would be taken of his impaired faculties . Absolut.e helplessness should not be the cri terion upon which we should convict a person indicted with operating a motor car while under the influence of intoxicating liquor . Other factors of the case being equal , the criterion should be whether or .not he varies in a sufficient degree from his normal mental or phys ical state, as a ra suI t of the consumption of intoxicating beverages , to make him a menace to society .
liThe contention that reaction time is lengthened and that the psycho-physiological functions of importance in motor car operation are impaired before the characteristic symptoms of intoxication are apparent , is further corroborated by Bs.hnsen and Vedel-Petersen (14) . In their ex periments on drivers o-f motor vehicles, they observed that alcohol tend ed to lower the grade of ,performance when 97 cc. of whisky was ingested.
In this subclinical stage t when there is 1 mg . or less of alcohol in each cc . of blood, the changes produced in most cases are so slight as to be readily overlooked except by a very careful observer . Never-theless , the effect is manifested in a blunting of the finer judgments and of observa tion, and usually results in a feeling of euphoria and increased confidence in one 's ability, both physical and mental .
li lt is a matter of common knowledge that the person accustomed to the use of alcohol can drink more and show less symptoms of toxicity than the person not so accustomed , al though the mechanism of this phenomenon is not understood. It is commonly believed that a chronic alcoholic can tolerate a higher concentration of alcohol in the blood or tissues without exhibi ting symptoms of intoxication . This belief, however, is not sup ported by experimental data . Pringsheim (15), working with rats and rab bi ts, found that habitues burn up the alcohol much faster (approximate ly two-thirds of the time ) than normal animals; that normal animals reach a 66 per cent higher content of alcohol in the blood than habitues; that normal animals oxidize the same amount of alcohol each hour , while in habitues the oxidation is accelerated each succeeding hour . He also found that normal animals absorb 20 per cent more alcohol in the first two hours 17 than do the habitues . The greater absorption and the lower oxidation are reasons why the alcoholic content of the body rises to a higher level in normal animals. Schweisheimer (16), investigating the alcoholic content of blood in human alcoholics and normal individuals, corroborated Pringsheim's resul ts with animals. His results show that the maximum alcoholic content is higher in normal persons ; that it reaches this maximum in from onc and one-half to two hours , remains at this level for five hours , and then grad ually diminishes, while in alcoholic persons it reaches its maximum more quickly, remains at the level for two hours and then subsides much more quickly. He concludes that tolerance is due to the decreased maximum al cohol zone which depends on a more rapid oxidation. He could find no proof of increased resistance toward alcohol . In general , similar results were obtained by Gettler and Freireich (17) with dogs . They poisoned dogs by daily administration of alcohol for periods ranging from six months to two years . In all cases ( poi soned and normal dogs ) , intoxication ( disturbed equilibrium) set in when the alcoholic content of the brain reached 0.25 per cent . They found , without exception, a smaller alcoholic content in the tissues and body fluids of chronic alcoholic dogs as compared to nor mal dogs , and concluded that ·µhe lower concentration is due to increased destruction of the alcohol by the tissues and that increased tolerance is due to more efficient oxidation . These data indicate that tolerance to al cohol consists mainly of the increased oxidation rate of the alcohol ab sorbed, but that the individual is always affected to about the same degree by the same concentration of alcohol in the blood , regardless of his pre vious habits or total amount of alcohol drunk .
"Since the concentration of alcohol in the urine and the blood is so consistently related to the degree of acute alcoholic intoxication and the consequent behavior of the individual , regardless of his previous habits, and since the diagnosis of drunkenness from the clinical condition alone is open to many criticisms and difficulties, a quantitative determin ation of the alcohol in urine or body fluid offers the only accurate solu tion to the problem of the diagnosis of alcoholism. It is not expected that this test should supersede entirely all the other clinical examina tions , but should be interpreted in the light of all the other observations in the case . However, it can well be concluded that the alcoholic concen tration in the urine and body fluids is the most reliable single factor in arriving at a correct conclusion as to the degree of intoxication of the individual , and intoxication should be defined more in terms of alcoholic content in the blood than in the ability to walk.
Summary
"From the available data it seems safe to conclude that :
"1. The clinical evidence alone is not an adequate criterion for the diaglosis of the degree of alcoholic intoxication.
"2. Tolerance to alcohol is due to more efficient oxidation and not to any increased resistance to it, i.e., the ¶bility to tolerate higher concentrations in the blood and tissues without exhibiting the char acteristic symptoms of intoxication. is
"3. The psycho-phys iological manifestations are directly re lated to the alcoholic content in the blood , regardless of the previous hab its of the individual .
" 4. The re is a definite decrease in reaction time and loss of efficiency at lower levels of alcoholic concentration in the blood than is required to produce the charact,eristic symptoms of dnmkenness .
" 5. There is a definite relationship between the alcoholic concentration in the blood and the urine which is not altered by the rate of absorption or the degree of diuresis .
"6. The determination of the alcoholic content of the blood or urine offers a means of estimating the alcoholic content of the other ."
REFERENCES
1. Carlson, A. J.: Science . 80 : 546, 1934 . 2. Newman , H. W. , and Cutting , I. C. : J. Pharmacol . and Exper. Therap . 54 : 371 , 1935. 3. Gettler, A. 0. , and Freireich, A. W. : J. BioI . Chern . 92: 199, 1931. 4. Schumm , 0. , and Fleischmann , R. : Deutsche Z. f. Nervenheilkunde . 46: 275, 1913. 5. Abrams on , L. , and Linde , P. : Arch . internat . de pharmacodyn . et de Therap . 39 : 325 , 1930. 6. Meh rtens , H. G. , and Newman , H. W. : Arch . Neurol. and Psychiat . 30: 1092, 1933 . 7. Mi les , W. R.: J. Pharmacol . and Exper. Therap . 20 : 265, 1922 . 8 . Southgate , H. W. , and Carter , G. : Brit. Med . J., Mar . 13, 1926, p. 453. 9. Hagga rd , H. W. , and Greenberg , L. A. : J. Pharmacol. and Exper . Therap . 52: 150, 1934 . 10. Bogen, E. : Am . J. Med . Sci . 176 : 153, 1928 . 11. Eme rson , H. : Alcohol and Man . MacMi llan Co ., New York , 1932. 12. He ise , H. A. : J. Am . Med. Assn . 103: 739, 1934 . 13 . Turner , R. G. : Proc . Soc. Exper . BioI . and Med . 32: 1548, 1935. 14. Bahnsen, P. , and Vedel-Petersen, K. : J. Ind . Hyg . 16: 304 , 1934. 15. Pringshe im : I3iochem . Ztschr . 12 : 143, 1908. 16. Schweisheimer , W. : Deut . Arch . f. klin. Med. 109 : 271, 1913. 17 . Gettler , A. O. , a.nd Freireich, A. W. : Am . J. Surg . 27: 328, 1935. 19
THIRD FBI POLICE TRAINING SCHOOL
The Pol ice Training Schools conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation have produced remarkable results in that a large percentage of the graduates of these schools, upon returning to the ir respective de partments have been given promotions and , likewise , an opportunity to give the benefits of the ir training and experience to other members of their organizations . This is particularly gratifying to the Federal Bureau of Investigation be cause this is the primary obj ective of these schools as th ey are at present conducted .
Beginning July 20 , 1936 , the third session of the Pol ice Train ing School will start and will continue for twelve weeks . Thirty- five representatives of local , county , and state law enforcement organizations will take this course of tra ining . Instruction will be provided in a large number of subjects , including those that deal with scientific and techn ical subjects , those having to do with crime statistics records and reports , those wh ich fall under the head ing of firea.rms tra ining and first aid , those under the heading of investigationa , enforcement and regulatory procedure , and no less important , those having to do with the administra tion and organization of law enforcement agencies . A great deal of prac tical work and practical demonstrations will be included in the course of training and the entire facilities of the Federal Bureau of Investiga tion's training schools will be made available during this course of in struction.
The observation has been made that those commun ities and sec tions wh ich do not have properly tra ined and adequate law enforcement per sonnel will soon be learned by criminals and they will seek to esta blish their residences in such sect ions as a haven or refuge . The Bureau be lievos that the training wh ich it provides, therefore , is helpful not only in the enforcement of laws , but also in the prevention and deterring of crime .
There is no expense whatsoever for the training or for the equip ment used in connection , therewith . Pencils , notebooks , firearms and even the ammun i tion is furnished without any charge to those attending the schools . The only necessary expenses are living expenses while in Washington and transportation to and from the homes of those attending the school.
In order to attend a session of the Police Training School , it is necessary that the police department , sheriff 's office , state pOlice , or other law enforcement organization commun icate wi th the Director of this Bureau adVising that they desire to send a representative to take such a course of training . In the order in which these applications are received , the Bureau will give cons ideration to the applications and extend invi ta tions to such law enforcement agencies to select one representative who is best qual ified to take the training and then return to his own depa.rt.ment to instruct the other members of that organ ization.
It is required that those who attend stipulate that they will attend for the full twe lve weeks , that they will be promp t in reporting to classes, that they will earnestly cooperate during the course of the school to endeavor to get the greatest possible benefit from the course of training , that they will obey the rules of their own departments as to conduct, and discipline and such other rules as may be necessary for the proper conduct of a school of this type . Due to the fact that it is not desired to limit the value of this course of training by accepting those ·o are subject to an early retirement , it is required that those designated be less than forty-six yeal"S of age at the time they enter this school. The successful completion of this course will require a great deal of hard work from the students who attend and it should, therefore , appeal to those who are interested , serious-minded , and ambitious to improve themselves and others in their department , in the art and science of law enforce ment .
Although selections have a.lready been made of those who are to attend the third session of the Police Training 8chool of the Federal Bu reau of Investigation , this Bureau will be pleased to receive information from any law enforcement agency indicating its desire to send a representa tive to take this course of training . The Bureau will give as prompt con sideration as is possible to these applications . If any additional in formation concerning the training is desired, the Bureau will be pleased, upon request , to send a booklet relati ve to its training schools to · those who are interested . A communication should be addressed to the Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U. 8. Department of Justice , Washington, D. C.
A QUESTIONABLE PATTERN
The patt.ern which is submitted for discussion in this month's FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin proba.bly cannot be considered in itself as a questionable pattern . However, it is reproduced in this issue for general discussion and as a preface to a discussion of a definitely questionable pattern of the same general type , which will be published in the August, 1936 Bulletin.
The question involved in this pattern is merely a matter of the extent or the distance which should be traced to determine whether any of the double loop patterns are inner, meeting or outer whorls. "Whorl tracing" is discussed in detail on pages 31 to 34 of the booklet entitled "Classifi cation of Fingerprints" recently distributed by the Federal Bureau of Inves tigation to law enforcement officers. The text of this treatise reads, in part , as follows :
"The ridge eman ating from the lower side or point of the left delta is traced toward the right delta until the point opposite or nearest the right delta is reach ed . The number of ridges between this point and the right delta are then counted ."
The text then proceeds to define and describe inner , meeting and outer whorls. 21
RD
The point involved in this case represents merely a discussion of the extent to which the ridge proceeding from the left delta should be traced . The text above indicates the ridge emanating from the lower side or point of the left delta is traced toward the right delta unt il the point opposite or nearest the right delta is reached . It is not intended that this ridge should 'be traced completely through or fol lowing a circuitous route . It is intended merely that the ridge be traced up on the upward thrust , which is usually present , unt il a point on this ridge proceeding upward is attain ed , which point is closest or nearest to the right delta . Any other proce dure in the tracing of the ridge would necessitate a great deal of time in the following of the ridge around its loop .
Applying the foregoing rules to the pattern reproduced herein, it will be noted that the pOint where the tracing begins is represented by the letters " LD " to indicate the left delta . The actual tracing is repre sented by a heavy line . The tracing actually stops at the point ma rked , "X" , which is the closest point on the upward trend of this ridge to the right delta represented by the letters "RD" .
As indicated above , a pattern of a decidedly questionable char acter will be reproduced next month to present this discussion further . 22
FINGERPRINTING BY RAILROAD POLICE
The Pennsylvania Railroad Police have been taking fingerprints in a general way for the past twenty years of criminals who were apprehended for major felon ies . However , the operation was not made a general practice until October 1, 1935 when , at the suggestion of the Special Agent in Charge of the Pittsburgh Office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation , the officers assigned to the central region comprising the terr i tory in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , presented themse] ves at the Pittsburgh Office of the Bureau for general instructions in taking fingerp'r ints .
There are one hundred thirty officers assigned to the central region of the Pennsylvania Railroad under the supervision 'of.,Mr . J. G. Sersch . Of this number ninety per cent received instructions .in taking fingerprints by representatives of the Bureau field office at Pi'ttsburgh , Pennsylvania . The remaining ten per cent were instructed bY ',Qther law enforcement agencies in the district . Two officers of the Pehn,sylvania t Railroad Police attended the Fingerprint Identification Sehool ," he o, .a1i t.he pi ttsburgh Office between April 20 and 24 , 1936 , by Inspect? r L. C. Schilder .
.- ...... , Since the inauguration of this activity by the Pennsylvania Ra ilroad Police on October I, 1935 , the officers in the central region have taken and submitted over one thousand three hundred sixty-se'v en prints to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in Washington . The returns from these prints have indicated that about sixty per cent of the persons arrested had former criminal records .
The success obtained in this practice is well illustrated in the following cases ;
January 4, 1936 : Walter G. Smith . Arrested at Dennison , Ohio . Wanted for Auto Theft in the State of Ill ino is . Returned tĈ Il iinoii authorities ,
January 5, 1936 : Lloyd Da l e. Arrested at Warren , Ohio . ,Wanted for the murder of Officer R. D. Gordon of the Western Pacific Railroad at Stockton , Cal ifornia , on September 5, 1935 . Convicted on a charge 'of mur der in first degree , sentenced to death.
January 12 , 1936 : Wi ll Rodgers , al ias James Johnson , and Wal ter Lindsey : both colored, we re arrested by officers of the Permsyl vania Railroad Police in the railroad yards at Orrville , Oh io . Fingerprints were taken and submi tted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation at Washington ,. who notified the Columbus , Oh io authorities . Word was received the follow ing day that both were wanted in connection with the murder of ,Josepn Clevenston of Columbus . Lindsey was indicted for first degree murder , wh ich was later changed to manslaughter . On February 27 , 1936 , he was sentenced to serve 1 to 20 years by Honorable Judge D. Reynolds , Franklin County , Columbus , Ohio. Will Rodgers , al ias James Johnson , who turned state I s evidence , wa s released and further charges "Nolle prossed" and defendant discharged from custody April 27 , 1936 .
," 23
March 7, 1936: Sam Perry, arrested at Colliers , West Vir glma, Subj ect of FBI 1074432 , wanted as escaped prisoner from Whee ling, West Virginia. Released on March 8, 1936 , by County authorities before receiving notification from Washington Bureau .
March 22 , 1936 : Lefton Hansley alias Harold Mason was removed from a mail train at Steubenvi lle , Ohio . After his fingerprints were taken he confessed that he was wanted in New York City for murder. The New York authori ties were notified and Mason was returned for trial . Disposition of case is unknown to date .
March 28, 1936 : Clarence Osterman , Subj ect of FBI 367706 was arrested in Railroad yards at Carnegie , Pennsylvania. Fingerprints taken and forwarded to Federal Bureau of Investigation , Washington, D. C. , and a notification was received that he was wanted by State authorities at Greencastle , Indiana . He was returned to Indiana , May 9 , 1936, by officers from that State .
It is believed that if the officers of all the railroads in the United States adopt the practice of fingerprinting persons arrested , they will contribute largely to the efforts being exerted by other law en forcement agencies in combating crime , as such activity would unquestionably resul t in the apprehension of many wanted criminals in various parts of the country.
MUTILATION FAILS TO AVOID IDENTIFICATION
The photograph of Avery Simons , subject of Identification Order No . 1247 , issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation appeared on the cover of the Fugitives Wanted by Police Bulletin, issued June 1, 1935 . Avery Simons was apprehended by Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation at Los Angeles , California , May 14, 1936 .
It will be of interest to law enforcement officials and to identification officers in particular to know that it was found Simons had made an effort to so mutilate his finger tips that identification would be rendered difficult , if not impossible ; however , .hi8 fingerprints were immediately taken and forwarded by air mail to the Identification Division of the Bureau in Washington, D. C. , where it was found that in spite of the mutilation it was possible to conduct a search of the fineerprints in the files of the Identification Division and cause Simons ' identification with out difficulty. Such a result was important in this particular instance because Simons consistently and positively denied his identity, and further because his appearance had changed considerably since he was last photo graphed , and a positive identification could not be made from photographs .
OILING FIREARMS
The points requiring most frequent oiling on firearms are the parts where the slide and frame rub together on automatic pistols and the hub of the revolver cylinder , particularly the forward end . 24
IDENTIFYING THE UNK OW! DEAD THROUGH FINGERPR INTS
The fingerpr ints of 2,75 8 deceased persons whose identities were unknown or in doubt were sent to the Federa l Bureau of Investigation dur ing. the period from May 1, 1935 , to May 1, 1935 , by law enforcement agenc ies and coroners throughout the United States in an effort to prevent these deceased 'being bur ied as unknown dead .
Identifications were definitely establ ished in 722 cases . The identifying data , such as addresses and names of the deceased 's relatives were furnished to the contributing officials . The fingerprint contributors of 904 of the 2, 758 were without any information relative to the identi ties of the deceased persons , whereas as to the other 1,854, the ir identities h!:',d been to!1 tatively established . A compar ison of the 2, 758 sets of fin gerpr ints with nearly 5, 900, 000 fingerprint records on file in the Identi fication Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation during th is period effected positive identificl.l:tion of tho 234 of the first Broup and 488 of the second group . In each instance where identifying information was avail able , it was promptly forw6,.r·ded to the inquirerr; in order that the families and relatives of the deceased might be notified immediately .
During the month of April, 1936 , the Bureau was in rece ipt of
the fingerprint impressions of 225 deceased persons . the identities of 54 of whom were unknown to officia ls , whUe 171 were pa.rtially ident ified by the fingerprint contributors . The files of the Federal Bureau of Investi gation disclosed the identities of 15 of the 54 unknown dead and ma de possi ble the positive identification of 45 of the deceased numbered among the 171 who were partially identified .
Death came to most of these 2, 758 deceased in the routine course of life wh ich i:light befall anybody , leaving the ir i.denti ties either entire ly unknown or uncerta.inly establ i shed . Some were killed by trains or auto mobiles ; several were found dead from na tural , undetermined causes and mis fortune .
A typical case in which reference to the Bureau IS iden tif'ica tion facil ities afforded an identification of an unknown decea.sed person occurred whŜn the fingerprints of an unknown dead man , who di.ed at the Medical Center in Jersey City, New Jer8ey , wero forwarded to the Bureau by 'the Police De partment of that city. A search through the files of the Identification Di vision revealed this man to be an individual arrested by the Sheriff of Jersey City, New Jersey , on July 8, 1932 , on a charge of trespassing on rail road property . All of the informe. tion appea!' ing on the fingerprint card sub mi tted in connection wi t11 that arrest wa s furni3hed to the Chief of Police of Jersey City as of possible assistance in locating the relatives of the deceased .
Anot.her interesting identification occurred when the Police De partment of Memphis , Tennessee, submitted the fingerprints of a young woman who had commi tted suicide whi le occupying a room in a house of assignation. When her fingerprints were searched through the files of the Identification Division her home address was revealed , together with her correct name , and 25 information as to the whereabout:J of her relatives was immediately fur nished the authorities at Memphis , Tennessee .
Similarly, the Sheriff 's Office at Stockton, California, sub mitted the fingerprints of an individual who was known to them under a cer tain name and who had met death through a train accident . When his finger prints were searched through the files of the FBI , they were found to be identical with those of an individual who had previously been arrested in Burlington , New Jersey , and West Trenton , New Jersey . His correct name , which was entirely different from that under which he was known in Cali fornia , was promptly furnished the Stockton , California, authorities .
Considering the number of identifications of deceased persons tha t are made , where the deceased has fingerprints on record , taken prior to death , is a forceful reminder that the Identification Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is maintained for this practice,l and humane, service as well as for aid in the identification and apprehension of crimi nals .
FUGITIVE NOTATIONS
Replies to the invitation appearing in the January , 1936, issue of the Bulletin that law enforcement agencies advise whether they prefer arrangement of the fugitive notati ons appearing in the FBI Bulletins by alphabetjcal or fingerprint classification sequence have not been sufficient to warrant a change in the present alphabetical arrangement .
In order that the most sati sfactory results may be obtained from the fugitive entries appearing in the FBI Bulletj,ns it is believed that the notations should be clipped and pasted on fingerprint cards and placed in the fingerprint files of the various law enforcement agencies according to classif ication. If this procedure were followed each search of the finger print files of the law enforcement agencies would automat ically effect a search against all such notices .
Law enforcement agencies are requested to advise the Bureau rel ative to all cases where the information appearing in the FBI Law Enforce ment Bulletins is instrumental in effecting the identification of subjects as fugitives , in order that the Bureau may be inform.ed as to the exact ac compli shments of the Bulletin . Also, all wanted notices should be immed iately cancelled by letter when the fugitive is apprehended or is no longer wanted .
FINGERPRINT CONTRIBUTORS
On June 15, 1936 , there were 9,886 police departments, peace officers , and law enforcement agencies throughout the Uni ted States and foreign countries voluntarily contributing fingerprints to the FBI . •
• JOHN YATES, PAROLE VIOLATOR IDENTIFIED THROUGH FINGERPRINTS
Among law enforcement agencies served by the Federal Bureau of Investigation are special police departments of the several rai lway com panies . Under date of October 18, 1925 , the Special Agent of the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway Company , Kansas City, Missouri, requested that a wanted notice be posted on the fingerprint card of one John Yates who had formerly served a two year sentence in the Missouri State Penitent iary , Jefferson City, Missouri, for the crime of grand l3.rceny . Yates was wanted on charges of burglary and larceny in connection with a box car robbery at Columbus , Kansas , which occurred on the night of August 28 , 1925 .
A fingerprint card was received in the Federal Bureau of Inves tigation on May 10, 1926 , from the Grayson County Identification Bureau , Denison, Texas , reflecting the arrest of one Jesse Williams on an investi gation charge . The fingerprints of Williams , when searched through the files of the Identification Division, were found to be identical with those of Yates and , accordingly, a telegram was sent to the interested officials of the Rai lway Company on May 11, 1926 .
A communication was subsequently received from the Special Agent of the Rai lway Company advis ing that Yates he,d pleaded guilty on May 21, 1926 , to the charges of burglary , second degree , and grand larceny and was sentenced to terms of five to ten and one to five years, respectŖ ively, in the State Penitentiary , Lansing , Kansas , where he was received on JuneI 5, 1926 .
The Federal Bureau of Investigation received advice from the prison officials at Lansing , Kansas , on November 9, 1931, that Yates was wanted for violation of parole . An appropriate notation to that effect was made in the records of the Bureau . On April 29 , 1936 , a fingerprint card was received in the Bureau , reflecting the arrest of one Charley Evans by the Sheriff at Rock Island , Illinois, on April 23, 1936, on a charge of arson . A search of the identification files disclosed that Yates was again in custody , this time under the name of Evans. The War den of the State Penitentiary at Lansing , Kansas , was immediately noti fied on April 30 , 1936, by telegram of the identification effected by the technical experts of the Bureau. GIOVANNI PICCOLO, AN APPLICANT FOR A BEVERAGE LICENSE, IDENTIFIED AS AN ESCAPED ALIEN
Several of the states , before issuing an alcoholic beverage license , require applicants to submit fingerprints which are forwarded to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for search through the criminal files of the Identification Division. Such was the case of Giovanni Piccolo who had furnished his fingerprints to the State Board of Equal ization, Los Angeles , California , in connection with his appl ication for an alcoholic beverage license .
The fingerprints of Piccolo , when searched through the crim inal fingerprint files of the Bureau , were found to be identical with those of James Orlando , arrested by the Police Department at Schenect ady , New York , on April 6, 1924 , for violation of Section 1148 , of the State Penal Laws , which charge was later changed to a vagrancy charge on which he received a suspended sentence . Orlando was also charged on that occasion with violation of Section 1897 of the State Penal Laws , which charge was disposed of by forfeiture of a $100 cash bail on
April 22 , 1924 . .
A fingerprint card was received in the Bureau on January 29 , 1929 , from the Police Department , Baltimore , Maryland , reflecting the arrest of Orlando as Tony Colehia , charged with violation of the Immi gration Laws . Orlando was turned over to the United States Immigra tion and Naturalization Service of the Department of Labor as an alien for deportation . Wh ile in the city jail at Baltimore , Maryland , await ing deportation , Orlando , feigning illness, 'was taken to the City Hos pital , from wh ich institution he escaped on March 6, 1930 . The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service advised the Bureau on
April 11 , 1930 , of Orlando I s escape and requested to be notified in the event any information was subsequently received concerning his whereabouts .
The fingerprints of Giovanni Piccolo were received on April 29 , 1936 , from the State Board of Equal ization, Los Angeles, California , and when found to be identical with those of Orlando , the District Director of the Immigration and Naturalization Service at Baltimore , Maryland , was immediately notified by telegram on April 30 , 1936 . 28
OFFENSES KNOWN TO THE POLICE, APRIL AND MAY, 1936.
Under the system of uniform crime reporting , there are forwarded each month to the FBI comprehensive data based on the number of offenses known to the police . Those data are published in the quarterly issues of the bulletin "Uniform Crime Reports ." However, in order to make avai lable current information relatŗve to the fluctuation in the amount of crime in the United States , there is presented below a tabulation based on reports from po lice departments of 68 cities with more than 100 , 000 inhabi tants for April and May , 1936 . The figures are also presented in the
form of daily averages and it is recommended that in view of the difference in the number of days in those two months that the daily averages be used in making comparisons in the amount of crime re ported for those two months .
The compi lation discloses increases in the daily average number of offenses of murder, rape , and aggravated assault . The remaining offense classes show decreases during May .
Daily average , offenses known to the police 68 cities over 100 , 000 April and May , 1936 .
(Total population 22 ,310 , 138 , as estimated July 1, 1933 , by the Bureau of the Census )
Criminal homicide
Murder, Man- Bur -
nonneg- slaugh - Aggra glary - ligent ter by Rape Rob vated break Larceny Auto
man - negli- bery as ing or theft theft slaugh genee sault enter- tar ing
Number of Offenses known:
April , 1936 112 72 134 1,424 889 6,555 14, 160 3,996 May , 1936 122 71 143 1,2 49 1,121 6,013 14,028 3,665
Daily Average :
Apri l, 1936 3.7 2.4 4.5 47.5 29.6 218.5 472 .0 133.2 May , 1936 3.9 2.3 4.6 40 .3 36 .2 194.0 452.5 118.2 29
WILLIE AIKEN. 11 o 5 U 01 15 ReI'. 5 JOHN BOSLAND, with alias: 21 o 29 W 10M 19 o 18 U 10 17 Don Bolland. I 28 W 001 #26666StF, Rail'ord, Fla, B, 23 1/565 SO, lleaverville, CaliI', W, 24 yra (1934), 5'8 1A" , 155 1ba, yra (1936), 6' , 175 Ibs, sldr bId, med bId, b1k hair, brn eye a, dk It brn hair, bl eyea, l'air comI'l brn oomp , 000 - truck driver, nat _ nat - Lithuanian. Wanted 1'0r BURG Amer. Reo' d StF, Rairord, F1a, and ESCAPE 5-4-36. 10-13-34 to serve 4 yra 1'0r BURG . (Notify. Div of Crim Ident and Inv, ESCAPED 4-19-36. Sacramento , CaliI', SO, Weaverville, (Notify. Pr Conrn, Tallahassee, Calir) Fla) FBI BU JULY 1936 FBI BU JULy 1936 It ring rt index
DONALD ASHFORD. 21 \I 17 1'{ I 16 CLEVE BRANSON, with aliao. 2 2 T 2 L 1 R 01 Cleve Bronson. 17 Rt £2063 StRel'or. Manal'ield, Ohio, #2774 Stpen, sing, Kano , w, W, 19 yrs (1935 ), 5'10 1/2" , 161 45 yrs (1932), 6' , 150 lb o, sldr Ibs, mad sldr bId, msd brn hai r, bId, brn hair, brn eyea, dk comp , dk brn eyes, rdy oamp , ooc _ ace - farmer; nat - Amer. Rec 'd painter, nat. - Amer. Re c'd St Stpen, Lans ing, Kans, 3-31-32 Rel'or, Mans1'ield, Ohio, 11-27-34 to a8rve 1-21 yrs for RAPE. to serve 1-15 yrs 1'0r BURG. ESCAPED. ESCAPED 5-15-36. (Notify: St Pen, Lanaing, Kans) (Notify. St Rsl'or, Mansfield, FBI BU .J1JU" 1936 Ohio) rt middle rt middle FBI BU JULy 1936
17 1 23 31 010 12 J. S. BERMAN, with aliases. L 1 R no 18 JOIDIlHE BROOKS, with al iaa: 28 W Joel S. Berman, Saul Berman, M R no #32028J onnie Brooks. W 001 L. Stevens. Joe Saladore, Al Stpen 1 Columbia, SCI B, Stevena. 26 yra (1935 : 5'7 1/2" 1 147 Ibs: #-- Bu 01' fice, Philadelphia, Pa, w, med bldl blk hairl mar eye s, It 35 yra (1936) ; 5'9", 140 Ibs, med brn comp, 000 - l'arming, nat - Ame r. aldr bldJ blk hair, dk eyesJ ""art Reo 'd Stpen, Columbia, SC, 8-19-35 camp ; oco - salesman; nat - Jew. to serve 18 mos 1'0r BURG . ESCAPED Wanted by Federal Bureau of Invest 5-8-36. igation for viol NATIONAL MOTOR (Notify, St Pen, Columbia, SC) VEHICLE THEFT ACT. FB I BU JULY 1936 (Notify neareat Bureau 01'1'ice li at ed on baok oover) rt index l:t thumb FBI BU JULy 1936
JOHN BLUE, with ali. . 9 9 U I 16 BETHEL BROl\N , with al iao . 14 9 R 16 ReI'. R 26 00 10 T 1131John266 Belue, Jo!> vJ U #331Bethel Browne. 23 U Stpr, IV ü BJ 22 (1936)SO, Altus, Okla, W, yro yra (1935)J / 1> .oa, med bId, 1 5'7 1/2" 1 160 Iba, mad blk hairl 'y 'y -I dk brn compJ bId, sdy hai rJ bl eyeo, fair oampJ occ - ' þ - Amer. Reo 'd nat - Amer. Wanted for MUR. v Stpr ý ," NC, 9-26-35 to aerve (Noti1'y. St Bu 01' Crim Ident and 7 dURG . ESCAPED 4-28-36. Inv, Okl.. holllllCity, Okla, SO, Man v , St Bu 01' Ident, Ralei&h, gum, Okla, Co Atty , Uangum, Okla) N(' FBI BU JULY 1936 ' FBI BU JULy 1936 rt ring It ring
JULIUS D. BOHANNON, with aliaaes. 15 I 29 W 1 0 18 Rel" 29 JAMES BROWN, with aliaseo: 19 5 Ua I 12 JUlia Bohannon, JUlius D. I 26 U 00 30 S. K. Robinaon, "Little Breeches". 3 Wa I Bohannan, Juliua "Kink" Bohannan, t784ÿ Stpen(1935 , Hlm5'7",taville, 135 Tex, B, #33250Julius Bohanon, Barney Jones. 38 yra lbo, med Stpen 1 McAlester, Okla, W, sldr bId , blk hair, mar eyes I dk brn 29 yra (1935 , 5'9", 155 Iba l med camp; 000 - house boy; nat - Amer. bId I blk hairl brn eyes, med camp, Reo 'd Stpen, Huntsville , Tex, 000 - meohl nat - Amer. Rec' d 2-16-35 to serve 5 yra 1'0r BURG . Stpen, McAleater, Okla, 12-5-35 to "' ESCAPED 4-6-36. servs 'life 1'0r MUR. ESCAPED (Notify, St P'!. Huntsvill.. , Tex) 5-13-36. FBI BU JULY 19,0 (Notify. St Bu 01' Crim Ident and Inv, Oklahoma City, Oklal St Pen, IoIcAlelter, Okla) rt index It thumb FBI BU JULY 1936
GRADY BEE BOND, with ali.s. 17 L 1 U 9 LEONARD BUGAJEUSKI, with alia.... ' 17 M· 13 U 00 James D. Davis. tI 1 Rr 9 Leonard Bugagewski. Leonard I 22 U 0021 #2204PD, Houaton, Texi WI 39 yrs Vugajewski, "Turkey Buz zard". (1935)1 5'9 1/2" , 165 1bs: med #2216 PO, Chest ..r, Pal WI 19 yra bldl brn hair, bl .eyes, l'air oomp i (1934); 5'81/ 2" 1 133 Ibsl sldr nat - Amer. Wanted 1'0r KUR. bldl It aub hairl bl eye sl med (Notify. SO, Spotsylvania, Va) oomPJ 000 - lab , nat - Polish. FBI BU JULY 1930 Vlantod 1'0r ROB. (Notify. St Pol, Harri8burg, Pal PE.. Ches '.: Pa l. "HI BU JULI, 1930 rt index rt thumb 30
A P PREHEN S IONS
ALBERT ADELMAN , with alias . (W) 20 111 1 U 001 14 L 1 U 000 14 #138365 PD, Ph iladelphia , Pa , no longer wanted . Wanted notice pub in Vol 3 No 8.
SAM ALLEN , with alias . (W) 15 0 30 W 100 17 I 20 W OOl #1948 PD , Lufkin, Tex , no longer wanted . Wanted notice pub in Vol 5 No 5. * * * * * FRED O. ANDERSON , with alias . (W) 20 L 1 Rt 15 S 1 U 14 T #-- PD , Du Quoin , Ill , no longer wanted . Wanted notice pub in Vol 3 No 3. * * * * *
JOSEPH Ie. ANDERSON , with al iases . (W) 7 S 1 U III 7 L I T II 4 #-- PD, Du Quoin , Ill , no longer wan"ted . Wanted notice pub in Vol 3 No 3.
* * * * * PHILLIP ARMSTEAD , with alias . (B) 12 M 1 U 001 12 M 1 U 000 #19291 StPen , Moundsville , WVa , no longer wanted . Wanted notice pub in Vol 3 No 12 . '* * ... -I< * THEODORE BALDWIN , with aliases . (W) 16 M 9 At 9 M I T #31260 USPen , Leavenworth , Kans , app by Montgomery Co Pol , Rockville , Md , 5-11-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 5 No 2. * * * * * CLYDE BEEN , with aliases . (W) 6 1 T 2 1 aR2t #44509 StPen, Huntsville , Tex , app by PD , Oklahoma City, Okla , 5-25-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 4 No 8.
* * * * * J . H. BERRY , with aliases. (W) 13 M 9 R 10 6 M 1 R II 6 #9852 StPen , McAlester, Okla , spbject dead . Wanted notice pub in Vol 3 No 12 . * * * * * ED BINGHAM , with aliases . (B) 1 1 aAr 11 1 aT 7 #45707 StPr , Raleigh, NC , app by PD , Richmond , Va , 5-5-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 4 No 10 .
* * * * * ANDREW BOSTON, with al iases. (B) 20 L 1 R 101 9 M 1 U 001 #2927 Fulton Co Bu of Crim Ident , Atlanta , Ga , app (date and place not given) . Wanted notice pub in Vol 4 No 10 .
* * * * * WALTER BRAGGS , with al iases . (W) 11 1 Ta 4 Ref : U 1 A2a 4 A #1 StHighwayCp , Herndon , Ga , app at Pembroke , Ga , 5-14-36 and returned 5-16-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 5 No 6. 31
MILAN BUNCICH, with alias. 9 1 U 10 14 ROCCO CATANZERETE. 22 1 R 10 22 llllce Bunich. 18 R II 2 U 01 11480 PD. Aliquippa, Pal 11'; 26 #4850 Stpen, Joliet, 111 1 11'; 53 yrs (1935 )1 5'6"; 150 Ibs; med yrs (1936); 5'8" 1 151 Ibs; med bId; dk brn hairl brn eyes; rdy bldl med che et hairl haz grn eyee; campi OCO - meoh; nat - Serbian. aal compo Rec'd StPen, Joliet, Wanted for ROB. Ill, 4-26-16 to serve 14 yr8 for (Notify. PD, Aliquippa, Pal MUll. ESCAPED 11-14-20. FBI BU JULY 1936 (Notify . st Pen, Joliet, Ill ) FBI BU JULY 1936
rt thumb rt index
CCLIK CAIN, with aliases. 9 1 At 2 FRED CLARY. 6 S 9 T I 10 C. A. Cain, Coley Van Cain. 1 Rta S 1 U II 4131278 Stpr. Raleigh, NC; W; 22 1127426 Stpr, Raleigh, NC; W; 22 yrs (1935); 5'7 3;4" ; 147 1ba; yr. (1932 ); 5'9 1;4" ; 131 Ibe; ddr med bId ; It brn hair; bl eyes; bld; dk Jw.ir; brn eye e; med comp ; fair comp; nat - Amer. Rec 'd nat - Amer. Reo 'd Stpr, Raleigh, Stpr. Raleigh. NC. 9-27-35 to NC to oerve 10-15 yre for lIUR. serve a sent for BURG. EscnED ESCAPED 5-4-36. 5-5-36. (Notify. st Bu of Ident, Rale igh, (Notify. St Bu of Ident. Raleigh, NC) NC ) FBI BU JULY 1936 FBI BU JULY 1936 rt index rt index
ROY COBB, with aliase8' 9 S 9 U In: 7 Ref GEORGE CALIJl"IELL , with alia.es: 9 !.! 5 U IIO 16 • ." Ray Cobb, Roy R. Cobb, Robert S 1 U 100 2 R. Caldwell, Geor!:;e Capwell, o 17 U III George Carwell, Robert Newby, Smit h. "Son" . 126322 Stpen, Raleigh, NC; W; 23 #26510 Stpen, Petro., Tenn; B; 24 yr. (1931); 5'7 3;4" ; 156 lb.; yr. (1935 ); 6'2"; 153 Ibs; sldr bId ; med bId ; gr brn hairl brn eyes; blk hair; brn eyes; It brn camp; mod camp; rt thumb scarred; ooe - 000 - fanner; nat - Amer. Heo'd chauffeur; nat - Amer. Rec'd St StPen, Petros, Tenn, 3-13-35 to Pr, Raleigh, NC to serve 10 yr8 serve 1-5 yrs for BURG. ESCAPED for ROB. ESCAPED 5-5-36. 6-3-36. (Notify. St Bu of Ident, Raleigh, (Notify: st Pe1î, Petros, Tenn ) rt thunb NC) It index FB I BU' JULy 1936 FBI BU JULY 1936
u' ESSE CARRINGTON, wi th al ias: 19 L 9 U 000 5 SAl! COREN, with aliases. l.! 32 W MMO 15 "Turkey Breasttl • �. 2 U 101 lUguel Farenda, SlIllIUel Gold, 11 32 W illI #21229 Stpen, Dannemora, NY; B; 31 Barry Dertt, John Lauer, Charles yrs (1934); 5'7" ; 140 Ibs; lUed bId; Horton, Edward Pennsgrove, Charles blk hair; brn eyes; dk brn oOllp; Schuyler. coc - lab; nat - Am1ïr. Wanted for 4J<;6322 Stpen, San Quentin, Calif; MUll. 11'; 23 yr. (1934); 5'7 3;4" ; 164 (Notify: PO, New York. NY) Ibs; med bld; dk brn hair; gr FBI BU JULy 1936. 1ðJ eal fair oomp; occ - painter; nat - Jew. Reo 'd Stpen, San Quentin, Calif, 7-4-34 to serve 1-15 yr8 for BURG. ESCAPED. (Notify: St Pen, San Quentin, rt index Calif) rt index FBI BU JULY 1936
ARCHIE CARTER. 13 0 26 W 0 14 C. C. COLE. 6 S 1 R 3 L 17 U 00 s 1 Aa 4 #'26773 StF, Raiford. Fla; B; 22 #24837 Stpen Gould, Ark; B; yr. (1934); 5'7 1/2" ; 158 Ibs; 30 yra (l927i ; 5'9"; 145 Ibal mad med bld; blk hai r; dk brn eyes; brn bld; blk hair ; dk brn eye sl brn camp; oee - cook; nat - Amer. ecmp; 000 - farmer; nat - !mer. Rec'd StF, Raiford, Fla, 10-29-34 Rec' d StPen, Tucker, Ark to aerve to serve 5 yrs for BURG. ESCAPED life for IIUR. ESCAPED. 4-27-36. (Notify. St Pen, Gould, Ark) (Notify. Pr Comm, Tallahassee, FBI BU JULY 1936 Fla) FBI BU JULY 1936 rt thumb rt index
DARIS CARTER, with aliases: 9 12 aU LEVIIS COLLINS, with alias: 6 S 1 U III 11 Doris Carter, Dorri8 Carter. 6 aU Lewis B. Collina. S 1 U III 5 Dorris Daniela, Henry Smith. #1 1762 PO, Winston-Salem, NC; B; #28317 StF, Raiford, Flal B; 28 24 yrs (1934); 6'1" ; 170 1bs; yre (1936); 5'7 1/2 "; 172 1bsl sldr bld I blk Jw.irI brn eyes; dk med stout bld; blk hair; dk brn brn comp; nat - Amer. Wanted for eyel; dk brn oompI occ - cock; MUR. nat - Amer. Rec'd StF, Raiford , (Notify: PO, Winston-Salem, NC) Fla, 1-11-36 to serve 1 yr for FBI BU JULY 1936 BURG. ESCAPED 5-10-36. (Notify. Pr Comm, Tallaha.. ee, "Fla) rt index It thumb FBI BU JULy 1936 32
E. J. BRYANT , with aliases . (W) 4 0 1 U roI 11 M 17 U oro #10298 SO , Tulsa , Okla , app by SO , Globe , Ariz , 4-4-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 3 No 6; also pub in Vol 4 No 8 as John L. Bryant . * * * * * HARRY CAMPBELL , with alias . (VI) 15 0 30 W 000 I 24 W 101 #9420 SO , Tulsa , Okla , app at Toledo , Ohio , 5-7-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 2 No 1; also pub in Vol 4 No 3 and Vol 4 No 9, same name . * * * * ii- JOHN A. CANADA , with alias . (W) 18 M 1 R 01 17 L 3 VI I #14416 PD , Richmond , Va , no longer wanted. Wanted notice pub in Vol 5 No 3.
* * * * * JOHN J. CAN"NON, with aliases . (W) 17 L 25 W I 15 S 4 W I 14 #55205 PD , Ph iladelphia , Pa , app by PD , San Francisco , Calif, 5-20-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 4 No 3.
JAMES H. CARLSON , with aliases . (W) 19 17 W OOl 9 1 Tr II 9 #22564 USPen , Atlanta , Ga , app by SO , Seatt,le, Wash, 5-21-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vo 1 4 1 TO 7.
* * * * * ROBERT CARTER , with aliases . (B) 13 o 13 U 000 16 Ref : 13 I 17 U 000 18 #827 PD , Gainesville , Fla , app at Fort Benning , Ga , 5-23-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 4 No 10 .
RUSSELL C. CHAMPION, with aliases . (W) 17 29 W II 15 27 W I #29583-M-13 PO , Los Angeles , Calif , app at San Diego , Tex (date not given) and returned . Wanted notice pub in Vol 5 No 2.
JOHN CHROMOHO , with aliases . (W) 21 9 " U 00 8 W I 14 #1992 PO , Passaic , IV , no longer wanted . Wanted notice pub in Vol 4 No 1.
* * * * * JOE COLE , with alias . (W) 7 1 aAa 3 1 Aa 7 #19926 StPen , lashville, Te n, po longer wanted . Wanted notice pub in Vol 3 No 9.
* * * * * HERBER? L. COVERT, with aliases . (W) 15 M 1 T II 8 Ref: R S 1 U III U #41808 USPen , Atlanta , Ga , app by PD , Albuquerque , NMex , 4-13-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 5 ŕo 2.
AIKEN DAVIS, with alias . ( B) 2 S 1 U III 6 S 1 U III 7 #34393 PD , Cleveland , Ohio , app by PD , Cleveland , Ohio , 5-12-36 . Wante d notice pub in Vol 5 No 4. 33
0 5 01 10 22 100 BOYER COTTOX. û U Ret. AMP IWID.A.VIS. X. 25 W 14 I 17 tit 0 K 3 W 100 147 558 Jetter.on Stpen, C1t)<, 110I "2493 stpen Hunteville, reXI W, 32 (1936}1 5'7 5/8"1 121 j WI yra 22 yre (1933 , 5'8", 131 1bl' 1bal .ldr bldl mad bm he1rl a1 eld r b1dl brn hairI gr eyeo, rdy eyeal aal OClDpI 000 - 1abl Oompl 000 - - Amer. _t - dai ryman, nat Amer. e d Jetteraon R o ' Stp.n, C1ty, Wanted tor BURG. 1-14-36 2 r Ko, to ••rve y . tor (Notify. St Bu of CriJn IdeJIt and 5-2-36. BURG. ESCAPED Inv, Baton Rouge , La, SO, Lake C l (Not1fy . St Pen, Jefteroon C1t)<, har e., La) KO } FBI BU JULY 1936 rt FBI BU JULY 1936 indu rt index
OTTR 25 10 18 3 0 1 110 7 IJ:ROY C ILL, with a11aa . .. 29 If WILLIE DAVIS, with al iall U Cottrell. 10 00 17 Leroy Cattr1 11, Leroy R John Davie. S R no #4821 Stpen, Ilound aville, Wia, #35204 Stpen, Riomond , Val BI 24 yre hvy bId, WI 20 yra (1936}1 5'7"1 160 1bal (1936); 5'4 3A" I 150 Ibel 000 - ... d bId , dk bm hair, bm gr blk heir l "",r eY88, ye1 oompi .yeal rd l y oomp, 000 - far.ar lab, nat - Am8r. Reo ' d Stp.n, .&mer. Want.d 2-11-36 2 nat - for BORG ll1olm1ond, Va to nne yn and 4-9-36. t ESCAPE, or BURG . ESCAPED 5-28-36. (Not1fy' SO, Clay, Wia) (Notify. St Pen, Riohmond, Va) FBI BU JULY 1936 FBI BU JULY 1936 rt ring rt thUlllb
9 01 HARL with 8 25 19 THOMAS KEIIlIARIl CROSBY , with al1as ... 17 U C IE DAWSON, alias. W M Charles Da eon. 17 10 Kenneth Croaby, Jamea Brawn, 5 U 01 19 .... U Robert Dean. f#!7740 StCD, 1l0JItgomery, AlaI BI 5754 39 34 yrl (1933 ), 5'7" ' 171 1ba, 13 PO Washington, DC;B ; yra (1932 ' 5'11"1 213 1bal atty ... d hvy b1dl blk hair, brn eyea, b1dl blk hair, bm eyeal dk 00llp1 1t brn oamp; ooc - labl nat - Amer. 000 - lab, tarmerl nat - Amer. Reo 'd StCD, Io!ontgamery, Ala, 1-13-33 aerve 8-9 yrl Wanted for ROB . to tor 4-27-36. (Notify. ,PO, Washington, DC) BURG. ESCAPED FBI BU JUI:! 1936 (Notify . St CD, Kontgcmery, Ala) FBI BU JULY 1936 rt thUllb rt thumb
... 17 27 10 17 ELAN with 6 0 1 8 GERALD CRUSHA, with al1a . W EIJ.!ER D G, aliase •• U III 27 II L 17 I 8 Jerald Cru.he, J.rry Cru.ha, W Ellner Blane DeLong, Paul Field., U I I Gardner. S. C. Lewil, Willi... Lovell. Jerry Crulh&ne, 000 #33113 W, #4228 Stpen Lana1ng, Kanll W, StRefor, lo!anatie1d, OhiOI 25 yrl (19 ) , 5'6 1/2" 1 118 lb., 21 yre (1935)I 6' 1/2" , 173 1bel mod 34 aldr bId, mod brn hairl a1 bm bld, It bm he1rl b1 gr eyel, eyee, tair OClllpI 000 - waiter, dk comp , 000 - barber, nat - _t - Amer. stRetor, 10-3-35 Amer. hoord Stpen, Lanaing, .lana, Reo 'd ilanatie1d, Ohio, l 5-10 yra to e 1-15 yrl tor BURG 6-6-34 to erve tor BURG . e rw . ESCAPED ESCAPED 5-3-36. 4-30-36- t and (Not1fy' St Bu o Crim Ident and (Notify' St Bu of Crim Ident InT, t r InT, Oklahoma C1ty, Ok1a, St P.n, London, Ohio, St Re o , Ilanatie1d, Lana1ng, Xanl) Ohio) rt JULY 1936 rt index FBI BU JULY 1936 index FBI BU
13 W K POST 22 K 9 000 15 S.Alo! DALLAS, with alia.. 29 JJIP DEUIAS, with alia ••• , U L 2 001 15 Ve' 21 00 12 Paul Anthony, Poet Delmar, U Kelvin Griffen, it1n, U e h K11ton Griff1n, .ai ., Kexmeth K it . Wiloox, Wi' t~blood. 45353 111 1 WI S... Stpen, Joliet, 44 #e5357 l yra (1934)1 5'10" 1 161 1bal med StF, Ra' -V . 1a BI 24 bId brn hair brn a , yrl (1933 }1 'V .; Ibl, mod I I eye rdy Amar. b1dl blk M 'V om eye.1 dk bm OOlllP, nat - Re o'd Stpen, rt 1abl J l e Ill, 2-10-14 e 1 yr o I · (, . IImpI oco - o i t, to s rTe omP tor 9-19-22. nat - j. Ao 'd StF, Raiford, Fla, to lite ROB. ESCAPED + yrl t r 6-24-7 ene 20 o BURG . (Notify. St Pen, Joliet, Ill ) .9-36. FBI JULY 1936 ESC' (, BU COllIn, rt index rt (If-,. Pr Tallaha .. ee, Fla) index FBI BU JULY 1936
16 31 W 100 13 NARD 25 L 17 W 014 RAY DOlIELL, with a11 ..ell I LEO DAVIDSON, with alias88' L 3. 0 19 010 12 JO.eph Anderlon, F. Hur st, Ethan Reaton. o If Leroy Baelet, 118765 Ill, 28 Leroy Bal.ett, Leroy Bae .tt, Stpen, Joliet WI Joseph yr. (1931 )1 5'10 1 "1 165 Ibll Hin••• l2 Lufkin, Tex, 23 yr. bldl brn hairl gr #e095 PD, If; med dk eyell (1936>. 6'1", 14t ..lbll aldr b1d, rdy oamp , nat - Amer. lfanted tor blk hair, bm ey , - and 1-3-27. e. dk oomp, 000 ROB ESCAPE, ootton lIIiU.I nat - Amer. Wanted (NotifY. St Pen, Joliet, Ill) t JULY 1936 or BURG and ESCAPE , 5-12-36. FBI BU t (Notify. St Dept o Pub110 Safety, od l Tex, Au .tin, Tex, SO Wo vil e, t PD, Lufkin, Tu: ) JULY 1936 rt FBI BU indu rt index 34
BUCKLEY DAVIS , with aliases . (W) 19 MI T I I 4 L 1 R III #9656 PD , San Antonio , Tex , app by SO , Houston , Tex , 5-1-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 5 No 3. * * * * * JACK DAVIS, with alias . (W) 11 0 9 U 000 12 M 17 U 000 #309 SO, Amarillo, Tex , located at Victor , Colo, 5-20-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 5 No 3; also pub in Vol 5 No 4, same name . * * * * * LLOYD DOYLE , with aliases. (W) 22 5 T 12 Ref: U 1 Tr Ur #25010 PD , St . Louis , Mo , app by PD , Dallas , Tex , 4-11-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 2 No 10 ; also pub in Vol 4 No 5, same name . * * * * * WILLIAM DUNKLE , with aliases. (VI) 17 9 U 001 18 17 R 000 19 #2319 PD , Santa Barbara , Calif, app by SO , Un ion , Mo , 4-24-36 . Wanted notj.ce pub in Vol 4 No 3. * * * * * ARTHUR A. DUNLAP , with alias . (B) 14 0 29 W I 17 I 19 W M 14
#38110 PD , Clevela.1d , 011 i o , app by PD , Wenatchee , Wash , 5-17-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 4 No 2.
* * * * *
HARRY EDWARDS . (W) 13 0 29 W 10M 18 I 20 W MOL #31187 SO , San Bernardino , Cal if , app by PD , Salt Lake City, Utah , 5-23-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 5 No 5. * * * * * WARRZN FABIAN, with aliases . (W) 16 0 1 U 000 16 L 17 U 000
#50995 PD , WYandotte , Mich , app by PD , Wyando t te , Mich, 5-26-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 2 No 2.
* * * * * CHARLES G. FISHER , with c..liases. (W) 14 M 1 U 000 12 M 1 U 100 #4521 PD , Joplin, Mo , app at Lebanon , Mo , 4·18-36 . Wanted notice put in Vol 4 No 12 .
* * * * * CHARLES J. FITZGERALD , with aliases . (W) 22 M 1 R III 17 L 1 U 000 15
#9010 PD , Toledo , Ohio, app Bt Los Angeles, Cal if, 4-9-36. Wanted notice pub in Vol 3 No 12. * * * * * LEON FLETCHER , with aliases . (B) 7 S 1 T II 14 S 1 R III 10 #66936 StPen, Huntsville, Tex , app by PD, Brunswick , Ga , 5-3-36 and returned 5-20-36 . Wanted notice pub in Vol 3 No 2. * * * * * CHARLES FULLER , with alias . (VI) 29 L 1 U 000 5 Ref : AMP L 1 U 000 16 #74823 StPen, Huntsville , ':rex , app 4-24-·36 (place not given) . Wanted notice pub in Vol 5 No 4. 35
WSSELL D