DOCSLIB.ORG

Invasive Gall Wasp (Leptocybe Invasa) in Eucalypt and Its Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Invasive Gall Wasp (Leptocybe Invasa) in Eucalypt and Its Management 346 16 Invasive Gall Wasp (Leptocybe invasa) in Eucalypt and Its Management A.S. Vastrad and S.H. Ramanagouda 1. Introduction Eucalypt species are an important source of short fibre pulp for the production of high-quality paper. The trees having rapid growth rate and short rotation times, can be grown in coppiced production and are extraordinarily well suited for large-scale plantation in diverse parts of the world. As the area of plantation under eucalypts has increased worldwide, so has the number of insects utilizing them as host. Many of these insects now pose biosecurity threats to eucalypts in regions where they are grown as exotics. Large-scale plantings of eucalypts for a variety of purposes have occurred throughout Asia, from India to Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam and China. Asia has had very few introductions of Australian insects, but large numbers of endemic insects utilize eucalypts as hosts (Sen-Sarma and Thakur, 1983). This appears to be a common theme throughout Southeast Asia where eucalypts have been grown. Invasive gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa La Salle and Fisher is the only insect of Australian origin to have been introduced in to South and Southeast Asia and to have caused significant damage with introductions occurring between 2002 and 2007. First reported from Middle East during 2000, the gall wasp wreaked havoc on eucalypt plantations throughout the world (Aytar, 2003; Mutitu, 2003; Mendel et al., 2004; Nyeko, 2005; Neser et al., 2007; Costa et al., 2008; Gaskill et al., 2009; Dhahri et al., 2010; Karunaratne et al., 2010; Aquino et al., 2011). An unconfirmed news item reported its first occurrence in India from Karnataka during 2001 (EF, 2007). However, its definitive invasion was first reported during 2004 from Tamil Nadu which subsequently spread to the neighboring states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala (Jacob et al., 2007), Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat (Kumar et al., 2007), Madhya Pradesh (ICFRE, 2007). Since 2009, it has spread to northern India and is causing heavy loss to nursery and plantations in Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh (FRI, Dehradun). Severe incidence of the pest both in nurseries and plantations in Invasive gall wasp (Leptocybe invasa) in eucalypt... 347 Orissa and on new shoots of grown up plants in Jammu and Kashmir has been observed during 2011 (Fig. 1). The pest causes galls on midribs, petioles and stems of new shoots of eucalypt. Heavy infestation leads to deformed leaves, shoots and reduction in growth. Infested seedlings become unfit for planting (Fig. 2). In Karnataka, the gall wasp was reported to be on an attacking spree and damaged 2.5 M eucalypt saplings in the Fig 1. Distribution of L. invasa in India. 348 A.S. Vastrad and S.H. Ramanagouda Fig. 2. Gall wasp damage in nursery (above) and plantation (below). nurseries of two major wood based industries (West Coast Paper Mills and Harihara Polyfibres) (EF, 2007). Three lakh grown up trees were severely affected by L. invasa in Punjab. Since its wide spread outbreak during 2007, work carried out at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad on various aspects of invasive gall wasp is presented below. 2. Biology Biology of the eucalypt gall wasp, L. invasa was studied during winter and summer of 2009-10 (Fig. 3 a to f). During summer season, the symptoms of tissue disruption (Stage I) were first evident within 10 days while it took 10-15 days during winter and occupied 8.66 and 12.0 days during the respective season. The characteristic bump shaped green colored, II stage galls lasted for 45.0 and 57.4 days during summer and winter season, respectively. Stage III galls characterized by glossy pink color lasted for 29.6 and 30.2 days during summer and winter season. While the stage IV galls characterized by dull pink color occupied 20.7 days during summer and 18.8 days during winter. Stage V galls were noticed three to six days after stage IV during summer and four to six days during winter season. Total life cycle of the pest occupied 100-115 (mean 109 days) days during summer and 100-143 (mean 123.6 days) days during winter (Table 1). Adult longevity was 4.3 days without food while those fed Invasive gall wasp (Leptocybe invasa) in eucalypt... 349 a. Oviposition on young leaf d. Gall development b. Oozing after oviposition e. Adult emergence c. Tissue disruption f. Emergence hole Fig. 3. Sequence of gall development (a-f). 350 A.S. Vastrad and S.H. Ramanagouda Table 1. Biology of Eucalyptus gall wasp, L. invasa on E. tereticornis Developmental Range (d) Mean ± SD (d) stage Winter 2009 Summer 2010 Winter 2009 Summer 2010 Stage I 10-15 8-9 13.00±1.87 8.66±0.47 Stage II 34-89 40-46 54.75±5.49 45.00±3.74 Stage III 31-40 29-32 31.00±3.80 29.66±2.05 Stage IV 18-30 19-22 19.50±4.15 20.66±1.88 Stage V 3-9 4-6 5.00±0.70 5.00±1.41 Total 100-143 100-115 123.6±15.37 109.00±6.48 Source: Ramanagouda et al. (2010). on 10 per cent honey solution lived for 5.7 days. These results are in agreement with Mendel et al. (2004) who reported that the mean developmental time from egg to adult emergence as 132.6 days at room temperature. According to Hesami et al. (2005), the developmental period of L. invasa was 126.2 and 138.3 days under laboratory and field conditions, respectively. 3. Seasonal Incidence During survey 30 cm shoot from 10 infested eucalypt plants were collected and the observations on different gall stage were recorded separately from top, middle and bottom portion of the sample (10 cm each) monthly. Sample was kept separately (top, middle and bottom) for pest and parasitoid emergence in a pin holed polythene bags. Adult emergence of the pest and parasitoids was recorded daily till the cessation of adult emergence. Different parasitoids emerging from these samples were identified by Dr. T.C. Narendran, Trust for Insect Taxonomy, University of Calicut, Kerala. Mean and standard deviation was calculated and per cent parasitization was worked out by using the following formula (Kim et al., 2008). No. of parasitoid adults emerged Per cent parasitization = —————————————————— X 100 Total no. of adults (gall wasps + parasitoids) 3.1. Kulwalli Plantation (2008-09) Studies on seasonal incidence indicated that the pest and its parasitoids were active throughout the year. Gall incidence (top, middle and bottom) indicated an equal number of galls of second, third, fourth and fifth stage (7.8, 7.2, 7.8 and 7.3, respectively) while the number of first stage galls was lowest (4.3). This is understandable since the total surface area available for oviposition is considerably Invasive gall wasp (Leptocybe invasa) in eucalypt... 351 less compared to those which are either unsuitable for oviposition or were occupied by galls of later stages. Irrespective of the gall stages, total number of galls ranged from a lowest of 19.2 (November 2008) to highest of 44.1 (June 2009). During remaining months total number of galls ranged from 29.3 (January 2009) to 40.3 (December 2008). Galls of all stages were recorded throughout the year (Fig. 4). However, according to Mendel et al. (2004), after over wintering as third or fourth stage from October to March, though new growth appeared in February, wasps started emerging and resumed oviposition only in April. Adult emergence was noticed throughout the year. Three peak periods of adult emergence was noticed during December 2008 (133), April 2009 (111) and June 2009 (88) separated by about 120 days. Adult emergence during remaining months ranged from 30 (September 2008) to 95 (January 2009). Though only females emerged from the galls and started laying eggs indicating thelytokous reproduction, a small number of males were regularly encountered which could be easily identified by the absence of characteristic ovipositor and distinctly hairy antennae. During the survey to document the seasonal incidence and natural enemies of the pest, several hymenopteran parasitoids emerged from the infested eucalypts samples collected during October 2008. These include Aprostocetus gala Walker and Aprostocetus sp. (Eulophidae), Megastigmus sp. (Torymidae) and Parallelaptera sp (Mymaridae) (Vastrad et al., 2010). Among the different parasitoids, Megastigmus sp. was the most dominant (90.7 %) followed by Aprostocetus sp. (6.5 %) and A. gala (2.72 %). Among several hundred parasitoids collected, one specimen each belonged to Telenomus sp. and Parallelaptera sp. Combined parasitization ranged from 49 per cent to 74 per cent on severely infested early stage galls (2nd and 3rd). However, no parasitoids emerged from the fresh galls (1st stage), low or moderately Number Fig. 4. Gall incidence, adult emergence and per cent parasitization (Kulwalli, 2008-09). 352 A.S. Vastrad and S.H. Ramanagouda infested coppice and nursery seedlings. Megastigmus sp. was later described as M. dharwadicus Narendran and Vastrad (Narendran et al., 2010). 3.2. Daddikamalapur Plantation (2009-10) Gall incidence indicated that the samples contained more of first stage galls (11.8) followed by third, fourth and fifth stage. Emergence of M. dharwadicus was noticed throughout the year except November and April and accounted for a maximum of 30.7 per cent and minimum of 6.5 per cent parasitization and emergence of A. gala was maximum (26) and minimum (01) and accounted for a maximum of 15.9 per cent and minimum of 0.6 per cent parasitization. Adult emergence was noticed throughout the year and was maximum during July (348) and minimum (63) during March and increased thereafter (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) Reared in Oothecae of Periplaneta Americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blattaria, Blattidae)
    Biotemas, 26 (2): 271-275, junho de 2013 doi: 10.5007/2175-7925.2013v26n2p271271 ISSNe 2175-7925 Short Communication Thermal requirements of Aprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg, 1852) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) reared in oothecae of Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Blattaria, Blattidae) Marcial Corrêa Cárcamo * Francielly Felchicher Jucelio Peter Duarte Rodrigo Ferreira Krüger Élvia Elena Silveira Vianna Paulo Bretanha Ribeiro Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia Caixa Postal 354, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas – RS, Brazil * Autor para correspondência [email protected] Submetido em 06/08/2012 Aceito para publicação em 19/02/2013 Resumo Exigências térmicas de Aprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg, 1852) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) criados em ootecas de Periplaneta americana Linnaeus, 1758 (Blattaria, Blattidae). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as exigências térmicas de Aprostocetus hagenowii em ootecas de Periplaneta americana, bem como a influência das diferentes temperaturas na biologia do parasitoide. Ootecas com idade máxima de oito dias e peso variando entre 0,09 e 0,10 g foram individualizadas em placas de Petri com um casal de A. hagenowii, ficando expostas ao parasitismo. Parasitoides e ootecas permaneceram juntos por 24 h a 25°C; após esse período, os casais foram retirados e as placas contendo ootecas foram transferidas para câmaras às temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 27, 30 e 35°C. Para cada temperatura foram realizadas trinta réplicas. A duração do ciclo (ovo-adulto) de A. hagenowii apresentou uma tendência inversa à temperatura. A maior viabilidade de emergência do parasitoide (70%) encontrada neste estudo foi à temperatura de 25°C e a menor viabilidade (50%) ocorreu na temperatura de 30°C.
    [Show full text]
  • Hym.: Eulophidae) New Larval Ectoparasitoids of Tuta Absoluta (Meyreck) (Lep.: Gelechidae)
    J. Crop Prot. 2016, 5 (3): 413-418______________________________________________________ Research Article Two species of the genus Elachertus Spinola (Hym.: Eulophidae) new larval ectoparasitoids of Tuta absoluta (Meyreck) (Lep.: Gelechidae) Fatemeh Yarahmadi1*, Zohreh Salehi1 and Hossein Lotfalizadeh2 1. Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran. 2. East-Azarbaijan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tabriz, Iran. Abstract: This is the first report of two ectoparasitoid wasps, Elachertus inunctus (Nees, 1834) in Iran and Elachertus pulcher (Erdös, 1961) (Hym.: Eulophidae) in the world, that parasitize larvae of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lep.: Gelechiidae). The specimens were collected from tomato fields and greenhouses in Ahwaz, Khouzestan province (south west of Iran). Both species are new records for fauna of Iran. The knowledge about these parasitoids is still scanty. The potential of these parasitoids for biological control of T. absoluta in tomato fields and greenhouses should be investigated. Keywords: tomato leaf miner, parasitoids, identification, biological control Introduction12 holometabolous insects, the overall range of hosts and biologies in eulophid wasps is remarkably The Eulophidae is one of the largest families of diverse (Gauthier et al., 2000). Chalcidoidea. The chalcid parasitoid wasps attack Species of the genus Elachertus Spinola, 1811 insects from many orders and also mites. Many (Hym.: Eulophidae) are primary parasitoids of a eulophid wasps parasitize several pests on variety of lepidopteran larvae. Some species are different crops. They can regulate their host's polyphagous that parasite hosts belonging to populations in natural conditions (Yefremova and different insect families. The larvae of these Myartseva, 2004). Eulophidae are composed of wasps are often gregarious and their pupae can be four subfamilies, Entedoninae (Förster, 1856), observed on the surface of plant leaves or the Euderinae (Lacordaire, 1866), Eulophinae body of their host.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae
    ©Ges. zur Förderung d. Erforschung von Insektenwanderungen e.V. München, download unter www.zobodat.at _______Atalanta (Dezember 2003) 34(3/4):443-451, Würzburg, ISSN 0171-0079 _______ Natural enemies of burnets (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae) 2nd Contribution to the knowledge of hymenoptera paraziting burnets (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Chaleididae) by Tadeusz Kazmierczak & J erzy S. D ^browski received 18.VIII.2003 Abstract: New trophic relationships between Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Chaleididae, Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae, Torymidae, Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) and burnets (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae) collected in selected regions of southern Poland are considered. Introduction Over 30 species of insects from the family Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) occur in Central Europe. The occurrence of sixteen of them was reported in Poland (D/^browski & Krzywicki , 1982; D/^browski, 1998). Most of these species are decidedly xerothermophilous, i.e. they inhabit dry, open and strongly insolated habitats. Among the species discussed in this paperZygaena (Zygaena) angelicae O chsenheimer, Z. (Agrumenia) carniolica (Scopoli) and Z (Zygaena) loti (Denis & Schiffermuller) have the greatest requirements in this respect, and they mainly live in dry, strongly insolated grasslands situated on lime and chalk subsoil. The remaining species occur in fresh and moist habitats, e. g. in forest meadows and peatbogs. Due to overgrowing of the habitats of these insects with shrubs and trees as a result of natural succession and re­ forestation, or other antropogenic activities (urbanization, land reclamation) their numbers decrease, and they become more and more rare and endangered. During many years of investigations concerning the family Zygaenidae their primary and secondary parasitoids belonging to several families of Hymenoptera were reared. The host species were as follows: Adscita (Adscita) statices (L.), Zygaena (Mesembrynus) brizae (Esper), Z (Mesembrynus) minos (Denis & Schiffermuller), Z.
    [Show full text]
  • First Report of Leptocybe Invasa Fischer & Lasalle
    ISSN 1519-6984 (Print) ISSN 1678-4375 (Online) THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON NEOTROPICAL BIOLOGY THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENT Notes and Comments First Report of Leptocybe invasa Fischer & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in the southern Tocantins, Brazil R. A. Sarmentoa* , M. I. Sarmentoa , R. S. da Silvab and R. Afonsoa a Universidade Federal do Tocantins – UFT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Florestais e Ambientais, Gurupi, TO, Brasil b Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri – UFVJM, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Diamantina, MG, Brasil The eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa Middle East, and Europe. This study aimed to report the presence Fischer & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), causes severe of L. invasa in southern Tocantins state within central Brazil. damage to susceptible plants of the genera Eucalyptus L’Hér. The pest was first observed infesting plants in a commercial and Corymbia K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, in which it induces plantation of Eucalyptus clones (VS058) from the crossbreeding galls in the midribs and petioles of young leaves and in the of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. × Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., internodes of branch apices. Even though the insect attacks located in the municipality of Peixe, Tocantins (12.052696ºS, 48.550525°W). This initial infestation was detected in an area trees of all ages, the infestations are generally more severe of 180 ha, where it spreaded quickly to neighboring plantations, in nursery seedlings and young plantations (1–3 years old) reaching an area of 3000 ha planted with clones from the than in older plantations (Wylie and Speight 2012), and the crossbreeding mentioned above.
    [Show full text]
  • Naturalized Dolichogenidea Gelechiidivoris Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Complement The
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.27.445932; this version posted June 7, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Naturalized Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) complement the 2 resident parasitoid complex of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidopera:Gelechiidae) in Spain 3 Carmen Denis1, Jordi Riudavets1, Oscar Alomar1, Nuria Agustí1, Helena Gonzalez-Valero2, Martina 4 Cubí2, Montserrat Matas3, David Rodríguez4, Kees van Achterberg5, Judit Arnó1 5 1Sustainable Plant Protection Program, IRTA, Cabrils, Spain; 2Federació Selmar, Santa Susanna, Spain; 6 3ADV Baix Maresme, Vilassar de Mar, Spain; 4Agrícola Maresme Segle XXI, Olèrdola, Spain; 5Naturalis 7 Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands 8 9 Abstract 10 Our study aimed to assess the contribution of natural parasitism due to Necremnus tutae Ribes & 11 Bernardo (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to the biological control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) 12 (Lepidopera:Gelechiidae) in commercial plots where an IPM program based on the use of predatory mirid 13 bugs was implemented. During the samplings, the presence of another parasitoid was detected and, 14 therefore, a second part of our study intended to identify this species and to evaluate the importance of its 15 natural populations in the biological control of the pest. Leaflets with T. absoluta galleries were collected 16 during 2017–2020 from commercial tomato plots in the horticultural production area of Catalonia 17 (Northeast Spain), including greenhouses, open fields, and roof covered tunnels that lack side walls. In 18 the laboratory, T. absoluta larvae were classified as ectoparasitized, alive, or dead.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Hymenoptera Research on Chamelaucium Unciatum (Myrtaceae), It Petiole, Phragma Generally Projecting Into Is Apparent That Phytophagous Species Are Gaster
    J. HYM. RES. Vol. 9(1), 2000, pp. 176-181 An Introduced Species of Epichrysocharis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Producing Galls on Eucalyptus in California with Notes on the Described Species and Placement of the Genus M. E. SCHAUFF AND R. GARRISON (MES) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560-0168, USA; (RG) Department of Agricultural Commissioner, Weights and Measures, County of Los Angeles, 3400 La Madera Ave., El Monte, CA 91732, USA Abstract. —Epichrysocharis burzvelli Schauff, new species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is de- scribed from specimens collected in southern California. Epichrysocharis burzvelli forms small blis- of ter-like galls on the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora. The previously described species Epichryso- charis are reviewed and separated from E. burwelli. Evidence suggests that this species was acci- dentally introduced into the United States from Australia. In early 1999, specimens of a small chal- had been unknown, although it was stated cidoid wasp were submitted to the Sys- that they had been "associated with small tematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, galls on Eucalypt leaves" (Boucek 1988). by the California Department of Food and The specimens recorded from California Agriculture (CDFA) for identification, were reared from small blister-like galls These tiny wasps were found emerging on the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora and from galls on the leaves of Eucalyptus ci- unemerged specimens have been dissect- triodora in the Los Angeles area. Recently, ed from inside galls on the leaves. We can their occurrence has been noted in several find no evidence that E. burwelli is para- nurseries, and they are becoming wide- sitizing some other insect in or associated spread in the Los Angeles area.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera Parasitoid Complex of Prays Oleae (Bernard) (Lepidoptera: Praydidae) in Portugal
    Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2017) 41: 502-512 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-1603-50 Hymenoptera parasitoid complex of Prays oleae (Bernard) (Lepidoptera: Praydidae) in Portugal 1, 1 2 3 4 1 Anabela NAVE *, Fátima GONÇALVES , Rita TEIXEIRA , Cristina AMARO COSTA , Mercedes CAMPOS , Laura TORRES 1 Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal 2 Agrarian and Forestry Systems and Plant Health, National Institute of Agricultural and Veterinary Research, Oeiras, Portugal 3 Department of Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture, Agrarian School, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal 4 Department of Environmental Protection, Experimental Station Zaidín, Granada, Spain Received: 23.03.2016 Accepted/Published Online: 29.11.2016 Final Version: 23.05.2017 Abstract: The olive moth, Prays oleae (Bernard) (Lepidoptera: Praydidae), is one of the most important pests of olive trees throughout the Mediterranean region, the Black Sea, the Middle East, and the Canary Islands. Thus, it is particularly important to develop alternative strategies to control this pest. Over a 4-year period, a survey was done in order to acquire knowledge about the complex of parasitoids associated with this pest. Leaves, flowers, and fruit infested with larvae and pupae of P. oleae were collected from olive groves, conditioned in vials, and kept under laboratory conditions until the emergence of P. ol e ae adults or parasitoids. The abundance and richness of parasitoids as well as the rate of parasitism was estimated. Hymenoptera parasitoids were found to be responsible for 43% of the mean mortality of the sampled individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): a Gall-Inducing Pest on Erythrina (Fabaceae)
    J. HYM. RES. Vol. 13(2), 2004, pp. 243–249 A New Species of Quadrastichus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): A Gall-inducing Pest on Erythrina (Fabaceae) IL-KWON KIM, GERARD DELVARE, AND JOHN LA SALLE (IKK, JLS) CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; email: [email protected] (GD) CIRAD TA 40L, Campus International de Baillarguet-Csiro, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; email: [email protected] Abstract.—Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim sp.n. is described from Singapore, Mauritius and Re´- union. This species forms galls on the leaves, stems, petioles and young shoots of Erythrina var- iegata and E. fusca in Singapore, on the leaves of E. indica in Mauritius, and on Erythrina sp. in Re´union. It can cause extensive damage to the trees. Key words.—Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Quadrastichus, phytophagous, gall inducer, Singapore, Mauritius, Erythrina, Fabaceae Species of Eulophidae are mainly para- 1988; Redak and Bethke 1995; Headrick et sitoids, but secondary phytophagy in the al. 1995); Epichrysocharis burwelli Schauff form of gall induction has arisen on many (Schauff and Garrison 2000); and Leptocybe occasions (Boucˇek 1988; La Salle 1994; invasa Fisher & La Salle (Mendel et al. Headrick et al. 1995; Mendel et al. 2004; 2004). Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim sp.n. La Salle 2004). Gall-inducing Eulophidae has recently achieved pest status in Sin- generally belong to two groups: Opheli- gapore, Mauritius and Re´union. Erythrina mini is an Australian lineage which con- trees have been grown in these areas for sists mainly of gall inducers on eucalypts, decades, and this species has never been but perhaps also on some other myrta- recorded from them.
    [Show full text]
  • Ichneumonid Wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the to Scale Caterpillar (Lepidoptera) [1]
    Central JSM Anatomy & Physiology Bringing Excellence in Open Access Research Article *Corresponding author Bui Tuan Viet, Institute of Ecology an Biological Resources, Vietnam Acedemy of Science and Ichneumonid Wasps Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam, Email: (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) Submitted: 11 November 2016 Accepted: 21 February 2017 Published: 23 February 2017 Parasitizee a Pupae of the Rice Copyright © 2017 Viet Insect Pests (Lepidoptera) in OPEN ACCESS Keywords the Hanoi Area • Hymenoptera • Ichneumonidae Bui Tuan Viet* • Lepidoptera Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Vietnam Abstract During the years 1980-1989,The surveys of pupa of the rice insect pests (Lepidoptera) in the rice field crops from the Hanoi area identified showed that 12 species of the rice insect pests, which were separated into three different groups: I- Group (Stem bore) including Scirpophaga incertulas, Chilo suppressalis, Sesamia inferens; II-Group (Leaf-folder) including Parnara guttata, Parnara mathias, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Brachmia sp, Naranga aenescens; III-Group (Bite ears) including Mythimna separata, Mythimna loryei, Mythimna venalba, Spodoptera litura . From these organisms, which 15 of parasitoid species were found, those species belonging to 5 families in of the order Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae, Chalcididae, Eulophidae, Elasmidae, Pteromalidae). Nine of these, in which there were 9 of were ichneumonid wasp species: Xanthopimpla flavolineata, Goryphus basilaris, Xanthopimpla punctata, Itoplectis naranyae, Coccygomimus nipponicus, Coccygomimus aethiops, Phaeogenes sp., Atanyjoppa akonis, Triptognatus sp. We discuss the general biology, habitat preferences, and host association of the knowledge of three of these parasitoids, (Xanthopimpla flavolineata, Phaeogenes sp., and Goryphus basilaris). Including general biology, habitat preferences and host association were indicated and discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers OVERVIEW OF FOREST PESTS KENYA January 2007 Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FBS/20E Forest Management Division FAO, Rome, Italy Forestry Department DISCLAIMER The aim of this document is to give an overview of the forest pest1 situation in Kenya. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. © FAO 2007 1 Pest: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (FAO, 2004). Overview of forest pests - Kenya TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Forest pests...................................................................................................................... 1 Naturally regenerating forests..................................................................................... 1 Insects ..................................................................................................................... 1 Diseases..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • I EFFECTS of EUCALYPTUS GALL WASP, Leptocybe Invasa
    i EFFECTS OF EUCALYPTUS GALL WASP, Leptocybe invasa (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) ON GROWTH AND WOOD BASIC DENSITY OF SOME EUCALYPTUS SPECIES, TANZANIA REVOCATUS PETRO A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA. 2015 ii EXTENDED ABSTRACT Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), also known as Blue Gum Chalcid (BGC) is native to Australia. The pest was first recorded in the Mediterranean region in 2000 causing severe injury to young foliage of Eucalyptus camaldulensis by inducing galls mainly on growing shoots. The pest was first reported in Tanzania in 2005 and has recently become a problem by infesting a range of commercially grown Eucalyptus species. The purpose of this study was to determine infestation density and assess the effects of L. invasa on growth, biomass production and wood basic density of some Eucalyptus species in Tanzania. Results showed that, trees in the Coastal were more infested, followed by Plateaux while trees in the Southern highlands agro-ecological zone were least infested. Eucalyptus tereticornis was more infested followed by E. camaldulensis while E. saligna was the least infested. Eucalyptus citriodora and E. grandis were not infested. The mean Dbh of infested trees were reduced by 7.8%, 2.1% and 13.6% and mean heights were reduced by 6.6%, 9.5% and 3.8% compared to uninfested ones for E. camaldulensis, E. tereticornis and E. saligna respectively. The mean basal area of infested trees were reduced by 16.4%, 17.1% and 24.5% and mean volume were reduced by 17.8%, 16.1% and 23.1% for E.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, a New Genus and Species of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
    Zootaxa 1745: 63–68 (2008) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2008 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A new genus and species of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) inducing galls in seed capsules of Eucalyptus IL-KWON KIM & JOHN LA SALLE CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia School of Botany and Zoology; The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Leprosa milga Kim & La Salle gen. & sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) is described from Eucalyptus seed capsules. The new species is an Australian seed gall inducer which has become established in South Africa and Italy. The relationship of Leprosa to two other genera of seed gall inducing tetrastichines, Quadrastichodella and Moona, is discussed. Key words: Tetrastichinae, Leprosa, Quadrastichodella, Moona, Eucalyptus Introduction Most members of Tetrastichinae are known to be entomophagous as primary or hyper parasitoids on a wide variety of insects, as well as a few other arthropod hosts, including even spider egg sacs and nematodes (La Salle 1994). However, several species are known to be phytophagous, and these include gall inducers (La Salle 2005). Within Australia, tetrastichine gall-inducers mainly attack Eucalyptus, and a few other Myrta- ceae, and can induce galls on twigs, leaves, flower buds and seeds (Bouček 1988; Headrick et al. 1995; Noyes 2002, 2003; Kim et al. 2004; Kim et al. 2005; La Salle 2005). The vast majority of Australian tetrastichines are parasitoids, and many of them are associated with galls as inquilines or parasitoids (Bouček, 1988; La Salle 2005).
    [Show full text]