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UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title "A Most Grievous and Insupportable Vexation": Billeting in Early Seventeenth Century England Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nk616gw Author Stivers, George Spencer Publication Date 2009 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE “A Most Grievous and Insupportable Vexation”: Billeting in Early Seventeenth Century England A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by George Spencer Stivers December 2009 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Thomas Cogswell, Chairperson Dr. Randolph Head Dr. Georg Michels Copyright by George Spencer Stivers 2009 The Dissertation of George S. Stivers is approved: _________________________________ Dr. Georg Michels _________________________________ Dr. Randolph C. Head _________________________________ Dr. Thomas Cogswell, Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgment I would like to thank Dr. Thomas Cogswell for all the help he has given me over the last few years and particularly for his help with this Dissertation. Thanks also are due to my wife Judith for putting up with an all too narrowly focused husband. iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION “A Most Grievous and Insupportable Vexation”: Billeting in Early Seventeenth Century England by George Spencer Stivers Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in History University of California, Riverside, December 2009 Dr. Thomas Cogswell, Chairperson One of the great controversies in England during the 1620s was the practice of billeting soldiers by order of the royal government in private homes without the consent of the householder. This practice caused considerable distress for the billeters and was one of the initial causes of the English dislike of Charles I and a major contributor to the political turmoil of the 1620s. Billeting was also one of the roots of the Petition of Right, passed by Parliament and given the King’s assent in 1628. This Petition became an important part of the English constitutional system over the centuries and had echoes in the American Constitution. The Dissertation explores the origins of the practice of billeting troops in private quarters and the resulting controversies in the changes in military practice in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and in Charles I’s attempts to participate in the Thirty Years’ War. The Dissertation’s principle subject is the billeting operations in England during the 1620s. It describes the problems these operations created, together with the complaints of the local governments and people of England, caused by the royal government when it forced billeting burdens on to the localities. The argument of the Dissertation is that the root cause of the billeting problems was the v inability of the royal government to raise the money to support its war effort. There is evidence that, as long as the royal government paid for billeting the soldiers, the localities were willing to billet the troops, but when the money ceased to come from London problems soon arose. This failure created, in a domino like effect, other problems with and for the soldiers, which in turn became the problems most mentioned in the documents of the era. The crimes, mutinies and riots by the soldiers are discussed, as well as the problems the soldiers encountered in securing food and lodging. The Dissertation also discusses the closely associated controversy over the use of military law in place of the common law in the context of billeting operations, which engendered the use of military law as a practical way of protecting the people in the areas where the government billeted troops. vi Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1. Outrages and Insolencies ............................................................................................ 3 1. Outrages and Insolencies ............................................................................................ 3 2. High Politics and Foreign Affairs ............................................................................... 7 3. The Secondary Literature .......................................................................................... 10 4. The Argument ............................................................................................................ 24 Chapter 1 The Military Arts and Billeting in Early Modern Europe ……………...29 1. The Effects of Gunpowder: More Men and More Money ......................................... 30 2. The Army of Flanders ............................................................................................... 37 a. Recruiting ............................................................................................................... 39 b. Food, Clothing and Weapons ................................................................................ 40 c. Lodging the Army ................................................................................................. 43 d. Paying the Army.................................................................................................... 44 e. Mutinies ................................................................................................................. 46 3. The Dutch Army ........................................................................................................ 49 a. Finances and Recruitment ..................................................................................... 50 b. The Army and Society........................................................................................... 52 4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 54 Chapter 2 English Armies in Elizabeth I’s Reign……………… ……………………56 1. Elizabeth’s Wars ....................................................................................................... 57 2. Organizing for War – the Government ..................................................................... 69 3. The Armies - England Follows the Continent .......................................................... 75 4. Paying for the War - The Financial Situation in Elizabeth’s Reign ......................... 79 5. Paying, Feeding and Lodging the Troops ................................................................ 85 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 89 Chapter 3 English Wars, Diplomacy and Government in the 1620s…………….....92 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 92 2. England’s Participation in the Thirty Years War – 1618 to 1628............................ 92 3. Government and Administration ............................................................................ 109 a. The Central Administration ................................................................................. 110 b. County Administration and Commissions .......................................................... 117 4. Paying for the War – The Royal Government’s Financial Problems ..................... 124 5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 132 Chapter 4 English Armies in the 1620s ……………………………………………..134 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 134 2. The Army-In-Being ................................................................................................. 134 3. Recruiting the Army ................................................................................................ 136 4. Maintaining Order among the Soldiers – Martial Law and Common Law ........... 143 vii 5. Paying, Feeding and Lodging the Soldiers ............................................................ 146 6. Army Formation, Reorganization, Movements, Billeting Locations and Dates ..... 152 7. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 169 Chapter 5 Billeting Soldiers for the Mansfeld Expedition…………………………173 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 173 2. Assembling the Army .............................................................................................. 174 3. Billeting the Army in Dover and Kent .................................................................... 178 4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 184 Chapter 6 Billeting Soldiers Before and After the Cadiz Expedition ..................... 189 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 189 2. Preparing to Sail – May through September 1625 ................................................. 190 a. The Army Comes to Cornwall and Devon .......................................................... 190 b. The State of the Army; Press Abuses .................................................................. 201 c. The Last Month, Final Preparations and Hungry
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