Chemical Profile and some Biological Activities of Extracts from Polygonum glabrum L.

By

Nidal Ibrahim Jalal Awad B. Sc. (Honours) in Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, 2011

A Thesis Submitted to the University of Khartoum in Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of M. Sc. in Botany (Biochemistry)

Supervisors: Dr. Abdelazim Ali Ahmed (2014 - 2015) Dr. Gihan Omer Mohammed (July - 2016)

Department of Botany Faculty of Science November, 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Most of all I thank "Almighty Allah", with countless thanks and gratitude, for all his blessing and for giving me this great opportunity to complete this work.

I gratefully acknowledge my unique, splendid and dear supervisor Dr. Abdelazim Ali Ahmed, who is an inspiring person and motivator of an entire generation of young scientists. His valuable guidance and encouragement enabled me to carry out this research work successfully. I am particularly indebted to him for his support, understanding and patience. I would like to express profound gratitude to my other supervisor Dr. Gihan Omer Mohammed for her guidance and encouragement during this study and her support of my research efforts. No word can express my deep appreciation and gratitude to Dr. Missa Mohammed Saleh, National Center for Research, for her unlimited help. I would like to acknowledge with sincere thanks and grateful all staff of Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum. I would like to offer thanks to my dear friends specially Miss. Ayat Ahmed Alrasheid, who helped me during laboratory work and during thesis preparation. I am very grateful to my father, mother and my brothers for their encouragement, patience and strong support. They have always showed great interest in my education encouraging me at all time. I wish them a happy and long life. Nidal Ibrahim Jalal 2016

I

CONTENTS Acknowledgements……………………………………………….. I Contents………………………………………………………….... Ii Abstract…………………………………………………………… Vi Abstract in Arabic……………………………………………….... Vii List of Tables…………………………………………………….... viii List of Figures…………………………………………………….. Ix List of Plates………………………………………………………. X

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background…………………………………………………... 1 1.2 Objectives of the study……………………………………….. 2

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 family…………………………………………. 4 2.2 Study (Polygonum glabrum)…………………………… 4 2.2.1 Botanical description……………………………………….. 5 2.2.2 Distribution in the world and Sudan……………………….. 5 2.2.3 Traditional uses…………………………………………….. 5 2.2.4 Chemistry of the genus Polygonum………………………... 6 2.3 Metabolites in …………………………………………. 6 2.3.1 Primary and secondary metabolites………………………... 6 2.3.2 Secondary metabolites……………………………………... 9 2.3.2.1 Phenolic compounds……………………………………... 10 2.3.2.2 Flavonoids………………………………………………... 10

II

2.3.2.3 Tannins………………………………………………….... 11 2.3.2.4 Alkaloids…………………………………………………. 12 2.4 Antimicrobial agents…………………………………………. 14 2.5 Antioxidant activity………………………………………...… 15 2.6 Cytotoxicity and anticancer………………………………….. 16