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Tel:240-252-7368(USA) Fax:240-252-7376(USA) www.elabscience.com ® E-mail:[email protected] Elabscience Elabscience Biotechnology Inc. ASCC2 Polyclonal Antibody Catalog No. E-AB-16227 Reactivity H,M Storage Store at -20℃. Avoid freeze / thaw cycles. Host Rabbit Applications WB,ELISA Isotype IgG Note: Centrifuge before opening to ensure complete recovery of vial contents. Images Immunogen Information Immunogen Synthetic peptide of human ASCC2 Gene Accession NP_115580 Swissprot Q9H1I8 Synonyms p100,ASC1p100 Western Blot analysis of A431, 293T Product Information and hela cell using ASCC2 Polyclonal Calculated MW 86kDa Antibody at dilution of 1:500 Buffer PBS with 0.05% sodium azide and 50% glycerol, PH7.4 Purify Affinity purification Dilution WB 1:500-1:2000 Background ASCC2 (activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2), also known as ASC1P100, is a 757 amino acid protein that is ubiquitously expressed and contains one CUE domain. The gene encoding ASCC2 maps to human chromosome 22, which houses over 500 genes and is the second smallest human chromosome. Mutations in several of the genes that map to chromosome 22 are involved in the development of Phelan-McDermid syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 2, autism and schizophrenia. Additionally, translocations between chromosomes 9 and 22 may lead to the formation of the Philadelphia Chromosome and the subsequent production of the novel fusion protein BCR-Abl, a potent cell proliferation activator found in several types of leukemias. For Research Use Only Focus on your research Thank you for your recent purchase. If you would like to learn more about antibodies,please visit www.elabscience.com. Service for life science Applications:WB-Western Blot IHC-Immunohistochemistry IF-Immunofluorescence IP-Immunoprecipitation FC-Flow cytometry ChIP- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Reactivity: H-Human R-Rat M-Mouse Mk-Monkey Dg-Dog Ch-Chicken Hm-Hamster Rb-Rabbit Sh- Sheep Pg-Pig Z-Zebrafish X-Xenopus C-Cow. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org).

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The Interaction of DNA Repair Factors ASCC2 and ASCC3 Is Affected by Somatic Cancer Mutations
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19221-x OPEN The interaction of DNA repair factors ASCC2 and ASCC3 is affected by somatic cancer mutations Junqiao Jia 1, Eva Absmeier1,5, Nicole Holton1, Agnieszka J. Pietrzyk-Brzezinska1,6, Philipp Hackert2, ✉ Katherine E. Bohnsack 2, Markus T. Bohnsack2,3 & Markus C. Wahl 1,4 The ASCC3 subunit of the activating signal co-integrator complex is a dual-cassette Ski2-like nucleic acid helicase that provides single-stranded DNA for alkylation damage repair by the 1234567890():,; α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase AlkBH3. Other ASCC components integrate ASCC3/ AlkBH3 into a complex DNA repair pathway. We mapped and structurally analyzed inter- acting ASCC2 and ASCC3 regions. The ASCC3 fragment comprises a central helical domain and terminal, extended arms that clasp the compact ASCC2 unit. ASCC2–ASCC3 interfaces are evolutionarily highly conserved and comprise a large number of residues affected by somatic cancer mutations. We quantiﬁed contributions of protein regions to the ASCC2–ASCC3 interaction, observing that changes found in cancers lead to reduced ASCC2–ASCC3 afﬁnity. Functional dissection of ASCC3 revealed similar organization and regulation as in the spliceosomal RNA helicase Brr2. Our results delineate functional regions in an important DNA repair complex and suggest possible molecular disease principles. 1 Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. 2 Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. 3 Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany. 4 Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Macromolecular Crystallography, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. 5Present address: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Development of Novel Analysis and Data Integration Systems to Understand Human Gene Regulation
Development of novel analysis and data integration systems to understand human gene regulation Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. der FakultätfürMathematik und Informatik der Georg-August-UniversitätGöttingen im PhD Programme in Computer Science (PCS) der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von Raza-Ur Rahman aus Pakistan Göttingen,April 2018 Prof. Dr. Stefan Bonn, Zentrum fürMolekulare Neurobiologie (ZMNH), Betreuungsausschuss: Institut fürMedizinische Systembiologie, Hamburg Prof. Dr. Tim Beißbarth, Institut fürMedizinische Statistik, Universitätsmedizin, Georg-August Universität,Göttingen Prof. Dr. Burkhard Morgenstern, Institut fürMikrobiologie und Genetik Abtl. Bioinformatik, Georg-August Universität,Göttingen Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Stefan Bonn, Zentrum fürMolekulare Neurobiologie (ZMNH), Referent: Institut fürMedizinische Systembiologie, Hamburg Prof. Dr. Tim Beißbarth, Institut fürMedizinische Statistik, Universitätsmedizin, Korreferent: Georg-August Universität,Göttingen Prof. Dr. Burkhard Morgenstern, Weitere Mitglieder Institut fürMikrobiologie und Genetik Abtl. Bioinformatik, der Prüfungskommission: Georg-August Universität,Göttingen Prof. Dr. Carsten Damm, Institut fürInformatik, Georg-August Universität,Göttingen Prof. Dr. Florentin Wörgötter, Physikalisches Institut Biophysik, Georg-August-Universität,Göttingen Prof. Dr. Stephan Waack, Institut fürInformatik, Georg-August Universität,Göttingen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: der 30. März2018
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ASCC2 Antibody
Product Datasheet ASCC2 Antibody Catalog No: #AB37399 Orders: [email protected] Description Support: [email protected] Product Name ASCC2 Antibody Host Species Rabbit Clonality Polyclonal Purification Antigen affinity purification. Applications WB Species Reactivity Hu Ms Specificity The antibody detects endogenous levels of total ASCC2 protein. Immunogen Type Peptide Immunogen Description Synthetic peptide corresponding to a region derived from internal residues of human activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2 Target Name ASCC2 Other Names p100; ASC1p100 Accession No. Swiss-Prot#: Q9H1I8NCBI Gene ID: 84164Gene Accssion: NP_115580 SDS-PAGE MW 86kd Concentration 2.2mg/ml Formulation Rabbit IgG in pH7.3 PBS, 0.05% NaN3, 50% Glycerol. Storage Store at -20°C Application Details Western blotting: 1:200-1:1000 Images Gel: 6%SDS-PAGE Lysates (from left to right): 293T, A431 and hepG2 cell Amount of lysate: 40ug per lane Primary antibody: 1/367 dilution Secondary antibody dilution: 1/8000 Exposure time: 20 seconds Background ASCC2 (activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2), also known as ASC1P100, is a 757 amino acid protein that is ubiquitously expressed and contains one CUE domain.?The gene encoding ASCC2 maps to human chromosome 22, which houses over 500 genes and is the second smallest human chromosome. Mutations in several of the genes that map to chromosome 22 are involved in the development of Phelan-McDermid syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 2, autism and schizophrenia. Additionally, translocations between chromosomes 9 and 22 may lead to the formation of the Address: 8400 Baltimore Ave. Suite 302 College Park MD 20740 USA http://www.abscitech.com 1 Philadelphia Chromosome and the subsequent production of the novel fusion protein BCR-Abl, a potent cell proliferation activator found in several types of leukemias.
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Supplementary Tables 1-6 Supplementary Table 1
Novel pleiotropic risk loci for melanoma and nevus density implicate multiple biological pathways Supplementary Tables 1-6 Supplementary Table 1. Meta-analysis heterogeneity and meta-regression results for nevus association using the R metafor package. The meta- regression included mean age in the study, mean absolute latitude and nevus measurement method as moderators. In the meta-regression, I2 is the estimated percentage of sampling variance due to heterogeneity between studies, R2 the percentage explained by the moderator variables, and H2 the percentage unexplained residual heterogeneity. QM P is the P-value from the test for the contribution of moderators, and QE P, the P-value for the test for residual heterogeneity. Random Effects (REML) meta-analysis Meta-regression (covariates: mean age, latitude, nevus measure) SNP Gene/Interval 2 2 2 Z P Het P H R I QE P QM P rs72704658 SETDB1 -1.783 7.46E-02 0.696 1.029 0.000 2.774 0.307 0.978 rs2695237 PARP1 -2.902 3.71E-03 0.525 1.000 95.683 0.022 0.251 0.871 rs4670813 CYP1B1 -5.001 5.70E-07 0.585 1.231 0.000 18.763 0.402 0.778 rs55875066 HDAC4 3.887 1.02E-04 0.203 1.928 0.000 48.135 0.082 0.916 rs12696304 TERC -4.536 5.73E-06 0.719 1.147 0.000 12.795 0.493 0.839 rs251464 PPARGC1B -3.833 1.26E-04 0.083 2.058 0.000 51.417 0.039 0.833 rs12203592 IRF4 1.216 2.24E-01 3.35E-51 3.245 79.689 69.187 0.013 7.02E-6 rs1636744 TCONS_l2_00025686 3.061 2.21E-03 0.684 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.625 0.550 rs600951 DOCK8 2.590 9.59E-03 5.86E-04 2.775 1.573 63.965 0.009 0.327 rs869329 MTAP 5.490 4.01E-08 1.72E-05
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Homozygous Deletions Implicate Non-Coding Epigenetic Marks In
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Homozygous deletions implicate non‑coding epigenetic marks in Autism spectrum disorder Klaus Schmitz‑Abe1,2,3,4, Guzman Sanchez‑Schmitz3,5, Ryan N. Doan1,3, R. Sean Hill1,3, Maria H. Chahrour1,3, Bhaven K. Mehta1,3, Sarah Servattalab1,3, Bulent Ataman6, Anh‑Thu N. Lam1,3, Eric M. Morrow7, Michael E. Greenberg6, Timothy W. Yu1,3*, Christopher A. Walsh1,3,4,8,9* & Kyriacos Markianos1,3,4,10* More than 98% of the human genome is made up of non‑coding DNA, but techniques to ascertain its contribution to human disease have lagged far behind our understanding of protein coding variations. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been mostly associated with coding variations via de novo single nucleotide variants (SNVs), recessive/homozygous SNVs, or de novo copy number variants (CNVs); however, most ASD cases continue to lack a genetic diagnosis. We analyzed 187 consanguineous ASD families for biallelic CNVs. Recessive deletions were signifcantly enriched in afected individuals relative to their unafected siblings (17% versus 4%, p < 0.001). Only a small subset of biallelic deletions were predicted to result in coding exon disruption. In contrast, biallelic deletions in individuals with ASD were enriched for overlap with regulatory regions, with 23/28 CNVs disrupting histone peaks in ENCODE (p < 0.009). Overlap with regulatory regions was further demonstrated by comparisons to the 127‑epigenome dataset released by the Roadmap Epigenomics project, with enrichment for enhancers found in primary brain tissue and neuronal progenitor cells. Our results suggest a novel noncoding mechanism of ASD, describe a powerful method to identify important noncoding regions in the human genome, and emphasize the potential signifcance of gene activation and regulation in cognitive and social function.
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Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping of Macrophage Atherogenic Phenotypes
QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI MAPPING OF MACROPHAGE ATHEROGENIC PHENOTYPES BRIAN RITCHEY Bachelor of Science Biochemistry John Carroll University May 2009 submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CLINICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY at the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY December 2017 We hereby approve this thesis/dissertation for Brian Ritchey Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical-Bioanalytical Chemistry degree for the Department of Chemistry and the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY College of Graduate Studies by ______________________________ Date: _________ Dissertation Chairperson, Johnathan D. Smith, PhD Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic ______________________________ Date: _________ Dissertation Committee member, David J. Anderson, PhD Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University ______________________________ Date: _________ Dissertation Committee member, Baochuan Guo, PhD Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University ______________________________ Date: _________ Dissertation Committee member, Stanley L. Hazen, MD PhD Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic ______________________________ Date: _________ Dissertation Committee member, Renliang Zhang, MD PhD Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic ______________________________ Date: _________ Dissertation Committee member, Aimin Zhou, PhD Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University Date of Defense: October 23, 2017 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my entire family. In particular, my brother Greg Ritchey, and most especially my father Dr. Michael Ritchey, without whose support none of this work would be possible. I am forever grateful to you for your devotion to me and our family. You are an eternal inspiration that will fuel me for the remainder of my life. I am extraordinarily lucky to have grown up in the family I did, which I will never forget.
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Detection of H3k4me3 Identifies Neurohiv Signatures, Genomic
viruses Article Detection of H3K4me3 Identifies NeuroHIV Signatures, Genomic Effects of Methamphetamine and Addiction Pathways in Postmortem HIV+ Brain Specimens that Are Not Amenable to Transcriptome Analysis Liana Basova 1, Alexander Lindsey 1, Anne Marie McGovern 1, Ronald J. Ellis 2 and Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes 1,* 1 San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; [email protected] (L.B.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (A.M.M.) 2 Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Human postmortem specimens are extremely valuable resources for investigating trans- lational hypotheses. Tissue repositories collect clinically assessed specimens from people with and without HIV, including age, viral load, treatments, substance use patterns and cognitive functions. One challenge is the limited number of specimens suitable for transcriptional studies, mainly due to poor RNA quality resulting from long postmortem intervals. We hypothesized that epigenomic Citation: Basova, L.; Lindsey, A.; signatures would be more stable than RNA for assessing global changes associated with outcomes McGovern, A.M.; Ellis, R.J.; of interest. We found that H3K27Ac or RNA Polymerase (Pol) were not consistently detected by Marcondes, M.C.G. Detection of H3K4me3 Identifies NeuroHIV Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP), while the enhancer H3K4me3 histone modification was Signatures, Genomic Effects of abundant and stable up to the 72 h postmortem. We tested our ability to use H3K4me3 in human Methamphetamine and Addiction prefrontal cortex from HIV+ individuals meeting criteria for methamphetamine use disorder or not Pathways in Postmortem HIV+ Brain (Meth +/−) which exhibited poor RNA quality and were not suitable for transcriptional profiling.
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Sheet1 Page 1 Gene Symbol Gene Description Entrez Gene ID
Sheet1 RefSeq ID ProbeSets Gene Symbol Gene Description Entrez Gene ID Sequence annotation Seed matches location(s) Ago-2 binding specific enrichment (replicate 1) Ago-2 binding specific enrichment (replicate 2) OE lysate log2 fold change (replicate 1) OE lysate log2 fold change (replicate 2) Probability Pulled down in Karginov? NM_005646 202813_at TARBP1 Homo sapiens TAR (HIV-1) RNA binding protein 1 (TARBP1), mRNA. 6894 TR(1..5130)CDS(1..4866) 4868..4874,5006..5013 3.73 2.53 -1.54 -0.44 1 Yes NM_001665 203175_at RHOG Homo sapiens ras homolog gene family, member G (rho G) (RHOG), mRNA. 391 TR(1..1332)CDS(159..734) 810..817,782..788,790..796,873..879 3.56 2.78 -1.62 -1 1 Yes NM_002742 205880_at PRKD1 Homo sapiens protein kinase D1 (PRKD1), mRNA. 5587 TR(1..3679)CDS(182..2920) 3538..3544,3202..3208 4.15 1.83 -2.55 -0.42 1 Yes NM_003068 213139_at SNAI2 Homo sapiens snail homolog 2 (Drosophila) (SNAI2), mRNA. 6591 TR(1..2101)CDS(165..971) 1410..1417,1814..1820,1610..1616 3.5 2.79 -1.38 -0.31 1 Yes NM_006270 212647_at RRAS Homo sapiens related RAS viral (r-ras) oncogene homolog (RRAS), mRNA. 6237 TR(1..1013)CDS(46..702) 871..877 3.82 2.27 -1.54 -0.55 1 Yes NM_025188 219923_at,242056_at TRIM45 Homo sapiens tripartite motif-containing 45 (TRIM45), mRNA. 80263 TR(1..3584)CDS(589..2331) 3408..3414,2437..2444,3425..3431,2781..2787 3.87 1.89 -0.62 -0.09 1 Yes NM_024684 221600_s_at,221599_at C11orf67 Homo sapiens chromosome 11 open reading frame 67 (C11orf67), mRNA.
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ASCC2 Conjugated Antibody
Product Datasheet ASCC2 Conjugated Antibody Catalog No: #C37399 Package Size: #C37399-AF350 100ul #C37399-AF405 100ul #C37399-AF488 100ul Orders: [email protected] Support: [email protected] #C37399-AF555 100ul #C37399-AF594 100ul #C37399-AF647 100ul #C37399-AF680 100ul #C37399-AF750 100ul #C37399-Biotin 100ul Description Product Name ASCC2 Conjugated Antibody Host Species Rabbit Clonality Polyclonal Species Reactivity Hu Ms Specificity The antibody detects endogenous levels of total ASCC2 protein. Immunogen Description Synthetic peptide corresponding to a region derived from internal residues of human activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2 Conjugates Biotin AF350 AF405 AF488 AF555 AF594 AF647 AF680 AF750 Other Names p100; ASC1p100 Accession No. Swiss-Prot#:Q9H1I8NCBI Gene ID:84164NCBI mRNA#:NCBI Protein#:NP_004565 Calculated MW 86 Formulation 0.01M Sodium Phosphate, 0.25M NaCl, pH 7.6, 5mg/ml Bovine Serum Albumin, 0.02% Sodium Azide Storage Store at 4°Cin dark for 6 months Application Details Suggested Dilution: AF350 conjugated: most applications: 1: 50 - 1: 250 AF405 conjugated: most applications: 1: 50 - 1: 250 AF488 conjugated: most applications: 1: 50 - 1: 250 AF555 conjugated: most applications: 1: 50 - 1: 250 AF594 conjugated: most applications: 1: 50 - 1: 250 AF647 conjugated: most applications: 1: 50 - 1: 250 AF680 conjugated: most applications: 1: 50 - 1: 250 AF750 conjugated: most applications: 1: 50 - 1: 250 Biotin conjugated: working with enzyme-conjugated streptavidin, most applications: 1: 50 - 1: 1,000 Background ASCC2 (activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2), also known as ASC1P100, is a 757 amino acid protein that is ubiquitously expressed and contains one CUE domain.?The gene encoding ASCC2 maps to human chromosome 22, which houses over 500 genes and is the second smallest human chromosome.
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Novel Extracellular and Nuclear Caspase-1 and Inflammasomes
Wang et al. Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2016) 9:122 DOI 10.1186/s13045-016-0351-5 RESEARCH Open Access Novel extracellular and nuclear caspase-1 and inflammasomes propagate inflammation and regulate gene expression: a comprehensive database mining study Luqiao Wang1,6, Hangfei Fu1, Gayani Nanayakkara1, Yafeng Li1, Ying Shao1, Candice Johnson1, Jiali Cheng1, William Y. Yang1, Fan Yang1, Muriel Lavallee1, Yanjie Xu1,6, Xiaoshu Cheng6, Hang Xi1, Jonathan Yi1, Jun Yu1,3, Eric T. Choi1,5, Hong Wang1,3 and Xiaofeng Yang1,2,3,4* Abstract Background: Caspase-1 is present in the cytosol as an inactive zymogen and requires the protein complexes named “inflammasomes” for proteolytic activation. However, it remains unclear whether the proteolytic activity of caspase-1 is confined only to the cytosol where inflammasomes are assembled to convert inactive pro-caspase-1 to active caspase-1. Methods: We conducted meticulous data analysis methods on proteomic, protein interaction, protein intracellular localization, and gene expressions of 114 experimentally identified caspase-1 substrates and 38 caspase-1 interaction proteins in normal physiological conditions and in various pathologies. Results: We made the following important findings: (1) Caspase-1 substrates and interaction proteins are localized in various intracellular organelles including nucleus and secreted extracellularly; (2) Caspase-1 may get activated in situ in the nucleus in response to intra-nuclear danger signals; (3) Caspase-1 cleaves its substrates in exocytotic secretory pathways
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Protein-Protein Docking for Interactomic Studies and Its Aplication to Personalized Medicine
Protein-protein docking for interactomic studies and its aplication to personalized medicine Didier Barradas Bautista Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- CompartIgual 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - CompartirIgual 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0. Spain License. UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA Facultat de Farmàcia Programa de Doctorat en Biomedicina RD 99/2011 Protein-protein docking for interactomic studies and its aplication to personalized medicine Memòria presentada per Didier Barradas Bautista per optar al títol de doctor per la Universitat de Barcelona Director Tutor Dr Juan Fernández-Recio Dr Josep Lluis Gelpí Buchaca Doctorand Didier Barradas Bautista Barcelona Supercomputing Center Index Summary.......................................................................................2 Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................5 1.1 The role of the proteins in the cell......................................................5 1.2 The road to personalized medicine....................................................7 1.3 Interaction networks and pathways in the cells.................................9 1.4 Defining diseases as PPI networks.................................................14 1.5 Determination of the three-dimensional protein structures..............16 1.5.1 X-ray Crystallography..................................................................................16
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Exploiting the Mutanome for Tumor Vaccination
Published OnlineFirst January 11, 2012; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3722 Cancer Microenvironment and Immunology Research Exploiting the Mutanome for Tumor Vaccination John C. Castle1, Sebastian Kreiter1, Jan Diekmann1, Martin Lower€ 1, Niels van de Roemer1,2, Jos de Graaf1, Abderraouf Selmi1, Mustafa Diken1, Sebastian Boegel1,2, Claudia Paret1, Michael Koslowski1, 1,3 2,3 1,3 € 4 1,2,3 Andreas N. Kuhn , Cedrik M. Britten , Christoph Huber , Ozlem Tureci€ , and Ugur Sahin Abstract Multiple genetic events and subsequent clonal evolution drive carcinogenesis, making disease elimination with single-targeted drugs difﬁcult. The multiplicity of gene mutations derived from clonal heterogeneity therefore represents an ideal setting for multiepitope tumor vaccination. Here, we used next generation sequencing exome resequencing to identify 962 nonsynonymous somatic point mutations in B16F10 murine melanoma cells, with 563 of those mutations in expressed genes. Potential driver mutations occurred in classical tumor suppressor genes and genes involved in proto-oncogenic signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Aim1 and Trrap mutations known to be altered in human melanoma were included among those found. The immunogenicity and speciﬁcity of 50 validated mutations was determined by immunizing mice with long peptides encoding the mutated epitopes. One-third of these peptides were found to be immunogenic, with 60% in this group eliciting immune responses directed preferentially against the mutated sequence as compared with the wild-type sequence. In tumor transplant models, peptide immunization conferred in vivo tumor control in protective and therapeutic settings, thereby qualifying mutated epitopes that include single amino acid substitutions as effective vaccines.
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