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2. the Climbing Gym Industry and Oslo Klatresenter As
Norwegian School of Economics Bergen, Spring 2021 Valuation of Oslo Klatresenter AS A fundamental analysis of a Norwegian climbing gym company Kristoffer Arne Adolfsen Supervisor: Tommy Stamland Master thesis, Economics and Business Administration, Financial Economics NORWEGIAN SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS This thesis was written as a part of the Master of Science in Economics and Business Administration at NHH. Please note that neither the institution nor the examiners are responsible − through the approval of this thesis − for the theories and methods used, or results and conclusions drawn in this work. 2 Abstract The main goal of this master thesis is to estimate the intrinsic value of one share in Oslo Klatresenter AS as of the 2nd of May 2021. The fundamental valuation technique of adjusted present value was selected as the preferred valuation method. In addition, a relative valuation was performed to supplement the primary fundamental valuation. This thesis found that the climbing gym market in Oslo is likely to enjoy a significant growth rate in the coming years, with a forecasted compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in sales volume of 6,76% from 2019 to 2033. From there, the market growth rate is assumed to have reached a steady-state of 3,50%. The period, however, starts with a reduced market size in 2020 and an expected low growth rate from 2020 to 2021 because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on this and an assumed new competing climbing gym opening at the beginning of 2026, OKS AS revenue is forecasted to grow with a CAGR of 4,60% from 2019 to 2033. -
Analysis of the Accident on Air Guitar
Analysis of the accident on Air Guitar The Safety Committee of the Swedish Climbing Association Draft 2004-05-30 Preface The Swedish Climbing Association (SKF) Safety Committee’s overall purpose is to reduce the number of incidents and accidents in connection to climbing and associated activities, as well as to increase and spread the knowledge of related risks. The fatal accident on the route Air Guitar involved four failed pieces of protection and two experienced climbers. Such unusual circumstances ring a warning bell, calling for an especially careful investigation. The Safety Committee asked the American Alpine Club to perform a preliminary investigation, which was financed by a company formerly owned by one of the climbers. Using the report from the preliminary investigation together with additional material, the Safety Committee has analyzed the accident. The details and results of the analysis are published in this report. There is a large amount of relevant material, and it is impossible to include all of it in this report. The Safety Committee has been forced to select what has been judged to be the most relevant material. Additionally, the remoteness of the accident site, and the difficulty of analyzing the equipment have complicated the analysis. The causes of the accident can never be “proven” with certainty. This report is not the final word on the accident, and the conclusions may need to be changed if new information appears. However, we do believe we have been able to gather sufficient evidence in order to attempt an -
Ice and Mixed Festival Equipment Notes Chicks N Picks Ice Climbing Clinic
Ice and Mixed Festival Equipment Notes Chicks N Picks Ice Climbing Clinic Due to the nature of the mountain environment, equipment and clothing must be suitable for its intended purpose. It must be light, remain effective when wet or iced, and dry easily. These notes will help you make informed choices, which will save you time and money. Bring the mandatory clothing and wet weather gear, and any equipment you already own that is on the equipment checklist. This gives you an opportunity to practice with your gear and equipment, so that you become efficient at using it out in the field. Adventure Consultants is able to offer clients good prices on a range of clothing and equipment. Please feel free to contact us, if you need assistance with making a purchase or advice on specific products. BODY WEAR There are numerous fabrics, which are both water resistant and breathable such as Gore-Tex, Event, Polartec Neoshell, Pertex Shield and Entrant etc. These fabrics are expensive but can last for years if well looked after. Shell clothing should be seam sealed during the manufacturing process (tape sealed on the seams) or it will leak through the stitching. It also should be easy to move in and easy to put on and take off, when wearing gloves or mitts. Shell clothing made of PVC or similar totally waterproof non-breathable material is not suitable as moisture cannot escape when you are exerting energy, resulting in getting wet from the inside out! Therefore fabric breathability is very important when you are active in the mountains. -
Smith Rock (All Dates Are Month/Day/Year)
Smith Rock (all dates are month/day/year) 5.2 Arrowpoint, Northwest Corner (5.2 Trad) comments: This is the obvious way up the Arrowpoint. Although extremely short, it rewards one with a rare Smith summit experience, which is nice after climbing one of the multi-pitch routes on Smith Rock group. Unfortunately, the Arrowhead is not the true summit of the Smith Rock group. gear: 3 or 4 cams to #3 Camalot ascents: 06/25/2005 lead (approached via Sky Ridge) 03/23/2009 lead (approached via Sky Ridge, PB seconded) 5.5 New Route Left of Purple Headed Warrior (5.5 ? Bolts) comments: Squeeze job with so-so climbing. ascents: 11/6/2016 lead Bits and Pieces (1st Pitch) (5.5 Bolts) comments: Very easy fun route on huge knobs. ascents: 06/17/2001 lead My Little Pony (5.5 Bolts) comments: To the right of the Adventurous Pillar there are four bolted routes. This is the fourth one from the left. ascents: 05/09/2004 lead Night Flight (5.5 Bolts) comments: Route 22 in the Dihedrals section of smithrock.com, to the left of Left Slab Crack. Nice and easy lead. ascents: 03/16/2001 lead 03/30/2001 2nd (continued on Easy Reader 2nd pitch) North Slab Crack (5.5X or TR) comments: Horrible route. ascents: 09/16/2000 (TR) Pack Animal (to Headless Horseman belay) (5.5 Trad) comments: Easy and short trad lead. ascents: 02/08/2004 lead Spiderman Variation (1st pitch) (5.5 Trad) comments: Nice, but not as good as the 1st pitch of Spiderman proper. -
Kiwi Canyons Grading Table
Kiwi Canyons Grading Introduction The modern sport of canyoning has its roots strongly centered in Europe, and in particular France. As the sport began to really take off, a number of French Outdoor Associations standardised their grading systems in 2003. The gradings presented here are the English translation of those agreed on by the French Federation of Mountain Climbing (FFME), with support from the French Federation of Speleology (FFS) in conjunction with the National Union of Mountain Guides (SNGM), the National Union of Professionals Climbing and Canyoning (SNAPEC), the National Union of Professional Speoleogy and Canyoning (SNPSC) and the Federation of French Alpine Clubs (FCAF). There are several different canyon grading systems around the world, as our canyons are most similar to the European ones, the French grading system is used in NZ as it aligns with ‘best international practice’. Grading any technical activity is always an exercise in compromise. The grading is indicative of the most difficult section of the canyon and reflects the technical skill required to descend that part. In the grade, there is no way to distinguish between a canyon with one difficult section and another canyon where the whole canyon has difficult drop after difficult drop. The gradings must be used in conjunction with route descriptions and CanyonTopo to gain a better understanding of the overall difficulty of the trip. Remember that Canyons change with every flood, to the point that the initial grade may change. Assumptions The gradings here assume the following; An average water flow for the usual season that particular canyon is descended. -
What Is a T-Nut and How Does It Work? How Do You Fasten ʻbolt-Onʼ
What is a T-nut and how does it work? How do you fasten ʻBolt-onʼ climbing holds to wood climbing walls? This guide is intended to be a quick explanation for customers who are brand new to climbing. Prior to fastening bolt-on climbing holds to wood climbing walls, t-nuts must be installed in the back of the climbing wall. The bolt will go through the climbing hold, through the wood, and into the t-nut. A t-nut is basically a nut with a flange on one side. The barrel of the t-nut can fit into a 7/16” hole, but the flange is 1” wide so it cannot fit through the hole. The flange catches the surface of the climbing wall surrounding the 7/16” hole. The Barrel of the T-nut should be recessed behind the front surface of the climbing wall by at least 1/ 4”. Climbing holds must not make di- rect contact with the t-nut. If the climbing hold makes direct con- tact with the t-nut it will eliminate the friction between the surface of the climbing wall and the back of the climbing hold. Climbing holds must have good contact with the climbing wall in order to be secure. Selecting the proper length bolts: Every climbing hold has a different shape and structure. Because of these variations, the depth of the bolt hole varies from one climbing hold to another. Frogs 20 Pack Example: The 20 pack of Frogs Jugs to the right consists of several different shaped grips. -
OUTDOOR ROCK CLIMBING INTENSIVE INTRODUCTION Boulder, CO EQUIPMENT CHECKLIST
www.alpineinstitute.com [email protected] Equipment Shop: 360-671-1570 Administrative Office: 360-671-1505 The Spirit of Alpinism OUTDOOR ROCK CLIMBING INTENSIVE INTRODUCTION Boulder, CO EQUIPMENT CHECKLIST This equipment list is aimed to help you bring only the essential gear for your mountain adventures. Please read this list thoroughly, but exercise common sense when packing for your trip. Climbs in the summer simply do not require as much clothing as those done in the fall or spring. Please pack accordingly and ask questions if you are uncertain. CLIMATE: Temperatures and weather conditions in Boulder area are often conducive to great climbing conditions. Thunderstorms, however, are somewhat common and intense rainstorms often last a few hours in the afternoons. Daytime highs range anywhere from 50°F to 80°F. GEAR PREPARATION: Please take the time to carefully prepare and understand your equipment. If possible, it is best to use it in the field beforehand. Take the time to properly label and identify all personal gear items. Many items that climbers bring are almost identical. Your name on a garment tag or a piece of colored electrical tape is an easy way to label your gear; fingernail polish on hard goods is excellent. If using tape or colored markers, make sure your labeling method is durable and water resistant. ASSISTANCE: At AAI we take equipment and its selection seriously. Our Equipment Services department is expertly staffed by climbers, skiers and guides. Additionally, we only carry products in our store have been thoroughly field tested and approved by our guides. This intensive process ensures that all equipment that you purchase from AAI is best suited to your course and future mountain adventures. -
Sometimes the Leader Does Fall... a Look Into the Experiences of Ice Climbers Who Have Fallen on Ice Screws
SOMETIMES THE LEADER DOES FALL... A LOOK INTO THE EXPERIENCES OF ICE CLIMBERS WHO HAVE FALLEN ON ICE SCREWS Kel Rossiter Ed.D., Educational Leadership & Policy Studies--M.S., Kinesiology/Outdoor Education AMGA Certified Rock & Alpine Guide INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND Last winter a climber with Adventure Spirit Rock+Ice+Alpine was asking me about the holding power of ice screws. We discussed the various lab studies that have been done (a list of links to some interesting ones can be found at the bottom of this paper) then he said, “That's great, but has anyone ever specifically done research into how they actually perform in the field?” He had a point. While the dictum in ice climbing is that “the leader never falls,” in the end, they sometimes do. So presumably there was an ample population from which to sample— but I was unaware of any actual field research done with this population. So, fueled by that question, I decided to explore the topic. The results of this inquiry appear below. Though I have a background in research, make no mistake: This presentation of findings should not be viewed through the same lens as academic research. Aside from running it by a few academic-climber friends there has been only an informal peer review, there are significant short-comings in the methodology (noted below), and ideas are put forth that don't necessarily build directly on prior research (largely because—as noted—there really hasn't been much research on the topic and much less field research). In addition, this write up is not done in the typical “5 Part” research format of Introduction, Methodology, Results, Analysis, and Conclusion. -
Guide to Climbing Gear
guide to climbing gear by Michael Strong If you leaf through any popular climbing magazine for awhile, it's clear that there is a LOT of climbing gear on the market. Making a choice of what shoes, harness, rope, etc. to buy can be overwhelming, especially for someone relatively new to the activity. For this reason, it's advantageous to begin by taking an introductory course in a program such as ours, where equipment is provided and a community of experienced climbers is available to provide input about what choices to make. Still, climbers have their preferences, and opinions differ as to the merits and shortcomings of a certain item of gear. As a result, it's important to research what's best for you in the context of the type of climbing is in your future. Here are some recommendations: Start with a pair of shoes and a chalk bag. Bouldering has become wildly popular and you can work on your techniques and fitness with nothing more than these items. Buy a harness and belay device next. Evaluate your climbing needs and think beyond the immediate future. A harness suitable for a local crag might not be the best choice for the mountaineering environment, so it's best if you have a clear understanding of where, and what type of climbing you will be enjoying in the present, and what you aspire to. At some point you will most likely purchase a rope so that you can set your own top rope anchors and climb outdoors. If so, you'll need to invest in webbing slings, carabiners and other hardware necessary for configuring climbing anchors. -
Guide to Equipment and Clothing
GUIDE TO EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING GEAR FOR MOUNTAINEERING IN NEW ZEALAND This document provides advice on choosing the right clothing and gear for your Alpine Guides mountain trip. Refer to your trips' "Equipment Checklist" to find the exact gear you need. Use the information here as a guide only. We run a range of programs that vary in duration and emphasis. If you are not sure if your gear is right for the job, please contact us GUIDE TO EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING GEAR FOR MOUNTAINEERING IN NEW ZEALAND INDEX PAGE How to Dress | Gear for Different Seasons Clothing | Layering, Thermals, and Fabrics Outer layer: Jackets & Overtrousers Hats, Gloves, Socks, Gaiters, and other items Boots and Footwear Technical Hardware | Crampons, Ice Axes, and more Sleeping Essentials | Sleeping bags, Bivouac bags Touring Gear: Skis, Boots, & Snowboards Miscellaneous Gear - Everything else How to Dress | Gear for Different Seasons Choose your mountain wardrobe around the time of year you will visit. Mountain huts are not heated. Temperatures are colder at night, even during summer. If your trip involves camping out, go for the warmest possible combination of clothing. Winter Gear (July - October) Choose: • Warmer down (500+ loft) and synthetic jackets • Medium to heavy grade thermals and socks • Warm, insulated gloves • 4-season sleeping bags (rated to approx -12°C) • Avoid using drinking bladders and hoses during winter - they are prone to freeze even when insulated. Summer Gear (November - April) There is a wide range of temperatures through summer. Be prepared for cool, to cold temperatures during storms and at night. Choose: • 3-season sleeping bags (rated to approx -5°C) • 400-500 loft down jackets or synthetic insulating jackets • Lightweight to mid-weight thermals and socks • UV Protection is Vital Through December, January and February especially bring "cooling" garments that will reflect UV. -
Victorian Climbing Management Guidelines
Victorian Climbing Management Guidelines Compiled for the Victorian Climbing Community Revision: V04 Published: 15 Sept 2020 1 Contributing Authors: Matthew Brooks - content manager and writer Ashlee Hendy Leigh Hopkinson Kevin Lindorff Aaron Lowndes Phil Neville Matthew Tait Glenn Tempest Mike Tomkins Steven Wilson Endorsed by: Crag Stewards Victoria VICTORIAN CLIMBING MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES V04 15 SEPTEMBER 2020 2 Foreword - Consultation Process for The Victorian Climbing Management Guidelines The need for a process for the Victorian climbing community to discuss widely about best rock-climbing practices and how these can maximise safety and minimise impacts of crag environments has long been recognised. Discussions on these themes have been on-going in the local Victorian and wider Australian climbing communities for many decades. These discussions highlighted a need to broaden the ways for climbers to build collaborative relationships with Traditional Owners and land managers. Over the years, a number of endeavours to build and strengthen such relationships have been undertaken; Victorian climbers have been involved, for example, in a variety of collaborative environmental stewardship projects with Land Managers and Traditional Owners over the last two decades in particular, albeit in an ad hoc manner, as need for such projects have become apparent. The recent widespread climbing bans in the Grampians / Gariwerd have re-energised such discussions and provided a catalyst for reflection on the impacts of climbing, whether inadvertent or intentional, negative or positive. This has focussed considerations of how negative impacts on the environment or cultural heritage can be avoided or minimised and on those climbing practices that are most appropriate, respectful and environmentally sustainable. -
Winter Crevasse Rescue and Glacier Travel Day 3 – Ski Mountainee
Day 1 – Winter Crevasse Rescue and Glacier Travel ● Lesson 1: Introduction to Glacier Kit ● Lesson 2: Equalized anchor, knots and rappelling ● Lesson 3: Ascending the rope – prussic, ratchet, reverse ● Lesson 4: Situational awareness, review hazards ● Lesson 5: Glacier travel rope handling & crevasse rescue ● Lesson 6: Dividing the rope ● Lesson 7: The prussik ● Lesson 8: Arresting the fall, holding the victim and anchor building ● Lesson 9: Backing up anchor and approaching the lip ● Lesson 10: Canadian drop loop system demo ● Lesson 11: Incorporating a ratchet ● Lesson 12: First raise method, z-pulley raising system, adding advantage. ● Lesson 13: Reversing the raise & lowering ● Lesson 14: Crevasse Rescue Scenario ● Lesson 15: Problem-solving specific scenario Day 2 – Winter Crevasse Rescue and Glacier Travel ● Lesson 16: Rope up point strategy (map & altimeter) & white out plan ● Lesson 17: Glacier formation, physiology, terminology and travel including rope handling and taking coils ● Lesson 18: Safe glacier travel route finding & track setting – crevasse avoidance, serac hazard mitigation, dealing with avalanche terrain, crevasse bridge integrity and evaluation ● Lesson 19: Traveling in echelon & belaying across crevasse bridges ● Lesson 20: Downhill glacier skiing safety strategy Day 3 – Ski Mountaineering Skills Day ● Lesson 1: “Snow and ice school” – introduction to ski mountaineering equipment, ski crampons and boot crampons, ice axe. ● Lesson 2: Ascending/descending and moving in steeper firmer/crusted/icy slopes. ● Lesson 3: Belaying and rappelling, anchors. ● Lesson 4: Roped vs. unroped terrain – belaying, rope management, short roping, boot packing, stowing the skis on the pack, ridge walking. Day 4 – Ski Mountaineering Skills Day ● Lesson 5: Ski mountaineering objective: situational awareness, route finding and track setting in Class 3 (complex) terrain.