Beyond Star Wars By Kevin Kelly and Paula Parisi What's next for George Lucas. No Director has fast­forwarded filmdom into the 21st century as far as George Lucas has. His popular galactic fairy tale Star Wars is the classic saga of a charming princess and brave knights, but also of very unclassical warp drives, Wookies, bots, and droids. Lucas's mythmaking is a novel convergence of Hans Christian Andersen and Isaac Asimov, the blending of soul and tech, the meeting of inner child and inner nerd. In the late '70s, Lucas fleshed out the scope of his interplanetary opera with a new cinematographic technique: computers married to cameras. He used technology not to make his tale unbelievable, but to make it ultrabelievable. Each new installment of the trilogy ­ The Empire Strikes Back, then Return of the Jedi ­ revved up the cinematic wizardry by making the special effects more potent yet less visible. This Month Lucas and company have reissued the first Star Wars episode with additional scenes and superior effects, in effect declaring that a movie is a dynamic creation (like a Web page!) that can be forever tweaked. Ever the rebel, Lucas is busy conjuring up the next revolution ­ an innovative way of "nonlinear 3­D filmmaking" that we bet will become the dominant form of cinema production on the other side of 2000. Soon in the future, Lucas predicts, in a garage not very far away, two guys will use digital video technology to make a movie you'll never forget. Wired: What has surprised you in the last 10 years? Lucas: A lot of the things that I believed in in the past are coming to pass. Such as? What I call 3­D filmmaking. In 3­D filmmaking, I can take images and manipulate them infinitely, as opposed to taking still photographs and laying them one after the other. I move things in all directions. It's such a liberating experience. It's like you said "I wish I could fly" and then the Wright Brothers come along, and then you can fly, and you can't get over the fact that it is so astounding. I am still in that phase of saying "This is so amazing." Everything seems to be going digital. When do you expect to make a complete movie using just a videocamera and no film? Well, we were going to do the next one with all video, but we're having a little problem with the wide­ screen format, so we may not be able to accomplish it on this film. But the next one we will. Definitely. If I wasn't doing wide screen, I could do it today. In two years you'll make a completely digital feature with no film? Yes. Two or three years. What have you changed in the reissued Star Wars films? Have you created new characters? In The Empire Strikes Back there was a snow monster you didn't really see. It was just shadows and sounds; we always wanted the creature but were never able to accomplish it. Now we actually have a creature there. We have a lot of new shots in Cloud City to make it be bigger and look better. And the snow sequence was one of those state­of­the­art things at the time ­ doing white mattes on a white surface, which nobody had ever accomplished. Now, with digital, we can do that much better. In Jedi, there was a sequence in Jabba's palace that was meant to be a musical number. But it ended up just a little tiny thing with this dancer, Ula, that was maybe 15 seconds long. Now we've turned that into about a minute and a half. There's a bigger band and backup singers. It is what it was meant to be originally; we just didn't have the wherewithal to do it then. That makes new films cheaper, too! You were once trying to cut moviemaking's economies of scale down to one­tenth the normal cost. What will your Star Wars prequels cost? I'm hoping to do the new Star Wars films for between US$60 and $70 million. These are maybe $120 to $140 million movies. That's amazing! A talking­head drama like The Bridges of Madison County costs maybe $50 million. How are you making a new Star Wars installment for only $10 million more? This first film will be a big experiment, because we're taking a lot of the ideas I've learned from doing the Young Indy TV series and moving it to this larger level to see what happens. Some of it is going to work; some of it's not. The reason I'm directing the first one is so I can learn how to do it myself. We're going out there in a whole different style of filmmaking. You say you don't intentionally set yourself up as godfather of the digital era, but is what you are working on the paradigm for 21st­century filmmaking? People ask me about it more, I guess, but other people are doing it, too. Imagine having to publish a story the way films are made. The publisher does the outline, then turns it over to you, the "writer," and says, "OK, write the story." You write it, but once you've written there's no such thing as being able to take words out and change them around. Then you turn it over to me, the editor. The editor says, "Now, I'm going to put it in my wordprocessor. I'm going to move everything around," and he does. You get to check in once in a while and say, "No, no, that's not what I meant. I meant this." "Oh, really, I had no idea that's what you were talking about. OK, I'll put that." And then you turn it over to the printer, the printer retypes it however he wants, and then prints it that way. Then you say, "But you can't do that!" That is the way it's done in movies. We've all got a wordprocessor now, so why not just let one person do the whole thing? You can say about halfway through the story, Gee, we should add this new section in the outline and put it in there because that's even better. Writers say they write to find out what they think. Are you saying that you can't determine what the movie is really about until you film it? It's very hard to have planned out at the very beginning what is going to happen at the very end. Obviously real life comes into it, personalities come into it, and the process of doing it sequentially forces you into making certain kinds of decisions in a certain way. Instead of making film into a sequential assembly­line process where one person does one thing, takes it, and turns it over to the next person, I'm turning it more into the process of a painter or sculptor. You work on it for a bit, then you stand back and look at it and add some more onto it, then stand back and look at it and add some more. You basically end up layering the whole thing. Filmmaking by layering means you write, and direct, and edit all at once. It's much more like what you do when you write a story. How exactly does that change what you do while making a movie? Everything is different. The actors, the contract, the crew is assembled in a different way. We work a lot in Hi­8 before we get to the actual movie. It's a little more like animation, where you are storyboarding and writing and shooting and editing ­ all happening all the time. I have been writing [the next Star Wars episode] for two years, but I've also been shooting and editing, exploring different kinds of actors for different kinds of parts, and shooting and figuring it out. It's not done sequentially at all. I'll be able to add more things and change more things. Then I can go back and finish shooting. Then as we cut that together, I have already scheduled another three weeks of shooting six months later to add more stuff and change more things, and rewrite it in that period, and then I've got another three months, and then I've got another two weeks of shooting after that. I'm shooting now, and I'll be shooting three years from now. Sounds like the film is never done! There is no such thing as "the film." The film is the thing that gets spit out at the very end. Whether I'm doing notes on paper or doing notes electronically, it all comes down to the same thing. Except now I've a very, very clear picture of what it is I'm doing. It's like a painting. You rough it in. You say, Oh, I was going to do this, and then halfway through you change your mind. You can see it evolve; you can sort of be with the work, rather than draw. That kind of uncertain approach must drive some people in the film industry crazy. The film business is designed in a kind of industrial way, vaguely the way buildings are built. The architect does the blueprint and turns it over to the contractor.