West Sussex Sustainable Study

Informing the opportunities and spatial planning requirements for renewable and low carbon energy in five West Sussex local authorities

Final Report

Undertaken by the Centre for in conjunction with Impetus Consulting Ltd and Land Use Consultants

Centre for Sustainable Energy Document revision 0 3 St Peter’s Court Date: 21 Oct 2009 Bedminster Parade Bristol BS3 4AQ

T 0117 934 1400 F 0117 934 1410 Charity: 298740 www.cse.org.uk Company: 2219673

West Sussex Sustainable Energy Study

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West Sussex Sustainable Energy Study Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 5 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 22

1.1 AIM OF STUDY ...... 22 1.2 BACKGROUND ...... 22 2 POLICY CONTEXT ...... 26

2.1 CLIMATE CHANGE, AND LOW CARBON LEGISLATIVE DRIVERS...... 26 2.2 NATIONAL PLANNING POLICY ...... 28 2.3 ON-SITE GENERATION ‘MERTON’ POLICIES ...... 30 2.4 REGIONAL PLANNING POLICY – THE SOUTH EAST PLAN ...... 30 2.5 REGIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL TARGETS...... 31 2.6 ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS ...... 33 2.7 CONSULTATIONS ...... 35 2.8 SUMMARY ...... 38 3 LANDSCAPE SENSITIVITY AND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ...... 40

3.1 LANDSCAPE SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT ...... 40 3.2 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ...... 41 3.3 SUMMARY ...... 68 4 APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES – SCALE AND HIERARCHY ...... 72

4.1 SCALE OF TECHNOLOGY ...... 72 4.2 ENERGY HIERARCHY ...... 72 5 CHP/DISTRICT HEATING AND BUILDING ENERGY DEMAND ...... 74

5.1 CHP/DISTRICT HEATING ...... 74 5.2 HEAT DEMAND FROM EXISTING BUILDINGS ...... 76 5.3 HEAT AND POWER DEMAND IN POTENTIAL NEW RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT ...... 78 5.4 POTENTIAL FOR CHP/DISTRICT HEATING AND IDENTIFICATION OF HEAT PRIORITY AREAS ...... 80 6 PLANNING POLICY SCENARIOS ...... 84

6.1 SCENARIOS FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT ...... 84 6.2 RESULTS OF MODELLING ...... 85 6.3 FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF POLICIES FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT ...... 89 7 IMPLEMENTATION ...... 91

7.1 FINANCE MECHANISMS ...... 91 7.2 MONITORING AND ENFORCEMENT ...... 94 8 CONCLUSIONS ...... 97

8.1 POLICY REVIEW ...... 97 8.2 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ...... 98 8.3 POTENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLY ON NEW DEVELOPMENT ...... 100 8.4 HEAT PRIORITY AREAS AND DISTRICT HEATING...... 102 8.5 VIABILITY OF TARGETS FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT ...... 103 9 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 104

9.1 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 104 9.2 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 110 ANNEX A – RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY BY DISTRICT ...... 113 ANNEX B – COSTING DATA FROM GOVERNMENT RESEARCH ...... 118 ANNEX C – EXAMPLES OF LOCAL AUTHORITY FUNDS ...... 120 ANNEX D – CONSULTATION WITH LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS AND NEIGHBOURING COUNCILS ...... 122

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West Sussex Sustainable Energy Study ANNEX E – SUMMARY OF PLANNING POLICY STATEMENTS RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE ...... 129 ANNEX F – DETAILED ANALYSIS OF SHLAA SITES FOR DECENTRALISED ENERGY (DISTRICT HEATING) ...... 133

Report authored by the Centre for Sustainable Energy: • Martin Holley (Project Manager) • Joshua Thumim • Zoe Redgrove

Study undertaken by the Centre for Sustainable Energy in conjunction with: • Kelly Lee (Impetus Consulting Ltd) • Rebecca Knight (Land Use Consultants)

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West Sussex Sustainable Energy Study

Executive Summary

Introduction This report presents the results of the West Sussex Sustainable Energy Study and has been produced by the Centre for Sustainable Energy in conjunction with Impetus Consulting and Land Use Consultants. The underlying aim of this study is to assist a consortium of five West Sussex Local Authorities in developing Local Development Framework (LDF) policies which positively encourage reduced energy co