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Universidade Federal De Goiás Instituto De Ciências Biológicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia E Evolução Universidade Federal de Goiás Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução INFLUÊNCIA DA TRANSFORMAÇÃO DA COBERTURA VEGETAL NA COMUNIDADE DE CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA) EM DOSSEL DE FLORESTAS DE TERRA FIRME DA AMAZÔNIA EQUATORIANA Yessenia Paulina Rosero Gordon Orientador: Paulo De Marco Júnior Goiânia 2010 Universidade Federal de Goiás Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução INFLUÊNCIA DA TRANSFORMAÇÃO DA COBERTURA VEGETAL NA COMUNIDADE DE CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA) EM DOSSEL DE FLORESTAS DE TERRA FIRME DA AMAZÔNIA EQUATORIANA Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Goiás como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução para obtenção do título de Mestre. Yessenia Paulina Rosero Gordon Orientador: Paulo De Marco Júnior Goiânia 2010 ii INFLUÊNCIA DA TRANSFORMAÇÃO DA COBERTURA VEGETAL NA COMUNIDADE DE CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA) EM DOSSEL DE FLORESTAS DE TERRA FIRME DA AMAZÔNIA EQUATORIANA Yessenia Paulina Rosero Gordon Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Goiás como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós- graduação em Ecologia e Evolução para obtenção do título de Mestre. Dr. Divino Brandão Dra. Viviane Gianluppi Ferro Dr. Paulo De Marco Júnior (Orientador) Goiânia 2010 iii A mis amores Mamita Tete, Dome, Gabi, Nico e Mati A la inmortal Charlotte y nuestra inmortal estación: esperanza A la Pacha Mama iv se miente más de la cuenta por falta de fantasía: también la verdad se inventa Antonio Machado v AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço profundamente a minha família pelo imenso amor, força, espera, compreensão: Luci, Angelo, Doménica, Gabriela, Nicolas, Matias, Cristina, Carlos e muito especialmente para essa mulher amorosa, guerreira, minha maior mestre e apoio: a mamita Tete. As minhas amadisimas Gabi, Dani, Fer e Charlotte, pelo apoio, caminhos compartilhados, sabedoria e autenticidade. Meu agradecimento profundo para Luciana e sua família por sua extraordinária solidaridade e carinho. A Luis, Irena, Dani, Guilherme, Fran, Victor, Marina e Bruno, obrigada de coração meus queridos e queridas, por todos os momentos, pelo carinho e pela força naquelas malegrias da vida no meu paso pelo Brasil. Agradeço a meu orientador Paulo De Marco Júnior por ter aceitado ser meu orientador mesmo sem me conhecer muito bem, pelos ensinamentos e incentivo para a conclusão do mestrado. Agradeço ao CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento científico e Tecnológico e o convenio Brasil – Equador pela bolsa concedida para realizar o mestrado. A toda essa linda galera do mestrado, de maneira especial para Ronny e Luciana pelo apoio, carinho e convivência, e da mesma forma para o querido amigo Fabio gatinho pela sempre bondosa e solicita ajuda. A querida Myriam que me ajudou desde o primeiro dia que cheguei a Goiânia, obrigada por estar sempre disposta me apoiar carinhosamente. Agradeço aos amigos de besouros Mayra e Leonardo, obrigada por ser carinhosamente muito solícitos. A Heury e Rodrigo pelas conversas, a Silvia pelas caronas vespertinas e nocturnas e demais pessoal do laboratório pela ajuda de cada um na sua maneira. A André Junqueira, Anirban Bhattacharjee, Danielle Soares, Fernando R. Martins, Guilherme Oliveira, Jari Niemelä, Maria Fernanda Checa, Mauricio González F., Matti Salo, Mayra Pimenta, Miguel Pinto, Miriam Almeida, Nalini Nadkarni, Pablo Araujo, vi Pablo Jarrin, Rafael Cárdenas, Roland Navarrete, Sandra Enríquez e Simon Grove por facilitarme a bibliografia. Agradeço pela ajuda com o mapa a Belen Liger e pelo desenho da metodologia a Valeria Granda. Este trabalho não tivesse sido possível sem a ajuda incondicional de Pablo, obrigada pelos ensinamentos, apoio constante e confiança em mim, da mesma forma para os demais amigos que compartilhamos por anos mesmos sonhos e sonos, Güilli, Paulo, Ruben, Sandrita e Valeria. Sei que minhas palavras não puderam expressar toda minha gratidão, para todos e todas que me ajudaram neste caminho: muito obrigada. vii RESUMO INFLUÊNCIA DA TRANSFORMAÇÃO DA COBERTURA VEGETAL NA COMUNIDADE DE CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA) EM DOSSEL DE FLORESTAS DE TERRA FIRME DA AMAZÔNIA EQUATORIANA As florestas de terra firme da Amazônia equatoriana estão sujeitas a dramáticas perturbações, devido principalmente às atividades de extração de madeira na região. Considera-se a família de besouros Carabidae como um potencial grupo de organismos que poderia indicar as transformações destes hábitats. Este estudo foi desenvolvido em florestas Não-alteradas, Medianamente-alteradas e Alteradas, distribuídas entre 19 locais de floresta amazônica de terra firme do Equador. Os carábideos de dossel foram amostradas através da metodologia de fumigação. Para testar se teve influência da transformação das florestas sobre as comunidades de Carabidae de dossel, se estimou a riqueza de espécies em cada tipo de floresta e se analisou a qualidade do ajuste ao modelo log-normal de distribuição de abundância entre espécies. Além disso, se utilizou a metodologia IndVal para detectar espécies indicadoras em cada tipo de floresta. As comunidades estudadas mostraram baixas abundâncias para quase todas as espécies, com poucas espécies que podem ser consideradas dominantes. A riqueza de espécies nas florestas com grau mediano de perturbação foi maior que nos outros tipos de floresta, o que suporta a hipótese do distúrbio intermediário. Contrário à expectativa teórica, nas florestas Não-alteradas a distribuição das abundâncias de Carabidae não se ajustou ao modelo log-normal. Nas florestas Mediamente-alteradas e Alteradas foram encontrados taxa bioindicadores que serviriam como potenciais detectores de mudanças ambientais. Assim, neste estudo, os padrões de diversidade das comunidades de Carabidae de dossel mudam frente às modificações dos seus habitats, o que se observa nas inúmeras formas de resposta das comunidades. Os padrões observados não suportam a hipótese de que a competição interespecífica tenha um papel importante na organização dessa comunidade, e sugerem que a dinâmica de dispersão pode ser um fator importante para a resposta dessa comunidade às alterações ambientais. viii RESUMEN INFLUENCIA DE LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA COBERTURA VEGETAL EN LA COMUNIDAD DE CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA) EN DOSEL DE BOSQUES DE TIERRA FIRME DE LA AMAZONÍA ECUATORIANA Los bosques de tierra firme de la Amazonía ecuatoriana están sujetos a drámaticas alteraciones, debido principalmente a las actividades de extracción de madera en la región. Se considera a la familia de escarabajos Carabidae como un potencial grupo de organismos que podrían indicar las transformaciones de estos hábitats. Este estudio fue realizado en bosques No-alterados, Medianamente-alterados e Alterados, distribuidos entre 19 localidades de bosques amazónicos de tierra firme del Ecuador, con muestreos de carábidos de dosel colectados a través de la metodología de fumigación. Para testar si hubo influencia de la transformación de los bosques sobre las comunidades de Carabidae de dosel, se estimó la riqueza de especies en cada tipo de bosque y se analizó la bondad de ajuste al modelo log-normal de distribución de abundancia entre especies. Además, se utilizó la metodología IndVal para detectar especies indicadoras en cada tipo de bosque. Las comunidades estudiadas presentaron bajas abundancias para casi todas las especies, con pocas especies que pueden ser consideradas dominantes. La riqueza de especies en bosques con mediano grado de perturbación fue mayor que en los otros tipos de bosque, lo que respalda la hipótesis del disturbio intermedio. La distribución de las abundancias de Carabidae no se ajustó al modelo log-normal en bosques primarios, lo que es contrario a la expectativa teórica. En bosques Medianamente-alterados y Alterados fueron encontrados taxa indicadores que servirían como detectores potenciales de cambios ambientales. Asi, en este estudio, los patrones de diversidad de las comunidades de Carabidae de dosel cambian ante las modificaciones de sus hábitats lo que se observa en las innumerables formas de respuesta de estas comunidades. Los patrones observados no sustentan la hipótesis de que la competición interespecífica tenga un rol importante en la organización de esa comunidad y sugieren que la dinámica de dispersión puede ser un factor importante para la respuesta de esa comunidad a las alteraciones. ix ABSTRACT INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF VEGETAL COVER ON CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA) COMMUNITY IN CANOPY OF LOWLAND FOREST OF THE ECUADORIAN AMAZON The lowland forests of the Ecuadorian Amazon are subject to dramatic disturbances, mainly due to logging activities in the region. The family of beetles Carabidae is a group of organisms that potentially could indicate the changes in these habitats. This study was conducted in Undisturbed, Moderately-disturbed and Disturbed forests, distributed among 19 localities of lowland Amazonian forests in Ecuador. Samples of canopy carabids were collected by the fogging method. To test whether there was influence of the forest change in the communities of canopy Carabidae, the species richness was estimated in each forest type and it was analyzed the goodness of fit of species abundances to the log-normal model of species abundance distribution. In addition, the IndVal methodology was used to detect indicator species in each forest type. The communities studied showed low abundances for the majority of species, with few species that could be considered dominant. Species richness in forests with moderate degree of disturbance was greater than in
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