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Acting the Nation
Acting the Nation Women on the Stage and in the Audience of Theatre in the Late Ottoman Empire and Early Turkish Republic Cora Skylstad TYR 4590 – Master’s thesis in Turkish Studies Area Studies of Asia, the Middle East and Africa Department of Cultural Studies and Oriental Languages UNIVERSITY OF OSLO October 2010 ii iii Abstract In the first decades of the 20th century, the public position of actresses underwent a radical transformation in Turkey. While the acting profession had long been commonly regarded as unsuitable for Muslim women and had been monopolized by women belonging to the non- Muslim minorities, in the 1920s the Muslim actress was not only legitimized but in fact embraced by the state as a model for Turkish women. In the works of Turkish and Ottoman theatre history, the emergence of Muslim actresses has been given some attention, but it has not been studied from a critical perspective inspired by theoretical questions. Moreover, the process of legitimization of Muslim women as theatre audience, which took place prior to the legitimization of the actresses, has been ignored. The present thesis seeks to develop a better understanding of these developments by approaching them as part of social and political history, while drawing inspiration from an interdisciplinary field of scholarship on gender and theatre. The time period studied begins with the late era of the Ottoman Empire and ends with the early years of the Turkish Republic, covering a time span of more than fifty years. In order to capture the complexities of the subject, a wide array of written sources, including memoirs, interviews, theatre reviews, books and a theatre play, are included in the analysis. -
Turkish Cinema
Turkish cinema Nezih Erdoğan Deniz Göktürk The first years Cinema, as a Western form of visual expression and entertainment, did not encounter resistance in Turkey, a country culturally and geographically bridging East and West. It perfectly represented the ambivalent attitudes of the national / cultural identity under construction. On one hand, cinema came as a sign of modernization / Westernization, not only for the images of the Westbeing projected onto the screen, but also for the condi- tions of its reception. Cinematography was a technological innovation imported from the West and the ritual of going to the movies became an important part of the modern urban experience. On the other hand, cinema offered possibilities for the production of a ‘national discourse’. Many of the early feature films reflect the ‘birth of a nation’ or resis- tance to the Allied Forces during World War I. The audience was already familiar with the apparatus (theatre, screen, figures, music and sound, light and shadow), which bore some resemblance to the traditional Turkish shadowplay Karagöz, one of the most popular entertainment forms of the past. Ayse Osmanoğlu, the daughter of Sultan Abdülhamid II, remembers that the French illusionist of the palace used to go to France once a year and return with some novelties to entertain the palace population; a film projector throwing lights and shadows on a wall was the most exciting of these spectacles. The first public exhibition took place in 1896 or 1897 in the Sponeck pub, which was frequented by non-Muslim minorities (namely Levantines), as well as Turkish intellectuals infatuated with the Western civilization in Pera (today Beyoğlu), a district in the European part of Istanbul known for its cosmopolitan character. -
Not So Silent: Women in Cinema Before Sound Stockholm Studies in Film History 1
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Not so Silent: Women in Cinema before Sound Stockholm Studies in Film History 1 Not so Silent Women in Cinema before Sound Edited by Sofia Bull and Astrid Söderbergh Widding ©Sofia Bull, Astrid Söderbergh Widding and Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, Stockholm 2010 Cover page design by Bart van der Gaag. Original photograph of Alice Terry. ISBN 978-91-86071-40-0 Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2010. Distributor eddy.se ab, Visby, Sweden. Acknowledgements Producing a proceedings volume is always a collective enterprise. First and foremost, we wish to thank all the contributors to the fifth Women and the Silent Screen conference in Stockholm 2008, who have taken the trouble to turn their papers into articles and submitted them to review for this proceed- ings volume. Margareta Fathli, secretary of the Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, de- serves a particular mention for her engagement in establishing the new series Stockholm Studies in Film History; an ideal framework for this publication. A particular thanks goes to Lawrence Webb, who has copy–edited the book with a seemingly never–ending patience. We also owe many thanks to Bart van der Gaag for making the cover as well as for invaluable assistance in the production process. Finally, we are most grateful to the Holger and Thyra Lauritzen Foundation for a generous grant, as well as to the Department of Cinema Studies which has also contributed generously to funding this volume. Stockholm 30 April 2010 Sofia Bull & Astrid Söderbergh Widding 5 Contributors Marcela de Souza Amaral is Professor at UFF (Universidade Federal Fluminense––UFF) in Brazil since 2006. -
American Cinema and Popular Representations of Women in Early Republican Turkey
AMERICAN CINEMA AND POPULAR REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN IN EARLY REPUBLICAN TURKEY A Master's Thesis by MÜZEYYEN KARABAĞ THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ĠHSAN DOĞRAMACI BĠLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2013 To The Memory of My Father Sait Karabağ and To My Family AMERICAN CINEMA AND POPULAR REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN IN EARLY REPUBLICAN TURKEY Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of Ġhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by MÜZEYYEN KARABAĞ In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ĠHSAN DOĞRAMACI BĠLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2013 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. -------------------------- Assist. Prof. Edward P. Kohn Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. -------------------------- Assist. Prof. Kenneth Weisbrode Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. -------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dennis Bryson Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences. -------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT AMERICAN CINEMA AND POPULAR REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN IN EARLY REPUBLICAN TURKEY Karabağ, Müzeyyen M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Edward P. Kohn September 2013 This thesis focuses on the relationship between American cinema and Turkish woman in the 1930s. -
Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türk Sinemasinin Ulus-Devlet Politikalariyla Ilişkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme an E
KARADENİZ, 2017; (35) ERKEN CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE TÜRK SİNEMASININ ULUS-DEVLET POLİTİKALARIYLA İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME AN EVALUATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TURKISH CINEMA AND THE NATION-STATE POLICIES DURING THE EARLY REPUBLICAN PERIOD ОБЗОР ОТНОШЕНИЙ ТУРЕЦКОГО КИНО С ПОЛИТИКОЙ “ГОСУДАРСТВО-НАЦИЯ” РАННЕГО РЕСПУБЛИКАНСКОГО ПЕРИОДА ТУРЦИИ Ali Haydar SOYSÜREN* – Necip YILDIZ** ÖZ 1890’lı yıllarda Türkiye topraklarına giren sinema, azınlıkların rağbet gösterdiği bir alan iken, özellikle I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan itibaren devletin ve Müslümanların bu alana girmeye başladığı gözlenmektedir. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda ordu-merkezli olarak başlatılan sinema faaliyeti, Cumhuriyet döneminde özel sektörün hâkimiyeti altında devam etmiştir. Özel sektör, Cumhuriyet değerlerine ve cumhuriyetin kuruluş sürecine ilişkin filmler yapmışsa da, devletin, yeni rejimi yerleştirme sürecinde sinemayı doğrudan bir araç olarak kullanmadığı görülmektedir. Sinemanın dünya çapında kabul gördüğü, ses ve görüntü birlikteliğinin kitleler üzerinde önemli etkiler yarattığı bir dönemde, imparatorluktan ulus- devlete yönelen Cumhuriyet yönetiminin, bu alanı zayıf bırakması dikkat çekicidir. 1920’li yıllarda devletin sinema alanında sahip olduğu tutum, korumacı-devletçi bir modelin yerleşmeye başladığı 1930 yılı itibariyle de gözlenmektedir. Devletin doğrudan müdahalede bulunmadığı ve zayıf bir özel sektörün inisiyatifindeki yerli sinemanın, yabancı sinemanın hâkimiyetindeki piyasada etkin bir aktör olamadığı görülmektedir. Yerli sinemanın aleyhine gelişen bu durumun -
Bedia Muvahhit and Neyyire Neyir
Bedia Muvahhit and Neyyire Neyir Bedia Muvahhit Also Known As: Bedia Şekip Lived: January 16, 1897 - January 20, 1994 Worked as: film actress, theatre actress Worked In: Turkey Neyyire Neyir Also Known As: Münire Eyüp Ertuğrul Lived: 1902 - February 13, 1943 Worked as: film actress, film magazine editor, journalist, magazine editor, theatre actress, writer Worked In: Turkey by Eylem Atakav The Ottoman Empire dissolved after the First World War and was replaced by the self-consciously modern and Westernized Republic of Turkey in 1923. Turkish culture under the Ottoman rule has been characterized by historians as a traditional Islamic culture that experienced very little change for centuries. What change did occur has typically been attributed to Western contact. The Republican state evolved into what later scholars called a feminist state, which made women’s equality in the public sphere a national policy. Indeed, a secular civil code replaced the Islamic law in 1926, giving women equal civil rights. It is in this transitional period that Bedia Muvahhit became a pioneer in cinema. Within this historical context, the idea of a new Republican woman who represented the modern, secular, Westernized state, and who was expected to behave and dress in what the state defined as a modern, secular, and Western manner, was established. The new regime encouraged women to take on professions that were traditionally perceived as masculine and at times, for religious reasons, were forbidden for women. Acting of Muslim women in cinema was one example of this. However, in the early 1920s, this changed with Muvahhit and Neyyire Neyir’s performances in films as the first Muslim actresses. -
Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Atatürk Ve CHP'nin Sinema Politikası*1
Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi • Yıl/Year: 2018 • Sayı/Issue: 31 ss/pp. 222 - 248 • ISSN: 2630-6220 DOI: 10.17829/turcom.499673 Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Atatürk ve CHP’nin Sinema * Politikası 1 Atatürk and CHP’s Cinema Policy in the Early Republican Period ** Yalçın LÜLECİ 2 Öz Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP) hükümeti, sanat alanında ilerlemenin bir uygarlık göstergesi olduğu, Atatürk ilke ve inkılâplarının halka iletilmesinde ve bir ulus devlet oluşturmada sanatın etkili bir araç olarak kullanılabileceği kanaatindedir. Sinemanın ise, bir eğitim ve propaganda aracı olarak görüldüğüne dair ifadelere ve belgelere rastlansa da çok etkili bir şekilde kullanıldığını, devletten diğer sanat dalları kadar destek gördüğünü söylemek zordur. Halkevlerinde gösterilen sinema filmleri, genellikle eğitim, haber ve propaganda filmleridir. Hükümet, sansür yasalarıyla sinemayı, kendi politik tutumu çerçevesinde bir düzene sokmaya uğraşırken, vergi indirimleriyle sinemacıların daha rahat ekonomik koşullarda faaliyetlerini yürütmesini ve seyircilerin sinemaya daha kolay ulaşmasını sağlamaya çalışmıştır. CHP hükümeti; 1920’ler ve 1930’larda, siyasal alanda yakın ilişkiler kurduğu Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB)’nden hem çeşitli alanlarda eğitici filmler ithal etmiş hem de Sovyet sinemacıları Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 10. Kuruluş Yıl Dönümü kutlamalarını filme almaları için Türkiye’ye davet etmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde CHP’nin sinema politikası, Başbakanlık Cumhuriyet Arşivi (CA) belgelerine, -
T 1-££P991 a Chronological History of the Turkish Cinema
t 1-££P991 A Chronological History of the Turkish Cinema (1914-1988) Agâh Özgüç £ ( he cinema is such an invention that one day, as will be seen, it will change the outcome of world civilisation much more than the invention of gun powder, electricity or printing. The cinema will give to people living in the most distant places of the world the chance to know and love each other. The cinema will erase the differences in thoughts and appearance between human beings and be of great help in the realisation of the human ideal. We must give to the cinema the importance that it is worthy of.” Kemal Atatürk Undoubtedly each country has its own history of the cinema and such an history is confirmed by documents. According to such documents, the official history of the cinema, known then as the cinématograph, begins on December 22, 1895, in Paris, at the Grand Café, near the Boulevard des Capucines, where two young Frenchmen, the brothers Louis and Auguste Lumière, stage a first showing. Agah Ozgüç, Researcher 53 TURKISH REVIEW According to several sources the cinema enters Turkey first through private showings, held at the Sultan’s court (The Yıldız Palace), followed by public ones. We know, for example, that in 1897 a Rumenian citizen of Polish origin, Sig mund Weinberg staged a first public show in Istanbul, the place being Sponeck’s beerhouse in Galatasaray square. 1914 Starting from 1908 more movie theaters are opened in various cities, most of them owned by foreigners or minorities. Practically, the history of the Turkish cinema starts on November 14, 1914, when Fuat Uzkinay, being at that time an army officer, shoots a 150 meter long documentary (Ayos Stefanos’daki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı/T/ıe Demolition o f the Russian Monument in St. -
Opponents of Kemalism in Turkey's Single Party Era, 1919-1950
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The Republic Of Others: Opponents Of Kemalism In Turkey's Single Party Era, 1919-1950 James D. Ryan University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Ryan, James D., "The Republic Of Others: Opponents Of Kemalism In Turkey's Single Party Era, 1919-1950" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2735. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2735 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2735 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Republic Of Others: Opponents Of Kemalism In Turkey's Single Party Era, 1919-1950 Abstract This dissertation seeks to answer to this question: what was the nature and significance of political and cultural opposition in the Kemalist single party state? It examines the careers and output of several key members of the Turkish literary and political elite who enjoyed significant popularity throughout this period, were supportive of some form of Turkish nationalism, but ultimately found themselves at odds with the state establishment, and silenced, suppressed or exiled by the time multiparty politics opened up in Turkey at the dawn of the Cold War. Many of these figures offered alternative visions of Turkish nationalism and modernity inspired by international movements to the left of Kemalism, some of them espoused liberal economic views or a friendlier attitude towards religious conservatives, some of them offered ultranationalist visions infused with racism and inspired by Nazi Germany.