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Morphological Study of the Lingual Papillae in the Ferret (Mustela Putorius Furo)

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Morphological Study of the Lingual Papillae in the Ferret (Mustela Putorius Furo) Okajimas Folia Anat.Lingual Jpn., papillae 86(1): of17–24, the ferret May, 200917 Morphological study of the lingual papillae in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) By Akimichi TAKEMURA, Mamoru UEMURA, Isumi TODA, Gang FANG, Masaya HIKIDA and Fumihiko SUWA Department of Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata city, Osaka, 573-1121 Japan –Received for Publication, December 1, 2008– Key Words: Lingual papillae, Comparative anatomy, Food habit, SEM, Ferret Summary: We used four ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) and observed these animals dorsal tongue surface morphology via scanning electron microscope and light microscope. In this investigation, we focused on the food habits and discussed the morphology of the lingual papillae from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy. The ferret has conically-shaped filiform papillae in the posterior, middle and anterior region of the tongue body, and circular-distributed filiform papillae in the lingual apex region. The ferret has fungiform papillae with hemispheric shaped summits in the posterior and middle region with square-shaped summits in the anterior and the lingual apex region. The ferret has V-shaped vallate papillae with eight papillae in two lines or 12 papillae in three lines on the tongue root. No foliate papillae were observed on the dorsal tongue surface of the ferret. The ferret belongs to the carnivore family but has a highly developed vallate papillae which are taste bud papillae and many taste glands. Thus we conclude that the ferrets need a large amount of saliva to swallow food be- cause it demonstrates a large number of taste glands. Tongue morphology varies according to animal food toneal injection of an overdose of sodium pentobarbital habit and feeding environments. In particular, differences (Nembutal, Abbott park, IL, USA). Following intravas- in food habit appear to be reflected in the morphology cular fixation with 2% glutaraldehyde which was ad- of the lingual papillae on the dorsal tongue surface1–3). justed to pH 7.4 with 0.1M phosphate-buffer (PB), and Four types of lingual papillae are found on the tongues the tongues were removed. Three tongues were treated of human: filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate. While, with tannic acid (1%, 4 h) and post-fixed with osmic acid the pattern of papillae development differs in animals (2%, 4 h). The tissues were then dehydrated with the as- with more selective food habits2, 4–14). Recently, ferrets cending ethanol system, substituted t-butyl alcohol, and have been used as laboratory animals. The ferret is a freeze-dried (JFD-310, JEOL), and observed by SEM carnivorous species belonging to the weasel family, but (JSM-5500, JEOL). One tongue was cut trimmed a tis- there have been no investigations to date describing the sue block including the vallate papillae (width 5 mm), to morphology of the lingual papillae in the ferret. In the confirm the presence of taste buds in the lingual papil- present study, the surface morphology of ferret lingual lae, because this region is the most possible location for papillae was observed by scanning electron (SEM) and the presence of foliate papillae in other animals, and this light microscopes (LM), and then we focused on the food block was fixed in 10% formalin solution. Serial frontal habits and discussed the morphology of the lingual papil- sections (30 μm thick) were prepared using standard lae from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy. procedures (MICROM HM 500 M, Zeiss), and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and examined under LM (MI- CROPHOT-FXA, Nikon). Parameters including diameter Materials and Methods and height were measured according to the scale bars of the SEM images and the LM images. This animal study Four ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were selected for was approved by the Osaka Dental University Animal this study. The animals were euthanized with intraperi- Research Committee (approval number 04-02005), and Corresponding author: Akimichi Takemura, Department of Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata city, Osaka, 573-1121 Japan. E-mail: [email protected] 18 A. Takemura et al. performed in accordance with the guidelines related to pillae, we have divided the whole dorsal tongue surface animal experiments. into four parts, from posterior to anterior as described be- low: posterior, middle, anterior and lingual apex regions. 1) Posterior region Results These papillae seen in this region were large, coni- cally shaped (diameter: approximately 250 μm, height: Macroscopic approximately 550 μm) and inclined sharply in the direc- The tongue form was long and slender, with round- tion of the pharynx (Fig. 2). ing at the lingual apex. In length, the tongue measured 2) Middle region approximately 27 mm from the lingual apex to the base These papillae were smaller than those observed in of the epiglottis. The width varied from approximately the posterior region. They also formed conical shapes 9 mm at the tongue root to 4 mm at the lingual apex. (diameter: approximately 200 μm, height: approximately The median groove of the tongue was deep and clearly 500 μm) and inclined in the direction of the pharynx, demarcated in the posterior part of the tongue body but tended to diminish in height toward the lingual apex. (Figs. 1A, 1B), but became indistinct at the lingual apex. Small, conical-shaped accessory processes14) (diameter: The presence of filiform papillae was used to identify approximately 50 μm, height: approximately 120 μm) the boundary of the tongue body and the tongue root. projected from the central heights of medial and lateral Although filiform, fungiform, and vallate papillae were margin of the papillae. These accessory processes tended observed on the dorsal tongue surface of the ferret, no to diminish in diameter and height toward the lingual foliate papillae was found. apex (Fig. 3). 3) Anterior region. SEM These papillae were smaller than those observed in 1. Filiform papilla the middle region. They were also conical (diameter: ap- Filiform papillae were distributed densely across the proximately 200 μm, height: approximately 350 μm) and entire dorsal tongue body surface. The morphology of the inclined in the direction of the pharynx, but tended to papillae, however, differed between the anterior and pos- diminish in height toward the lingual apex. The bases of terior aspects of the tongue. All filiform papillae observed these papillae were observed a depression on the anterior were conical in shape, and most were sharply inclined in incline. Accessory processes (diameter: approximately 40 the direction of the pharynx. To describe the filiform pa- μm, height: approximately 80 μm) were noted to origi- nate from the surrounding of the depression (Fig. 4). On papillae located closer to the lingual apex, one to two ad- Fig. 2. Posterior region of the tongue body in the ferret. SEM. (Bar 500 μm) The filiform papillae in this region formed conical shape and Fig. 1. Superior view of the dorsal tongue surface in the ferret. 1A: inclined sharply in the direction of the pharynx. The fungiform Macroscopic. 1B: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) (Bar 3 papillae in this section (*) had a columnar shape, with hemi- mm). spheric shape at the summit. Lingual papillae of the ferret 19 ditional small processes were noted to project from more processes seen on more posteriorly placed papillae. anterior positions than the other accessory processes. 4) Lingual apex region These additional processes were slightly shorter and had These papillae were the smallest of those observed slightly smaller diameters (diameter: approximately 30 (diameter: approximately 120 μm, height: approximately μm, height: approximately 50 μm) than the accessory 160 μm), and also tended to diminish in height toward the lingual apex. They also did not incline in the direc- tion of the pharynx, but instead projected dorsally. Two to three pairs of accessory processes were noted to proj- ect from the medial and lateral margin of the papillae base, and an additional two to three pairs were found to project sequentially towards the lingual apex side while surrounding the depression on the anterior incline. All accessory processes were located adjacent to one another on the apical side of the papillae, arranged in a circular distribution. The size of the accessory processes were generally consistent (diameter: approximately 20 μm, height: approximately 40 μm) but diminished slightly in height nearest the lingual apex (Fig. 5). 2. Fungiform papillae Fungiform papillae were sparsely scattered among the filiform papillae throughout the dorsal tongue surface (Fig. 3), with a denser distribution along the lateral mar- gin in the lingual apex region (Fig. 6). They were gener- Fig. 3. Middle region of the tongue body. SEM. (Bar 500 μm) ally columnar, and tended to increase in size with prox- The filiform papillae in this region formed conical shapes and imity to the tongue root (diameter: 100–300 μm, height: inclined in the direction of the pharynx. Small, conical-shaped 200–400 μm) (Fig. 2). A gustatory pore of the taste bud accessory processes projected from medial and lateral margin (diameter: 5–10 μm) was noted on the summit of each of the papillae. The fungiform papillae in this region (*) were also columnar shape, with hemispheric shape at the summit, and fungiform papilla (Fig. 7). appeared submerged among the filiform papillae. Fig. 5. Lingual apex region. SEM. (Bar 500 μm) Fig. 4. Anterior region of the tongue body. SEM. (Bar 500 μm) The filiform papillae in this region were the smallest of those The filiform papillae were smaller than those observed in the observed and projected dorsally. Two to three pairs of acces- middle region of the tongue body. They also formed conical sory processes were noted to project from the medial and lateral shapes and inclined in the direction of the pharynx. Two to three margin of the papillae base.
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